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INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
As we know that in fact, the language in the world is not a single language but different.
Moreover, in a variety of languages have various forms, such as standard and non-standard
variations. These variations arise because of social and cultural factors, where individuals or
groups of individuals live.
Shape or form of language of a person or group of people less influenced by
environmental or extra lingual factors that come into contact with it. Therefore extra lingual
factor is thus a form of language to suit a wide-variety of social reality that reflection. This
opinion Chomsky denies the concept of homogeneous language community affairs. Wardhaugh
(1986: 113) evaluates Chomsky's view of a homogeneous society like the following quote.
"For purely theoretical purposes, linguist may want to hypotezise the existence of some
kind of" ideal "speech community.This is actually what Chomsky proposes, his 'completely
homogenous speech community'. However, such a community can not be our concern: it is
theoretical construct employed for a narrow purpose. Our speech community, whatever they are,
exist in a 'real world'. Consequently, some alternative view must be developed of speech
community, one helpful to investigation of a language in society rather than necessitated by
more abstract linguistic theorizing ".
Wardhaugh opinion based on the above it can be concluded that the presence of a
heterogeneous language makes more sense. About the homogeneous society, it seems it is hard to
imagine. Suppose there, the numbers are very limited. Therefore the heterogeneity of language,
the factors that are individual, regional, social and situational influence language variation.
Based on the above opinion, the experts found that language sociolinguistic there are
manifold. Among the various languages it is pijin language and creole languages.
At first, pidgin and creoles considered a linguistic phenomenon which is not attractive.
People who spoke with creole, pidgin and despised. Hymes (in Wardhaugh, 1988) adds that
before 1930 pidgin and creole is widely ignored by linguists and language is rated as marginal.
This is due to their origins. Therefore, people who speak the language and creole pijin associated
with members of the poor and the black community.
Fortunately, this assumption on the behavior and the present has changed. Language
experts give serious attention to pijin and creole languages. They found an interesting
characteristic of the particulars pijin and creoles. Pijin and creole studies to be an important part
of the study of literature and sociolinguistics with all of pijin and creole controversy itself. In the
end, the speaker realizes that talking to pijin and creole language variation which is not a bad,
but a language or language variety that has legitimacy, history, structure, and possible
recognition as a language is or was (Wardhaugh, 1988).
Based on the problems described above, the authors are interested in making paper
"pidgins and creole", which discusses the matter of understanding more about what it pidgins,
creole up the process of development, both of which mutually affect each other.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Based on the background in this paper, the problem statement are :
1. Explain the history of pidgins and creole
2. What is definitions of pidgins and creole
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2. 1
born in Romance colonies. Usage varied from one colony to another. The term was also used as
an adjective to characterize plants, animals, and customs typical of the same colonies.
Creole may not have applied widely to language varieties until the late eighteenth
century. Such usage may have been initiated by metropolitan Europeans to disfranchise
particular colonial varieties of their languages. It is not clear how the term became associated
only with vernaculars spoken primarily by descendants of non-Europeans. Nonetheless, several
speakers of Creoles (or pidgins) actually believe they speak dialects of their lexifiers.
Among the earliest claims that Creoles developed from pidgins is the following statement
in Bloomfield (1933, p. 474): `when the jargon [i.e., pidgin] has become the only language of the
subject group, it is a creolized language.' Hall (1962) reinterpreted this, associating the
vernacular function of Creoles with nativization. Thus, Creoles have been defined inaccurately as
`nativized pidgins,' i.e., pidgins that have acquired native speakers and have therefore expanded
both their structures and functions and have stabilized. Hall then also introduced the pidginCreole `life-cycle' to which DeCamp (1971) added a `post-Creole' stage.
The first creolist to dispute this connection was Alleyne (1971). He argued that fossilized
inflectional morphology in Haitian Creole (HC) and the like is evidence that Europeans did not
communicate with the Africans in foreigner or baby talk, which would have fostered pidgins on
the plantations.
It has also been claimed that Creoles have more or less the same structural design
(Bickerton, 1984). This position is as disputable as the counterclaim that they are more similar in
the socio historical ecologies of their developments, or even the more recent claim that there are
Creole prototypes from which others deviate in various ways (McWhorter 1998). The very fact
of resorting to a handful of prototypes for the general Creole structural category suggests that the
vast majority of them do not share the putative set of defining features, hence that the features
cannot be used to single them out as a unique type of language. On the other hand, variation in
the structural features of Creoles (lexified by the same language) is correlated with variation in
the linguistic and sociohistorical ecologies of their developments (Mufwene 2001). The notion of
`ecology' includes, among other things, the nature of the lexifier, structural features of the
substrate languages, changes in the ethnolinguistic makeup of the populations that came in
contact, the kinds of interactions between speakers of the lexifier and those of other languages,
and rates and modes of population growth.
