PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2009

Circles In Our Daily Life

Name : Xx Xxxx Xxx

I/C No. : xxxxxx-xx-xxxx
Class : 5 Science
Teacher : Pn. Xxxxx Xxxx Xxxx
School : S.M.J.K. Dindings, Pundut, Lumut.
Index No. : XXXXX A010
 Contents
Page(
No. Contents
s)
1. Contents 2
2. Part 1(a) Examples of round things 3
3. Part 1(b) Introduction of Pi or 4
4. Definition of Pi or 5
5. History of Pi or 6
6. Part 2(a) 7
7. Part 2(b) 7 8
8. Part 2(c) 8
9. Part 3(a) 9
10. Part 3(b) 9
11. Part 3(c) 10
12. Part 3(d) 11
13. Part 3(e) 12
PART 1

There are a lot of things around us related to circles

or parts of a circle.

(a) Below are the some examples of round things:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Round Clock Round Table Round Classes

(iv) (v)

Wheel Of A Car Compass

(b) Pi or is a mathematical constant related to circles.

Introduction of Pi or :
Pi or is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's
circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a
circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual
decimal notation (see the table for its representation in some other bases). is one of the
most important mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from mathematics,
science, and engineering involve .

is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly
as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimal representation
never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, which means that no finite
sequence of algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its
value; proving this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant
result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there
has been much effort to determine more accurately and to understand its nature;
fascination with the number has even carried over into non-mathematical culture.

The Greek letter , often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from
the Greek word for perimeter "", first by William Jones in 1707, and
popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as
the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with an Archimedes
number), or Ludolph's number (from a German mathematician whose efforts to
calculate more of its digits became famous).
Definition of Pi or :

Circumference = diameter

In Euclidean plane geometry, is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its

diameter.

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the
diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the
ratio C/d.

Area of the circle = area of the shaded square

Alternatively can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a
square whose side is equal to the radius.

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that all
circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when occurs in areas of
mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians
often prefer to define without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of its
analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to define as twice the smallest
positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The formulas below illustrate other (equivalent)
definitions.
History of Pi or :
The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the
square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 19001680
BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.

In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians
calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for
pi.

The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by

measurement. The first calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287212
BC), one of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated
the area of a circle by using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular
polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within which the circle
was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the circle lies between the areas of the
inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the polygons gave upper and lower
bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found the value of pi
but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that pi is
between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429501), a brilliant Chinese

mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with
Archimedes methodbut because his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He
calculated the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be
355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must have started with an inscribed regular
24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving hundreds of square roots
carried out to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter in the 1700s. Introduced by

William Jones in 1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in
1737.

An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to

calculate pi based on probability.
 PART 2

(a)
Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc
d1 (cm) d2 (cm) PQR in term of PAB in term of BCR in term of
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 9 5 0.5 4.5
1.25 8.75 5 0.625 4.375
1.5 8.5 5 0.75 4.25
1.75 8.25 5 0.875 4.125
2 8 5 4
2.25 7.75 5 1.125 3.875
2.5 7.5 5 1.25 3.75
2.75 7.25 5 1.375 3.625
3 7 5 1.5 3.5
3.25 6.75 5 1.625 3.375
Table 1

Determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR.
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCR

(b) (i)
Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc
d1 (cm) d2 (cm) d3 (cm) PQR in term of PAB in term of BCD in term of DER in term of
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1 2 7 5 0.5 3.5
1 3 6 5 0.5 1.5 3
1.25 1.5 7.25 5 0.625 0.75 3.625
1.25 2 6.75 5 0.625 3.375
1.5 2 6.5 5 0.75 3.25
1.5 2.5 6 5 0.75 1.25 3
1.75 2 6.25 5 0.875 3.125
1.75 2.5 5.75 5 0.875 1.25 2.875
2 2.5 5.5 5 1.25 2.75
2 3 5 5 1.5 2.5
Table 2

Determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER.
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCD + Length of arc DER
(b) (ii)
The length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arcs of
any number of the inner semicircles.

