Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(MAY/JUNE 2006)
In Peritectic reaction, upon cooling, a solid and a liquid phase transformation isothermally and
reversibly to a solid phase having a different composition.
8. State the conditions under which two metallic will exhibit unlimited solid solubility.
(NOV/DEC 2006)
To exhibit unlimited solid solubility, the solute and solvent elements should obey the following
general rules of Hume Rothery
1. Size factor: The atoms must be of similar size, with less than the 15% difference in atomic
radius
2. Crystal structure: The materials must have the same crystal structure.
3. Valance: The atoms must have the same valence
4. Electronegativity: The atoms must have the approximately the same electronegativity
9. Define the term ferrite and austenite in iron carbon alloy system.
(NOV/DEC 2006)
Ferrite is primary solid solution based on iron having BCC structure. Austenite is a primary
solid solution based on iron having FCC structure. Both are interstitial solid solutions of
carbon in iron.
10. What do you understand by allotropy of iron?
Allotropy refers to the possibility of existence of two or more different crystal structure for a
substance depending upon temperature.
11. Why carbon solubility is more in an austenite?
Austenite is a primary solid solution based on iron having FCC structure. Carbon solubility is
more in austenite is an interstitial solid structure of carbon in iron.
A phase is defined as any physically distinct, homogeneous, and mechanically separable portions
of a substance. Three different kinds of phases are solid, liquid and vapour.
19. How do cast irons differ from steels in terms of carbon content?
Composition from 0.008 to 2% carbon represent steel, and those above 2% carbon represent cast
iron
20. What do you mean by invariant reaction?
The eutectic reaction is also called an invariant reaction since it occurs under equilibrium
conditions at a specific temperature and alloy composition that cannot be variant.
16 MARKS
1. How are solid solutions classified? Give example for each. [MARKS 8] (AU Dec 2008)
2. Draw the phase diagram between A and B, if the two metals completely soluble in solid and
liquid state. [MARKS 8]
(AU Dec 2008)
4. Discuss the similarities and differences between substitutional and interstitial solid solution?
5. What is cooling curve? How does the time temperature cooling curve of an alloy of eutectic
composition different from that of a pure metal? (8)
6. Explain:
1. Eutectic reaction (4)
2. Eutectoid reaction (4)
7. Explain
a. Peritectic reaction (4)
b. Peritectoid reaction (4)
8. What is an alloy steel? How are alloy steel classified? Explain them. (8)
10. Differentiate between grey-cast iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron.
11. Elements A and B melt at 700 C and 1000C respectively. Draw a typical isomorphous
phase diagram between the elements A and B.
12. What are different equilibrium phase reactions that occur in phase diagram? Describe them.
Draw a peritectic phase diagram and mark all points and lines.
(PTU May 2005)
13. Draw iron carbon equilibrium diagram showing different zones of liquid and solid solution
with their temperature and percentage of carbon content range. Explain the iron-carbon diagram
in detail. Write its importance in the processing of ferrous materials.
(PTU Dec. 2006)
14. Two elements A and B have melting points 800"C and 600'C respectively
(i) Draw a phase diagram between A and B if they exhibit unlimited solid solubility. Draw a
phase diagram between A and B if they exhibit unlimited (6)
(ii) Draw a phase diagram between A and B if a eutectic reaction occurs at composition 40%B
and at temperature 400C. Assume that the maximum solid solubility in either case is 5% and the
room temperature solubility in either case is 1%. (10)
(AU May 2007)
16. Metals A and B having melting points respectively 270C and 320C are assumed to be
completely soluble in the liquid state and completely insoluble in solid state. They form eutectic
at 140 C containing 40% B.
(i) Draw the equilibrium diagram and label all lines and areas and (8)
(ii) For an alloy containing 30% A give the temperature of initial and final solidification and
relative amounts of phases present at 180C. (8)
(AU Dec 07)
17. With the help of the Fe-C equilibrium diagram describe completely the changes that take
place during the slow cooling of a 0.5% carbon steel from liquid state. (16) (AU Dec 07)
UNIT II
HEAT TREATMENT
2 MARKS
1. Define the term heat treatment.
Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or combination of operations involving heating
and cooling of a metal in solid state to obtain desirable properties
2. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments?
To improve machinability
To remove stresses
To induce softness
To remove gases
Full annealing
Process annealing
Recrystallization annealing
Spheroidise annealing
The mechanism and purpose of induction hardening are the same as for flame hardening. The
main difference is hat induction hardening the source of heat input is an induced electric current
instead of using flame
14. In what ways cyaniding differs from carburizing ?
The salt both composition for cyaniding gives a case high in nitrogen, whereas carburizing gives
a case rich in carbon
15. Case carburizing heat treatment is not generally carried out for medium carbon steels. Why?
(MAY/JUNE 2006)
The carburizing process is a diffusion treatment process. For diffusion take place the host metal
must have a low concentration of the diffusing species and there must be a significant
concentration of the diffusing species at the surface in the host metal. Since the medium carbon
