MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

(ME F211)
BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

VIKAS CHAUDHARI

Mechanics of Solids

Chapter-8

Deflections due to Bending

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Contents:
The moment curvature relation
Integration of moment curvature relation
Principle of Superposition
Load- deflection differential equation
Energy methods

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

The moment curvature relation
The relation between curvature of neutral
axis and bending moment is given by
1

M
d

b
s 0 s
ds EI zz

lim

E is modulus of elasticity and Izz is moment

of inertia.
Longitudinal dimension of the beam will be
in x direction.
Bending will be take place in xy plane
about z axis.
Instead of symbol Izz for moment of inertia,
Deformation of an element of a beam
we use the abbreviation I.
subjected to bending moments Mb

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

The moment curvature relation
Deflection of neutral axis
from the knowledge of its
curvature
Slope of the neutral axis
dv
tan
dx

Differential with arc length s.

d 2 v dx
d
2

sec

dx 2 ds
ds
d d 2 v dx
2
cos 2
ds dx ds
03.11.2015

Geometry of the neutral axis of a beam bent in

the xy plane
Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

The moment curvature relation
From Figure
cos

dx
1

12
2
ds

1 dv dx

The curvature is
d
d 2 v dx 2

32
2
ds

1 dv dx
Geometry of the neutral axis of a beam bent in
the xy plane
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

The moment curvature relation
M
d
b
ds EI zz

d 2 v dx 2
1 dv dx 2

32

Mb
EI

Above equation is nonlinear differential equation for determination of

v as a function of x2, if Mb is known.
When the slope angle is small, then dv/dx is small compared to unity
d d 2 v
2
ds dx

d 2v M b

2
dx
EI

------- 1

Equation 1 is called moment curvature relation

The term EI is referred as flexural rigidity or bending modulus.
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Integration of the moment curvature relation
Integration of moment curvature relation leads to the correct
deflection curve.

However suitable boundary conditions should be chosen to determine

the integration constants.
Figure shows the suitable boundary condition encountered in various
supports.

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem:
The simply supported beam of uniform cross section shown in figure
is subjected to a concentrated load W. It is desired to obtained
maximum slope and maximum deflection.
L = 3.70m
a = b = 1.85m
W = 1.8kN
E = 11GPa
I = 3.33 107mm4

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution:
Singularity function method is used to find bending moment.
The maximum deflection is the point at which the slope is zero.
Therefore maximum deflection will be at x = L/2.
Maximum slope will be at x = 0 or at x = L.
Maximum Deflection vmax will be
Maximum slope max will be
03.11.2015

max

vmax v x L 2

WL3

5.19mm
48EI

WL2
dv

0.0042rad 0.24o
16 EI
dx x0

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem:
A uniform cantilever beam has bending modulus EI and length L. It is
built in at A and subjected to a concentrated force P and moment M
applied at B as shown in figure. Find deflection and slope at
point B.

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution:
Deflection at point B
will be
B v x L

PL3 ML2

3EI 2 EI

Deflection at point B
will be
PL2 ML
dv
B

dx
2
EI
EI
x L

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Superposition
The total deflection is the sum of deflections due to individual
load (Mb)
The deflections in the standard cases are given in table 8.1. The
solution of the original problem then takes the form of a
superposition of these solutions.
Deflection of a beam is linearly proportional to the applied load
The linearity between curvature and deflection is based on
assumption that
Deflections are small
material is linearly elastic
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem:
The cantilever beam shown in figure carries a concentrated load P
and end moment Mo applied at B as shown in figure. Find deflection
at point C in terms of the constant bending modulus EI.

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution:

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

The Load-Deflection Differential Equation
An alternative method to solve beam deflection problem.
The differential equations for force and moment equilibrium are
dV
q0
dx

Therefore,

and

dM b
V 0
dx

d 2Mb
q
2
dx

Using above equation and moment curvature relation, we obtained a

single differential equation relating transvers load-intensity function q
and transverse deflection v.
d2
dx 2
03.11.2015

d 2v
EI 2 q
dx
Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Boundary Conditions
Figure shows the suitable boundary conditions corresponds to four
types of supports.

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem
The beam shown in figure is built-in
at A and D and has an offset arm
welded to the beam at the point B
with a load W attached to the arm at
C. It is required to find the deflection
of the beam at the point B.

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
Load intensity
q

WL
xL 3
3

W x L 3

Boundary conditions
v 0 and

dv
0
dx

at x 0 and L

Load-deflection differential equation

d 4v
L
EI 4 W
xL 3
dx
3

03.11.2015

xL 3
2

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
By integrating previous equation
xL 3
1
dv W L

xL 3
dx EI 3
2

xL 3
2
W L
v
xL 3
EI 6
6

x2
c1
c2 x c3

x3
x2
c1
c2
c3 x c4

6
2

Boundary conditions gives four integration constants

c1

03.11.2015

8
;
27

c2

4
L;
27

c3 c4 0

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
By inserting boundary conditions in deflection equation
v

W
27 EI

2
3
9
4 3
9
2
L
x

L
3

L
3

2
Lx

2
3
2

Deflection at point B, by setting x = L/3

B v x L 3

03.11.2015

14WL3

2187 EI

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Castiglianos Method to find the deflections
Strain energy due to transverse loads
x2
1
U x x dxdydz
dxdydz
2
2E
2

M b2
1 Mb y
U
dx y 2 dydz

dxdydz
2
2E I
L 2 EI
A
M b2
U
dx
2
EI
L

If total elastic energy in a system is expressed in terms of external

loads Pi, the corresponding in-line deflections i are given by partial
derivatives
i

03.11.2015

U
Pi

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Castiglianos Method to find the deflections
Important

If, we may wish to know deflection at a point where external

force is zero .
In such case a fictitious force Q is to be considered at that point.
Deflection at that point in the direction of Q is given by U/Q
and setting Q = 0.
Similarly slope is given by

03.11.2015

U
M

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Castiglianos Method to find the deflections
Simplified equation
Deflection

2M b M b
M b M b
U
i

dx
dx
Pi 0 2 EI Pi
EI Pi
0
L

Slope

2M b M b
M M b
U
i

dx b
dx
M i 0 2 EI M i
EI M i
0
L

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem
Using Castiglianos method, determine the slope and deflection at
point B (loading diagram is shown in figure below).

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
Bending moment = M b P L x M

and

M b
L x
P

Deflection at point B will be

2M b M b
M b M b
U
B

dx
dx
P 0 2 EI Pi
EI P
0
L

After solving above equation

PL3 ML2
B

3EI 2 EI
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
Bending moment = M b P L x M

and

M b
1
M

Slope at point B will be

2M b M b
M b M b
U
B

dx
dx
M 0 2 EI M
EI M
0
L

After solving above equation

PL2 ML
B

2 EI EI
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem
Using Castiglianos method, determine the reaction at point A.
Take a = b = L/2

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
We know that deflection at point A is zero. Lets find reaction at A.

Bending moment = M b RA x P

x a

M b
x
RA

and

Deflection at point A will be

M b M b
A
dx 0
EI RA
0
L

1
L
2
A 0
(
R
x

Px

)dx
A

EI 0
2
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Solution
L

x
L
dx
L

0 RA P x x x
2
dx
2

3 0
3

RA L3 5PL3
0

3
48
5
RA P
16

03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Deflections due to Bending

Problem
Using Castiglianos method, determine horizontal deflection at point
A (consider deflection due to only bending moments).

13PL3
ANS. A 192 EI
03.11.2015

Vikas Chaudhari

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus