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Stress Field Evolution Of Java Pamanukan-Cilacap Fault Zone, Case From Bantarkawung
Area, Central Java: From Transtension To Transpression
Prima Riza Kadavi1, Fisco Raseno1, Fauzan Eka Saputra2
1
University of Jenderal Soedirman
2
dr. Bumi Research Group
Abstract

Data and Method

Bantarkawung area has a distinctive geological structures

condition, because its structure pattern result are combined
from tectonic activity and the implications of the PamanukanCilacap fault which is part of main fault on Java Island.

Aims of this paper is to documenting the deformation event

and reconstructing the stress evolution in Pamanukan-Cilacap
Faults zone. The data in this research based on field
observation, geological mapping and gravity anomaly
interpretation. For the paleostress analysis and reconstruction,
the structure data was collected include 4 folds, 14 faults, and
2040 fracture as a result of tectonic fractures. Shear fracture
data processed using Optimization Rotation Method Stress
Inversion Win Tensor 5.0.7 on 2040 shear fracture data,
even though shear fracture data not the main data for
determinating the stress condition, but the data result from
stress inversion and kinematic analysis can be used to
determine the stress condition on the field. Shear fracture data
spread across in 22 location, shear fracture data had 4 stress
principle parameters, i.e. 1, 2, 3 and stress ratio R. Other
than that 4 stress principle parameters, the inversion from shear
fracture data can be used to determine the stress regime value
R, maximum horizontal sharpness (Shmax) and a minimum
horizontal sharpness (Shmin ). The 2040 shear fracture data
then selected and grouped according to the produced stress
tensor through various consideration based on local and
regional geological condition

The objective of this research is to determine the direction of

tensor regime from tectonic activity, stress inversion analytic
was conducted by optimization rotation methods (MOR) using
"Win Tensor 5.0.7." software, on 2040 shear fracture data to
reconstruct the stress direction from the result of stress
inversion.
Results from stress inversion showed 4 sequence of stress
evolution in the 3 tectonic deformation events and volcanic
activity, phase 1 (NW-SE) showed transtension regime, phase
2 (N-S) showed transpression regime. Phase 1 and 2 is a
product from Pamanukan-Cilacap fault activity in Late
Miocene. The stress evolution from transtension regime to
transpression regime caused by the main fault elongation.
Phase 3 stress regime (NE-SW) showed strike-slip movement
as a result of Sundaland rotational tectonic activity at Pliocene.
Stress regime phase 4 (E-W) was formed from deflation and
inflation of Slamet mountain, this volcanic activity resulting
the gravity tectonic event around mount Slamet.

Result and Discussion

Introduction

Geological Setting

Bantarkawung area has a complex and unique structure caused

from the activity of structural Dextral Fault PamanukanCilacap which is part of one main fault in java. The
Pamanukan-Cilacap has NW-SE structure orientation as a
result of the Sundaland rotational activity. The research area is
a part of the wrench fault zone of Pamanukan-Cilacap (Figure
1), which is indicated by the transformation of stress pattern
from transtension characterized by negative flower structures
become transpression with
positive flower structures
characteristic (Armandita et al., 2009).

Research area consist of seven units from old to young are

Rambatan Formation, Halang Formation, Kumbang Formation,
Pemali Formation, Tapak Formation, Andesit intrusion, and
Alluvium (Figure 6). Based on the foraminifera analysis results
from in this area (Kadavi, 2016), the age of Rambatan
Formation is N11-N13 (Middle Miocene), Halang Formation is
N14-N16 (Late Miocene), whereas Kumbang Formation N15N16 (Late Miocene) based on regional stratigraphy, Pemali
Formation is N18 (Late Miocene), Tapak Formation is N19N20 (Pliocene), Andesit intrusion (Plesitocene), and then
Alluvium (Holocene).

The faults stress direction evolution in Pamanukan-Cilacap

wrench fault zone is caused from the fault lengthening
process. In this event lot of deformation took place following
the stress evolution process. Paleostress analysis is required to
determine orientation of the stress which developed, and to
documentation the transformation event of deformation
evolution from transtension to transpession in PamanukanCilacap wrench fault zone (Figure 2 and 3).

Structure event which caused the deformation and formation of

normal fault occurs in Late Miocene when Pamanukan-Cilacap
Transtension phase, and then reactivated after lengthening
which turned into the Transpression phase (Armandita et al.,
2009).