steels lack the above said criteria, they are not generally carburized
16. What is the critical cooling rate in hardening of steels?
(NOV/DEC 2006)
The slowest rate of cooling of austenite that will result in 100% martensite transformation is
known as the critical cooling rate
17. Name and explain any one subcritical case hardening treatment (MAY/JUNE 2009)
Nitriding is a subcritical case hardening treatment
Nitriding is a process of introducing nitrogen atoms, to obtain hard surface of steel components
18. Mention few applications of induction hardening.
(April/May 2008)
The induction hardening is employed for hardening he surfaces of gears, tools, wrist pins, crank
shaft bearings, machine tool ways and pump shafts
19. Advantages of austempering .
Improved ductility Increased impact strength and toughness Decreased distortion of the
quenched metal Less danger of quenching cracks
16 MARKS
1.Draw a schematic CCT diagram for a carbon steel containing 0.8% carbon. Using this diagram,
explain how different cooling curves lead to (i) annealing heat treatment, (ii) normalizing heat
treatment, and (iii) hardening heat treatment.
2. Define isothermal cooling. Draw and explain TTT diagram for steel.
3. Define hardenability of steel .Explain the jominy end quench test used to determine
hardenability of steel. How will you draw hardenability curves this sheet?
4. Explain the principles of Flame Hardening and Induction Hardening.
5. Explain TTT diagram. What information it gives and how do we get this diagram? Draw it.
6. Explain in brief cooling curves in TTT diagram. Why this diagram is called as an isothermal
temperature diagram and what products do we get?
7. Define Heat treatment and explain different heat treatment processes.
8. What is annealing? Discuss types of annealing.
9. Explain Jominy End Quench Method to determine the harden ability of given steel.
10. Name the Case hardening Processes and explain Flame hardening and Induction Hardening
with the help of diagrams.
11. Explain time temperature transformation curve with the help of a diagram showing
temperature and transformation time range.
[PTU Dec. 2006)
12. Explain the following with the help of graph showing temperature and percentage of carbon
range: (i) Tempering process, and (ii) Hardening process.
13. Define and explain heat treatment process.
14. (i) Explain the Jominy end quench test used for determining the hardenability of steels. (10)
(ii) what are austempering and martempering treatments? what are their purposes? (6)
(AU May 2007)
15. What are annealing and normalizing treatments? Explain why hypereutectoid steel is not
given full annealing treatment?
16. What is T-T-T diagram? Describe how it is obtained. Mention its importance. (10)
(PTU May 2005)
17. Write short notes on any two of the following:
(a) surface hardening processes
18. (i) With the help of a TTT diagram explain the following heat treatments applied to an
eutectoid steel Austempering, Martempering and Hardening. (12)
(AU Dec 07)
(ii) What is Spheroidize annealing process? State its applications. (4)
19. (i) What is meant by hardenability? Describe a method of measuring hardenability of alloy
steel. (10) (AU Dec 07)
(ii) Distinguish between diffusion and thermal surface hardening treatments. (6)
(AU Dec 07)
UNIT-III
FERROUS AND NON FERROUS METALS
2 MARKS
Iron based components are relatively abundant and are widely distributed throughout the
world
Ferrous materials can be produced very economically
Ferrous materials are versatile. Therefore wide range of mechanical and physical
properties of ferrous matterials can be achieved
To increase strength
To improve hardness
To improve toughness
To improve machinability
5. What are alloy steels.How are alloy steels classified Alloy steels mean may steels other than
steels Alloy steels can be divided into two main groups
1.Low alloy steels:These contain upto 3 to 4% of alloying elements
2.High alloy steels:These contain more than 5% of alloying elements
6. List four important alloying elements added in alloy steels
The most commonly used alloying elements are chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium,
tungsten, cobolt, boron, copper and others
Good toughness
Good wear resistance
Very good machinability
Resistance to softening on heating
precipitation hardening, also known as age hardening, is the most important method of
improving the physical properties of some of the non-ferrous alloys by solid state reaction.
16. What is the main strengthening mechanism in high strength aluminum alloys.
(MAY/JUNE 2006)
Precipitation strengthening treatment, also known as age hardening is the main strengthening
mechanism in high strength aluminum alloys.
17. What are the effect of chromium and molybdenum in low alloy steels?
(NOV/DEC 2006)
The effect of chromium in low alloy steels are to:
Increase corrosion and oxidation resistance
Increase hardenability
Increase high temperature strength
Resist abrasion and wear
The effect of molybdenum in low alloy steels are to: I
18. Mention any two aluminium base alloys and their applications
(NOV/DEC 2007)
16 MARKS
5. Discuss the influence of the following alloying element on properties of steel: (a) Chromium
(b) Vanadium (c) Tungsten (d) Molybdenum (e) Manganese (f) Titanium.
