Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
0042-207X/82/110669-05803.00/0
Pergamon Press Ltd
M a t e r i a l s in space: w o r k i n g
in a v a c u u m
J Dauphin, Materials Section, ESA/ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Nether~ands
1. General
Altitude
!,km)
Pressure
(torr)
Kinetic
Gaseous
temperature density
(K)
(p/cm -s)
Composition
Sea level
760
~300
2.5 x 1019
30
200
800
6500
10
10 -6
10- 9
10- ~3
-~ 1200
~ 1300
_
4 x 10~
10~
106
103
N2, 02, A
N 2, O, 02, O +
O, He, O +, H
H +, H, He*
22,000
< 10-13
__
lOl_lO 2
85% H +, 15% HE 2+
Ultra-violet
radiation
Particle radiation
(particles cm -2 s -1 )
ULTRAVIOLET
ios
"T::1
O'J
0
.9
n.,
ILl
INFRARED
I/ .... \\
6,ooo-.
,o.
!
I
,o.
~1
I
,ooo.\
\\ e,OOO'K
X
,/
II
\~
U.l
U
Z
<
II
n.,
n.-I
n.
,o2
/:F',.......y.,
\\
"
I--
UJ
O.
/)
,o
0,000t
0,00t
......
0,ol
0,t
40
400
WAVELENGTH (JJ)
SUN (MEASUREMENTS)
................ BUN (ESTIMATIONS)
.......
BLACK BODY AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
(BASED ON REF. 2)
2. Materials behaviour
r
Coming back on the central point of this paper, i.e. vacuum effects,
we will now expand somewhat on the phenomena of outgassing
and recondensation and these associated problems in space.
2.1. Outgassing. All materials outgass in space vacuum but the
phenomenon is only noticeable for the lightest species; even the
so-called vaporizable metals (for example Cd) which were highly
suspected in the first years of the space era 2, have been proven
later as rather inert at reasonable temperatures. Outgassing is
therefore mainly to be considered with organic materials, but
these are indispensable in space vehicles if their cost is to be kept
within acceptable limits.
Except for relatively pure light products, used for example as
liquid lubricants, the famous Langmuir formula a is strictly not
applicable since outgassing is not a simple evaporation. The
evolved gases originate in fact in the adsorbed or absorbed
impurities and in the degradation products of the large organic
molecules which constitute the technological polymers. The
outgassing phenomenon is regulated by the kinetics of the.
possible degradation routes (thermal, catalytic, radiation-
,&
109
~OSTATIONNARY
ZSEE s ~ ' ~ ' - , , x N ~ =
1o'
10s
C3
n-
10
I.I
II
~o
1o
I2
~
I3
~
I
~
~'
PENETRATION (MICRONS)
INITIAL
IMPURITIES<
~OIFFUSION
INITIAL RATE
References
i F S Johnson, Satellite Environment Handbook, 2nd edition, Stanford
University Press (1965).
z NASA SP 3051, Space Materials Handbook, 3rd edition (1969).
3 L D Jaffe and J B Rittenhouse, in Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft,
McGraw-Hill (1963).
+ J J Scialdone and A E Hedin, J Geophys Res 83, 195 (1978).
s M K Barsh et al., in NASA CP 2039, p 348 (1978).
e j Bosma and F Levadou, in ESA SP 145, p 189 (1979).
7 G Kulterer et al., MBB Bericht UR 52-70 (1970).
s j Bourriean, ONERA-CERT, rapport final, contrat ESTEC No
2515/75 (1976).
9 B Tatry in ESA SP 145, p 131 (1979).
lo j A Jeffery and C R Maag, in ESA SP 145, p 145 (1979).
11 L E Bareiss, 8th Space Simulation Conference, Silver Springs, Paper no
25 (1975).
lz j p Bouchez and D Howle, ESA Bulletin 26, 54 (1981).
la L Levy, ONERA-CERT, final scientific report, AFOSR Grant no
80.0183 (1980).
i+ j M Jemiola, AFML-TR-78-190/NASA-CP-2039 (1978).
ts j Dauphin, ESA SP 145 (1979).
le ESA Specification PSS-09/QRM-02T.
1~ ASTM Specification E595-77.
18 p G Edwards and J Marcoux, in ESA SP 145, p 91 (1979).
19 ESA Specification QRA-18, ESA Specification PSS51/QRA-23.
20 ESA Specification PSSIS/QRM-05T.
2t j Dauphin, Symposium on Materials to be used on-board satellites and
space probes. Toulouse, June 1982, ESA SP 178 (1982).
22 M Rivera and A Biette, Le Vide 124, 340 (1966).
z3 W Wilkens, International Seminar on simulation and space, Toulouse
1973.
24 A Zwaal, in NASA-CP-2039 (1978).
zs R O Rantanen, Symposium on effet de l'environnement spatial sur les
mat6riaux, Toulouse, 1974.
2e j Dauphin, De lnoenieur 80 (49), 196 (1968).
27 j Dauphin and P Joliet, ESA STM 206 (1978).
4. Conclusion
Thirteen years ago, I was asked to give a paper on almost the same
subject 26. At that time, the work was just starting on this subject in
Europe, but we had already a rather clear idea of the problems we
would meet in space by considering the bulk of data obtained on
the ground by vacuum specialists.
Over the last period of 13 yr, our progress has been considerable
and the first achievement is that outgassing/contamination
problems are now recognized by most satellite project managers
and acted upon at the right time, i.e. when design starts.
Another success is the accumulation of a very large library of
reference data on materials which are used in spacecraft
manufacture 27.
J
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