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Stress Tensor Result
After the selecting processes on all collected shear fracture
data, resulting 1701 valid shear fracture data which are
consistent and good enough to determinating 4 stress principle
parameters and other characteristic. The summary data from
stress tensor analysis are displayed on Table 2. Shmax
orientation was scattered in every station, and the grouped
based on the same stress orientation and then interpreted to be
four series of paleostress. Four paleostress then displayed on
Shmax trajectory map. The four orientation of Shmax are:
1. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) NW-SE
Shear fractures data that formed by the stress with NW-SE
orientation found in the location of the RK 23 subset 2 and 4,
RK 16 subset 3, RK 41 subset 3, RK 91 subset 2, RK 15 subset
3, RK 18 subset 1, 2, and 3, RK 88 subset 3, and RK 20 subset
1 is located in Halang Formation. Based on the analysis of all
NW-SE stress data found the maximum stress direction (1)
averages is 06o / N 144o E, intermediate stress (2) 71o / N
252o E, and minimum stress (3) 18o / N 052o E. The ratio of R
stress is 0,77 and R stress regime is 1,23. Therefore, the
regime stress of NW-SE stress is extensional strike-slip (R'
1,23).
2. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) N-S
Shear fractures data that formed by the stress with N-S
orientation found in the location of the RK 23 subset 1 and 3,
RK 43 subset 1 and 2, RK 48 subset 1 and 2, RK 57 subset 1,
RK 30 subset 1 and 3, RK 32 subset 2, RK 91 subset 1 and 3,
RK 15 subset 1, 2, and 5, RK 52 subset 1 and 2, RK 34 subset
subset 1 and 2, RK 88 subset 1 and 2, RK 24 subset 1 and 3,
RK 77, RK 20 subset 2, RK 42 subset 1 and 2, RK 49 subset 4,
and RK 27 subset 1 and 3 is located in Rambatan Formatian
and Halang Formation. Based on the analysis of all N-S stress
data found the maximum stress direction (1) averages is 09o /
N 008o E, intermediate stress (2) 79o / N 216o E, and
minimum stress (3) 05o / N 098o E. The ratio of R stress is
0,24 and R stress regime is 1,76. Therefore, the regime stress
of N-S stress is compressional strike-slip (R' 1,76).
3. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) NE-SW
Shear fractures data that formed by the stress with NE-SW
orientation found in the location of the RK 48 subset 4, RK 49
subset 1, 2, and 3, RK 57 subset 2, RK 16 subset 1 and 2, RK
22 subset 1 and 3, RK 32 subset 1, RK 41 subset 1, 2, and 4,
RK 85 subset 1, 2, 3, and 4, RK 52 subset 3, RK 34 subset 3,
RK 88 subset 4, RK 24 subset 2, RK 27 subset 2, and RK 77
subset 2 is located in Rambatan Formation and Halang
Formation. Based on the analysis of all NE-SW stress data
found the maximum stress direction (1) averages is 10o / N
225o E, intermediate stress (2) 79o / N 216o E, and minimum
stress (3) 05o / N 316o E. The ratio of R stress is 0,27 and R
stress regime is 1,73. Therefore, the regime stress of NE-SW
stress is pure strike-slip (R' 1,73).
4. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) E-W
Shear fractures data that formed by the stress with E-W
orientation found in the location of the RK 48 subset 3, RK 22
subset 2, RK 91 subset 4, RK 24 subset 4, RK 77 subset 1 and