(AU Dec 2008)
6. Write short notes on:
(i) Austinitic stainless steel (5)
(ii) Ferritic stainless steel (5)
(iii) Martensitic stainless steel(6)
7. Write short notes on:
(i) High speed steel (4)
(ii) HSLA steel c (4)
(iii) Marageing steel (4)
(iv) Tool steel (4)
8. Write short notes on:
(i) Gray C.I (4)
(ii) White C.I (4)
(iii) Malleable C.I (4)
(iv) Spheroidal graphite CI(4)
9. (i) Explain precipitation strengthening treatment with a suitable example. (8)
(ii) What are the characteristics and applications of Bearing Alloys (8)
10. Explain the different types of cast iron with emphasis on production, microstructure and
applications.
UNIT IV
Low density
Good thermal and electrical insulaion properties
High resistance to chemical attack
Ease of fabrication
Relatively low cost
Copolymers are polymers which are obtained by adding different types of monomers
16. How are refractories classified?
Cutting tools,
Slip gauge,
wire drawing dies,
rocket motor and
jet engine parts.
Matrix phase
Dispersed phase
Ethenic
Polyamids
Silicones
Polyimides.
16 MARKS
6. (i) Write a short note about the different types of matrix materials and reinforcement materials
used to make polymer matrix composites. (10)
(ii) Discuss the properties and applications of Al2O3, and SiC ceramics.(6) (AU May 2007)
7. (a)Explain the strengthening mechanism of fibre-reinforced composites. (8) (b) List the
advantages, limitations and applications of composite materials. (8)
UNIT V
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTING
2 MARKS
1. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials?
Mechanical properties are whose characteristics of material that describe its behavior under the
action of external forces.
2. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.
Elasticity is the property of the material by virtue of which it is able to retain its original
shape and size after the removal of load.
Plasticity is the property of the material by virtue of which a permanent deformation
takes place whenever it is subjected to the action of external forces.
Grain size,
Heat treatment
Atmospheric exposure
Low and high temperature.
Hardness is the property of the material by virtue of which it is able to resist abrasive
indentation, machining, scratching.
7. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness?
Toughness is the property of the material by virtue of which it can absorb maximum energy
before fracture takes place.
Stiffness is the property of the material by virtue of which it resists deformation.
8. List any four technological properties of metals.
Machinability
Castability
Weldability,
Formability or Workability.
Brittle Fracture
Ductile Fracture
Fatigue Fracture
Creep Fracture.
Grain Size,
Thermal stability of the micro structure
Chemical reactions
Prior strain.
Tensile test
Impact test,
Fatigue test
Bend test
Torsion test
Creep test.
Endurance limit is defined as the value of stress below which the material will not fail even when
it is loaded for infinite no. of cycles.
15. What are the properties are determined from tension testing of metallic products? ( May /
June 2006)
Limit of proportionality
Yield strength
Maximum tensile strength
Breaking strength
Percentage elongation
Modulus of elasticity
16. How will you express the deformation charecteristics of a material through tension test?
( May / June 2007)
The deformation charecteristics of a material through tension test expressed as the stress-strain
curve. With the help of stress strain curve, the various tensile properties such as elastic stress,
strain yield strength, youngs modulus, etc are calculated.
17. Why are impact specimens notched?
(NOV/DEC 2007)
The impact specimens are notched because the impact test also indicates the notch sensitivity of
a material.
The notch sensitivity refers to the tendancy of some normal ductile materials to behave the like a
brittle material in the presence of notches.
18. What are slip bands?
(April/May 2008)
Slip bands are made up of several slip planes. They indicate that the atomic planes within the
crystal have sheared with respect to each other.
19. What is creep?
(May/June 2009)
The creep is defined as the property of material by virtue of which it deforms continuously under
a steady load.
20. What are the different types of loadings available for fatigue testing? (April/May 2008)
16 MARKS
1. Explain the testing procedure of
(i) Vickers hardness test (8)
(ii) lzod impact test (8)
2. Explain the testing procedure of
(i) Rockwell hardness test (8)
(ii) Charpy impact test (8)
3. (a) Explain the mechanism of plastic deformation of metals by slip and twinning.(8)
(b ) Explain testing procedure for Fatigue test.(8)
4. Explain the testing procedure of
(i) Tensile test (8)
(ii) Creep test (8)
5. (i) Explain the testing procedure for charpy impact testing of materials. (10)
(ii) Write a short note about different types of metallic fractures. (6)
(AU May 2007)
6. Explain the testing procedures for determining the following properties:
(i) Brinell Hardness Number
(ii) Creep strength. (8+8)
7. How does plastic deformation occur? Describe their mechanism. What is difference between
thermal and mechanical twins?
(PTU May 2005)
8. (i) Explain the mechanism of plastic deformation of metals by slip. (8)
(AU Dec 07)
(ii) With the help of neat sketches explain the difference between brittle and ductile fracture. (8)
(AU Dec 07)
9. (i) Draw S-N curve for mild steel and Aluminium and explain its features. Explain the
procedure used to obtain S-N diagram. (11)
(AU Dec 07)
(ii) What are salient features of Rockwell hardness test? What are the precautions to be taken
while determining hardness by this method? (5)
(AU Dec 07)
10. Explain the testing procedure for determining the following properties.
(i)Brinell hardness number (8)
(ii) Creep strength (8)