Louter = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5

(c)
douter d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 Louter L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
12 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4 6 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2
14 1 1.5 2 2.5 7 7 0.5 0.75 1.25 3.5
16 1 2 3 4 6 8 0.5 1.5 2 3
18 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 6 9 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 3
20 2 3 4 5 6 10 1.5 2 2.5 3

6 = 0.25 + 0.75 + 1.25 + 1.75 + 2

RHS = 0.25 + 0.75 + 1.25 + 1.75 + 2
= 6
= LHS

7 = 0.5 + 0.75 + + 1.25 + 3.5

RHS = 0.5 + 0.75 + + 1.25 + 3.5
= 7
= LHS

8 = 0.5 + + 1.5 + 2 + 3
RHS = 0.5 + + 1.5 + 2 + 3
= 8
= LHS

9 = 0.75 + 1.25 + 1.75 + 2.25 + 3

RHS = 0.75 + 1.25 + 1.75 + 2.25 + 3
= 9
= LHS

10 = + 1.5 + 2 + 2.5 + 3
RHS = + 1.5 + 2 + 2.5 + 3
= 10
= LHS

As a conclusion, the length of outer semicircles arc is the sum of the length of any
number of the inner semicircles arc.

Therefore, the equation Louter = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 is accepted.

PART 3

(a)
1 1 x 1 10 x 2
y= (5) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2 2 2 2
25 x2 x 2 20 x + 100
y =
2 8 8
100 x 2 x 2 + 20 x 100
y =
8
20 x 2 x 2
y =
8
2 (10 x x 2 )
y =
8

y= (10 x x 2 )
4

(b)

y= (10 x x 2 )
4

22
When y = 16.5 , = 7
22
16 .5 = 7
(10 x x 2 )
4
22
66 = (10 x x 2 )
7
21 = 10 x x 2
x 2 10 x + 21 = 0
( x 7)( x 3) = 0
x = 7m
AND
x = 3m
(c)

y= (10 x x 2 )
4
22
y= 7
(10 x x 2 )
4
11
y= (10 x x 2 )
14
55 11 2
y= x x
7 14
y 55 11
= x
x 7 14
y 11 55
= x+
x 14 7

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y
7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4 1.6
x

(THE NEXT 1 CANT CONTINUE LEBECAUSE IT NEED TO USE GRAPH

PAPERI DONT KNOW HOW TO USE COMPUTER TO DRAW!!!)
 (d)

Method 1 (Differentiation Method): Method 2 (Completing The Square Method):

y= (10 x x 2 ) y= (10 x x 2 )
4 4
22
y= 7
(10 x x 2 ) y = [( x 2 10 x)]
4 4
11 10 2 10 2
y= (10 x x 2 ) y = [ x 2 10 x + ( ) ( ) ]
4 2 2
14

55 11 2 y = [ x 2 10 x + (5) 2 (5) 2 ]
y= x x 4
7 14
dy 55 11 y = [( x 5) 2 ( 5) 2 ]
= 2( ) x 4
dx 7 14
dy 55 11 y = [( x 5) 2 25 ]
= x 4
dx 7 7
y = ( x 5) 2
( 25 )
4 4
Therefore, 25
55 11 y = ( x 5) 2 +
0= x 4 4
7 7
11 55 Therefore,
x=
7 7 x 5 = 0
11 x = 55 x =5
55
x=
11 When x = 5 ,
x =5
y = (10 x x 2 )
4
When x = 5 , 22
y= 7
[10 (5) (5) 2 ]
y = (10 x x 2 ) 4
4 11
22 y= (50 25 )
y= 7
[10 (5) (5) 2 ] 14
4 11
11 y= (25 )
y= (50 25 ) 14
14 9
11 y = 19 m 2
y= (25 ) 14
14
9
y = 19 m 2
14
(e)
30 , 30+d , 30+2d , 30+3d 30+11d

a = 30 , S12 = 1000 , n = 12

n
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d )]
2
12
1000 = [2(30 ) + (12 1)d ]
2
12
1000 = (60 + 11 d )
2
500
= 60 + 11 d
3
320
11 d =
3
320
d =
3(11)
320
d =
33

The diameter of the remaining flowers beds

23 13 1 26 16
30 cm ,39 cm ,49 cm ,59 cm ,68 cm ,78 cm ,
33 33 11 33 33
2 29 19 3 32 2
88 cm ,97 cm ,107 cm ,117 cm ,126 cm ,136 cm
11 33 33 11 33 3

THE END !!!

O(_)O