4 is located in Rambatan Formation, Halang Formation and

Pemali Formation. Based on the analysis of all E-W stress data
found the maximum stress direction (1) averages is 07o / N
093o E, intermediate stress (2) 58o / N 352o E, and minimum
stress (3) 31o / N 187o E. The ratio of R stress is 0,18 and R
stress regime is 1,82. Therefore, the regime stress of E-W
stress is compressional strike-slip (R' 1,82).
Tectonic Phase and Paleostress Evolution
Analysis of paleostress using direction of stress orientation and
stress pattern that has been discussed in previous chapter. The
result of stress analysis, there is several direction of stress
orientation, first NW-SE with stress pattern extensional strike
slip (Transtension), second N-S with stress pattern
compressional strike-slip (Transpression), third NE-SW with
stress pattern pure strike-slip, and the last is E-W with stress
pattern compressional strike-slip (transpression). From these
stress analysis data, we can interpreted the developing
direction of paleostress at research area are rotated clockwise
from NW-SE direction and then N-S, NE-SW, and last E-W
direction.
Phase 1 Paleostress NW-SE
The first phase is a product from tectonic activity on Late
Miocene when the subduction order change due the rotation of
Sundaland then continued by shortening / compression process
(Husein, et, al., 2013). From interpretation, the first phase
formed along with the Java main fault, Pamanukan-Cilacap
fault (Figure 10). Pamanukan-Cilacap fault is the dextral fault
with NW-SE trend. At first Pamanukan-Cilacap fault had a
Transtensional stress pattern (Armandita, et, al., 2009), its
estimated by the authors the normal fault will developed along
Pamanukan-Cilacap fault. The research area intrepeted located
on wrench-fault zone of Pamanukan-Cilacap fault. On the first
phase formed the Waru normal fault, TambakserangKarangpari normal fault, Karangpari normal fault, and
Bangbayan normal fault.
Phase 2 Paleostress N-S
The second phase is still affected by the tectonic activity on
Late Miocene when the subduction order change due the
rotation of Sundaland then continued by shortening /
compression process (Husein, et, al., 2013). Phase 2
interpreted as a product of reactivation Pamanukan-Cilacap
fault as a Java main fault. Pamanukan-Cilacap fault are
continues to develop due to Sundaland rotation, Which at first
phase had a Transtensional stress pattern and then evolved into
Transpession stress pattern (Armandita er, al., 2009), so the
Thrust-Reverse fault will developed area along the evolving
Pamanukan-Cilacap fault zone. The research area intrepeted
located on wrench-fault zone of evolved Pamanukan-Cilacap
fault. On the second phase formed Waru reverse fault,
Tambakserang-Karangpari reverse fault, Karangpari Bawah
reverse fault, Karangpari atas thrust fault, Tambakserang thrust
fault, Tambakserang Anticline, Pangebatan syncline,
Pangebatan Anticline, Ciomas thrust fault, Bantarkawung

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thrust fault, Bangbayan reverse fault, Jipang normal fault,
Waru dextral fault, and Karangpari sinistral fault (Figure 12).
Waru reverse fault, Tambakserang-Karangpari reverse fault,
and Karangpari bawah reverse fault are a reactivation product
from imbrication of these three normal fault with Karangpari
Atas thrust fault and Tambakserang thrust fault. Imbrications
processes are called the leading because the present of normal
progression as described in the fault discussion. While the
Bangbayan reverse fault are a imbrications product from
Bantarkawung thrust fault due trailing from inverse
progression. Jipang normal fault occurs because Bangbayan
reverse fault and Bantarkawung thrust fault. Waru dextral fault
is a synthetic fault of Pamanukan-Cilacap fault and Karangpari
sinistral fault is a antithetic fault from Pamanukan-Cilacap
Fault.
Phase 3 Paleostress NE-SW
The third phase occurs because the tectonic activity on
Pliocene, when the subduction order change due the rotation of
Sundaland then continued by shortening / compression
process. At this phase there is no magmatic and volcanism
activity in central java (Husein, et, al., 2013). Product of phase
3 is Tambakserang-Bantarkawung dextral fault and Pangebatan
dextral fault are displayed on Figure 14.

from open source website http: //www.topex .ucsd.edu such as

FAA (Free Air Anomaly) and Elevation data, and then the
FAA data processed to produce Bouger Anomaly data.
On the Bouger anomaly map (Figure 19) explain that high
density occurs in central part of research area. Correlated from
Bouger anomaly map with geological data support the
appearance of high density in the central part caused from
Andesite intrusion which breaks through sedimentary rocks
layers due the Tambakserang thrust fault and Tambakserang
anticline. On the northwest part od the research area there a
low density area which interpreted as a basins where the
breccias from Kumbang formation deposited. Based on
regional geology maps, Majenang sheet (Kastowo and N.
Suwarna, 1996) the thickness of Kumbang formation breccia is
more than 2000 m, but on outcrop field observation the
thickness of breccias is just 750 m, so it can be concluded that
the breccias of Kumbang formation still continue beneath the
surface, this supported by the bouger anomaly data
interpretation.
The Bouger anomaly data support the author interpretation of
Phase 1 paleostress analysis which has a NW-SE trending
(Figure 20). Which in the Bouger anomaly maps has a NE-SW
lineation as a product from the phase 1 structure event.

The Tambakserang-Bantarkawung dextral fault plane bended

caused from double restraining bend process. The restraining
double bend usually occurs on a homogeneous rock, or a small
scope model of restraining step over. Restraining step over
commonly known as the wrench fault which produce positive
flower structure (pop-up) (mcClay and Bonora, 2001)

Conclusions
1.