To date the best known Creoles have been lexified by English and French. Those of the
Atlantic and Indian Ocean are, along with Hawaiian Creole, those that have informed most
theorizing on the development of Creoles. While the terms `Creole' and `creolization' have often
been applied uncritically to various contact-induced language varieties, several distinctions,
which are not clearly articulated have also been proposed, for instance, between pidgin, Creole,
koine! , semi-Creole, intertwined varieties, foreign workers' varieties of European languages
(e.g., Gastarbeiter Deutsch), and `indigenized varieties' of European languages (e.g., Nigerian
and Singaporean English). The denotations and importance of these terms deserve re-examining.
2. 2
a.
b.
Creole
Creole (orig. person of European descent born and raised in a tropical colony) is a
language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, i.e. a community of speakers
claims it as their first language. Next used to designate the language(s) of people of Caribbean
and African descent in colonial and ex-colonial countries (Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, Runion,
Hawaii, Pitcairn, etc.)
A creole is a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community, and therefore has
native speakers (Source: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language).
A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated
from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive
features that are not inherited from either parent. All creole languages evolved from pidgins,
usually those that have become the native language of a community. The most kinds of pidgin
but now be a creol as like Melanesia pidgin (Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. Another example
from this is Bislama pidgins in Vanuatu.
2. 3
a.
different language groups and would need to communicate. This led to the development of
pidgins.
The word is derived from the Chinese pronunciation of the English word business. Pidgin
English was the name given to a Chinese-English-Portuguese pidgin used for commerce in
Canton during the 18th and 19th centuries. Some scholars dispute this derivation of the word
"pidgin", and suggest alternative etymologies, but no alternative has been deemed convincing
enough to garner widespread support. In Canton, this contact language was called Canton
English.
b.
2. 4
Creoles have more speakers than pidgin. Because creoles evolved through his children
and grandchildren, and only a pidgin language of the original. When someone mentions a creole
language, then the language should have first been proven historically about its origins. Because
in determining whether or not a creole, a language historically has a very important role and have
a
very
close
relationship.
Creolization is a linguistic development that occurs because the two languages in contact for a
long time which is pidgin speakers had breed. And so on if creole able to survive and continue
berkembanga it would creole language bias to larger and more complete example is the language
of Sierra Leone in West Africa which later became the national language.
Creole language developed from pidgin language. First of all, a language is used as a first
language in an area, then the youth, especially the merchants, activities interaction by trade.
From various origins traders, when they interact with other countries that are much
different languages have either structural or functional, so they created a new language with
quotes, and to paraphrase of their own languages understood by all traders concerned that they
are able to interact well. First language in an area that depends on whether the area is the result
of colony, who occupier, and the influence of what is left.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1
CONCLUTION
Based on the description of Pidgins and Creole in the above, the authors conclude:
1. A Pidgin is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of
other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. Pidgins
have rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary, serving as auxiliary contact languages.
2. A creole is a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community, and therefore has
native speakers (Source: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language). Creole is a pidgin that time
to time, from generation to next generation keep moving development be ones language.
3.
Creole language developed from pidgin language. First of all, a language is used as a first
language in an area, then the youth, especially the merchants, activities interaction by trade.
4.
From various origins traders, when they interact with other countries that are much different
languages have either structural or functional, so they created a new language with quotes, and
paraphrase their own languages understood by all traders concerned that they are able to interact
well.
PREFACE
Praise and Thank God to Allah SWT because the mercy and guidance so a paper about
"Pidgins
and
Creole"
can
be
completed
on
time.
Do not forget we sy thank you very much to the teacher who has given knowledge and
understanding to us so we able made a paper about pidgin and creole . we also say thank you to
our friends who have provided support and encouragement in writing this paper
We knows that this paper is still far from perfection. Therefore, the authors is very hope
suggestion, critic and advice from reader as guidelines for making paper in the next time.
Author hopes this paper can be useful and can give knowledge to the reader's about
"Pidgin and Creole". Amin!
Authors
TABLE OF CONTENS
TITLE PAGE
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background .................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Problem Statement ....................................................................................... 2
1.3
The Objective ............................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1
The History of Pidgins and Creole .......................................................... 3
2.2
The Definition Of Pidgins And Creole .................................................... 5
2.3
The Development Of Pidgins And Creole ............................................... 7
2.4
The Process Of Development Pidgins And Creole .................................. 8
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1
Conclusion ......................................................................................... 9