Phase I (NW-SE) has Shmax N 146o E, with tensor type

strike-slip extensional regime caused by tectonic activity
of Pamanukan-Cilacap fault at Late Miocene. Fault that
developed in Phase I is Normal Fault

Phase 4 Paleostress E-W

The phase 4 formed due to activity of Mount Slamet volcanic
activity at Pleistocene, when the volcanism activity at North
Serayu re-active and then formed the quaternary volcanic belt
such as Mount Slamet. The Product of this phase is
Tambakserang sinistral fault (Figure 16). At this phase, the
inflation and deflation on Mount Slamet body occurs actively.

2.

Phase II (N-S) has Shmax N 8o E, with tensor type

compressional strike-slip regime as a evolution stress
patern product of Pamanukan-Cilacap Fault. Geological
structures which developed in Phase II is Reverse-Thrust
Fault, Anticline, Sincline, and Synthetic-Antithetic Fault
of Pamanukan-Cilacap Fault.

3.

Phase III (NE-SW) has Shmax N 45o E, with tensor type

pure strike-slip regime as a product from the Sundaland
tectonic rotation which affect the total stress. Geological
structures developed in Phase III is dextral Fault.

4.

Phase IV (E-W) has Shmax N 94oE,, with tensor type

compressional strike-slip regime as a result from the
influence of total stress of North Serayu volcanism.
Geological structures developed in Phase III is Sinistral
Fault.

When inflation of Slamet Mountain occurs, the diameter of

crater forced to widened and form the fracture around the
crater with radiating around eruption centers. Due the
differences in density of each rock layers, gravity effect, and
vertical force of magma when moving to the surface, will
affect the stability of the rock in the surface and supported by
the repeatedly processes from magma movement to the
surface. When the stability of rock fail, with the gravitational
force the rock will formed a faults along the mountain slope
from around crater to the far end on the foot of volcano and
formed a fold at the end of slope (Sutikno Bronto, 2013)
(Figure 17).
Gravity Bouger Anomali
The aims from gravity anomaly data analysis is to create
subsurface map of the bedrock (top basement) distribution.
Final result from this analysis is to prove the writer hypothesis
about the oldest stress direction on phase 1. The data collected

References
Armandita et al. 2009. Intra-arc Trans-tension Duplex of
Majalengka to Banyumas Area :Prolific Petroleum Seeps
and Opportunities in West-Central Java Border.
Proceedings of Indonesian Petroleum Association 33rd
Annual Convention and Exhibition, Jakarta.
Bronto, Sutikno. 2013. Geologi Gunung Api Purba. Badan
Geologi. Bandung

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Delvaux, D., Moeys, R., Stapel, G., Melnikov, A., Ermikov, V.
1995. Palaeostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the
Baikal region, Central Asia, Part I. Palaeozoic and
Mesozoic pre-rift evolution. Tectonophysics
Delvaux, D., Moeys, R., Stapel, G., 1997. Paleostress
Reconstructions and Geodynamics of the Baikal Region,
Central Asia, Part II: Cenozoic Tectonic Stress and Fault
Kinematics. Tectonophysics.
Delvaux, D., dan Sperner, B. 2003. New Aspects of Tectonic
Stress Inversion with Reference to The TENSOR Program.
Geological Society of London. Special Publications

mcClay, ken and Massimo Bonora. 2001. Analog Model of

Restraining Stepsover in Strike-Slip Fault System. United
Kingdom. Fault Dynamic Research Group, Geology
Departement, Royal Halloway University of London.
Moody, J. D., dan Hill, M. J. 1956. Wrench Fault Tectonic.
Geological Society of America Bulletin. USA.
Prawiranegara, Dimas et al. 2015. A Consideration of Buaran,
Bantarkawung, and Paguyangan Hotspring Manifestations
: Implications to Geothermal System in Brebes Area,
Central Java. Jakarta. Proceedings Indonesia International
Geothermal Convention & Exhibition 2015.

Gultaf, H. 2014. Analisa Kinematik Sesar Grindulu Daerah

Pacitan dan Sekitarnya. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Bandung. Not Published.

Saputra, Fauzan Eka. 2015. Pengaruh Tektonik dan Gunung

Api Terhadap Struktur Geologi dan Analisis Tipe Tensor
Karakteristik Pola Tegasan Utama Pada Daerah Gapura
dan Sekitarnya, Kecamatan Watukumpul, Kabupaten
Pemalang,
Jawa Tengah. Purbalingga. Universitas
Jenderal Soedirman Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik
Geologi. Not Published

Husein S., Jyalita J., Azis M. 2013. Kendali Stratigrafi dan

Struktur Gravitasi pada Rembesan Hidrokarbon
Sijenggung, Cekungan Serayu Utara. Proceedings of
Seminar Nasional 6th Jurusan Teknik Geologi Fakultas
Teknik UGM: Yogyakarta.

Satyana, A. H. 2007. Central Java, Indonesia a Terra

Incognita in Petroleum Exploration: New Considerations
on the Tectonic Evolution and Petroleum Implications.
Proceedings of Indonesian Petroleum Association 31st
Annual Convention and Exhibition, Jakarta.

Fossen, H. 2010. Structural Geology. Cambridge University

Press. New York

Kadavi, Prima Riza. 2016. Geologi dan Analisis Tegasan

Purba (Paleostress) Daerah Bantarkawung dan
Sekitarnya, Kecamatan Bantarkawung, Kabupaten Brebes,
Jawa Tengah. Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Fakultas
Teknik Jurusan Teknik Geologi. Not Published
Kastowo dan Suwarna, N. 1996. Peta Geologi Lembar
Majenang, Jawa skala 1:100.000. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Geologi: Bandung

Acknowledgements (Optional)
The authors thanked to Mr. Asmoro Widgado and Mr.
Siswandi (Unsoed) for support and sharing this study on
Bantarkawung area and also gratefully thanked to my partner
Fauzan Eka Saputra and Fisco Raseno who supported this
publication.

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Figure 1 Index map of study area modified from Armandita et al., 2009 (Kadavi, 2016)

Figure 2 Transtension Regime of Pamanukan-Cilacap Fault (Armandita et al., 2009)

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Figure 3 Transpression Regime of Pamanukan-Cilacap Fault (Armandita et al., 2009)

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Figure 4 Geological Map of Study Area (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 5 Geological Section of Bantarkawung Area (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 6 Stratigraphic Column of Bantarkawung Area (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 7 a. Karangpari Bawah Reverse Fault that cuts Halang Formation and Rambatan Formation.
b. Waru Dextral Fault.
c. Tambakserang Thrust Fault.
d. Plumose subhorizontal extensional fracture on Waru Dextral Fault.
e. Shear fracture on damaged zone of Tambakserang-Karangpari Reverse Fault.
f. Slickenline and slip sense indication at stopsite RK 27 (Tambakserang Thrust Fault).

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TABLE 1. SHEAR FRACTURE DATA COLLECTION AND TENSOR TYPE (KADAVI, 2016)

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TABLE 2 THE FOUR PALEOSTRESS ORIENTATIONS (KADAVI, 2016)

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Figure 8 Stress regime R, stress ratio, and orientation principle axes of stress (Delvaux et al., 1997).

Figure 9 Stress tensor type of each stopsite for NW-SE Paleostress (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 10 Phase 1 NW-SE Paleostress Stress Regime Extensional Strike-slip (Transtension) and faults that formed by this regime (Kadavi,
2016)

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Figure 11 Stress tensor type of each stopsite for N-S Paleostress (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 12 Phase 2 N-S Paleostress Stress Regime Compressional Strike-slip (Transpression) and structures that formed by this regime (Kadavi,
2016)

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Figure 13 Stress tensor type of each stopsite for NE-SW Paleostress (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 14 Phase 3 NE-SW Paleostress Stress Regime Pure Strike-slip and structures that formed by this regime (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 15 Stress tensor type of each stopsite for E-W Paleostress (Kadavi, 2016)

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Figure 16 Phase 4 E-W Paleostress Stress Regime Compressional Strike-slip (Transpression) and fault that formed by this regime (Kadavi,
2016)

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Figure 17 Correlation between the center of volcano eruption and geological structures that caused by volcanism (Sutikno Bronto, 2013)

Figure 18 Average stress tensors for the 4 tectonics phase in tangent lineation

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Figure 19 Gravity map of Bantarkawung Area (Kadavi, 2016)

Figure 20 The older phase NW-SE (Shmax N 146o E) palostress of Bantarkawung Area based from gravity bouger anomaly, this direction has
same direction from the first tectonic phase based stress tensor analysis (Kadavi, 2016)