Standards and Controls

STANDARDS AND CONTROLS
Introduction
The quality control test methods specified in the monographs have been adopted as official
tests for the HPUS. Other tests can be used instead, provided they have been validated.
NOTE: All taste data included in the monographs are optional tests and are not required for
positive identification of the subject material.
NOTE: Any physical and chemical properties included in the monograph description are
provided for information and are not to be interpreted as mandatory tests.
NOTE: When performing Thin Layer Chromatography tests, other bands may be present and
are acceptable unless they are specificed as indicators of possible adulteration.
NOTE: Reference Standards - The user is responsible for qualification of reference standards
unless an official compendial standard is available.
Reagents
The reagents required for quality control tests specified in the HPUS are listed below. The
official name of the reagent (in bold type) may be followed by one or more synonyms (in
italics), the chemical formula (structural formula is provided when readily available), and the
molecular weight (m.w.) or atomic weight (a.w.). The designation USP in the title indicates
that the reagent is described in The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) as a monographed
item. The designation USP-NF in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP
as a monographed National Formulary item. The designation USP Reagent in the title
indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the reagent section. The designation
USP Indicator in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the indicators
and indicator test papers section. The designation USP Test Solution in the title indicates
that the reagent is described in the USP in the test solution section. The designation USP
Volumetric Solution in the title indicates that the reagent is described in the USP in the
volumetric solution section. The designation USP-RS in the title indicates that the reagent is
described in the USP in the reference standards section. For the reagents without a USP
designation, a brief description of the reagent is included. Indented subtitles describe solutions
or derivatives of the basic reagents.
Chromatographic Solvents and Carrier Gases
The chromatographic procedures set forth in the HPUS may require use of solvents and
gases that have been especially purified for such use. The purpose may be (a) to exclude
certain impurities that interfere with the proper conduct of the test procedure, or (b) to extend
the life of a column by reducing the build-up of impurities on the column. Where solvents and
gases are called for in chromatographic procedures, it is the responsibility of the analyst to
ensure the suitability of the solvent or gas for the specific use. Solvents and gases suitable for
specific high-pressure or other chromatographic uses are available as specialty products from
various reagent supply houses, although there is no assurance that similar products from
different suppliers are of equivalent suitability in any given procedure. The reagent
specifications provided herein are for general analytical uses of the solvents and gases and
not for chromatographic uses for which the especially purified specialty products may be
required.
ACETANILIDE (USP Reagent) - N-Phenyl acetamide - C8H9NO (m.w. 135.16)
ACETATE BUFFER SOLUTION, pH 4.6 - Dissolve 5.4 g of sodium acetate in 50 ml of water, add
2.4 g of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100.0 ml with water. Adjust the pH if necessary.
ACETIC ACID, ANHYDROUS - CH3COOH (m.w. 60.05) - Add a few drops of acetic anhydride to
glacial acetic acid to prepare anhydrous acetic acid. Prepare immediately before use.
ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL (USP Reagent) - CH3COOH (m.w. 60.05)
Acetic acid - Dilute 30 g of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml with water.
Acetic acid, dilute - Dilute 12 g of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml with water.
Acetic acid, 5% - A 5% (v/v) solution of glacial acetic acid in methanol.
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (USP Reagent) - (CH3CO)2O (m.w. 102.09)
ACETONE (USP Reagent) - CH3COCH3 (m.w. 58.08)

ACETONITRILE (USP Reagent) - CH3CN (m.w. 41.05)
ACETONITRILE, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (USP Reagent)
Acetonitrile solution, 20% - A 20% (v/v) solution of spectrophotometric acetonitrile in water.
ACONITINE - C34H47NO11 (m.w. 645.74) - Several isomers from Aconitum napellus L. Poisonous!
ACRYLAMIDE - CH2CHCONH2 (m.w. 71.08) - Colorless or white flakes or a white or almost white,
crystalline powder, very soluble in water and in methanol, freely soluble in alcohol.
Acrylamide solution, 30% - A 30% (w/v) solution of acrylamide in water.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL (see CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED)
AESCIN (see ESCIN)
ALBUMIN, HUMAN (USP)
ALCOHOL (USP) - Ethanol; Strong alcohol; Alcohol 96% - C2H5OH (m.w. 46.07)
Alcohol, anhydrous (USP) - Dehydrated alcohol; Absolute alcohol
Alcohol, 45% (v/v)
Alcohol, 50% (v/v)
Alcohol, 55% (v/v)
Alcohol, 60% (v/v)
Alcohol, 65% (v/v)
Alcohol, 70% (v/v)
Alcohol, 80% (v/v)
Alcohol, 90% (v/v)
Alcohol, neutralized - Take 20 ml of alcohol and add 1 drop of methyl red mixed indicator
solution. Add 0.1 N sodium hydroxide until the color changes from red-violet to green.
Alcohol, aldehyde-free (USP Reagent)
ALCOHOL, STRONG (see ALCOHOL)
ALIZARIN S - Sodium 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonate monohydrate -C14H7NaO7S
H2O (m.w. 360.3) - An orange-yellow powder, freely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Alizarin S solution, 7% - A 7% (w/v) solution of alizarin S in water.
ALLANTOIN - 5-Ureidohydantoin - C4H6N4O3 (m.w. 158.12) - Slightly soluble in water and alcohol,
more soluble in hot water and hot alcohol. Practically insoluble in ether.
ALOE-EMODIN - C15H10O5 (m.w. 270.24) - Orange needles, freely soluble in hot alcohol, ethyl
ether, and benzene.
ALUMINA, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - Aluminum oxide - Al2O3 (m.w. 101.94)
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (USP) - Aluminum chloride, hexahydrate - AlCl3 6H2O (m.w. 241.43)
Aluminum chloride solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of aluminum chloride in water.
Aluminum chloride acidic solution - Dissolve 2 g of aluminum chloride in 100 ml of a 5%
acetic acid methanolic solution, prepared by bringing 5 ml of glacial acetic acid to 100 ml with
methanol.
Aluminum chloride alcoholic solution - Dissolve 2 g of aluminum chloride in alcohol, then
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Aluminum chloride methanolic solution - A 20 g/l solution of aluminum chloride in methanol.
ALUMINUM POTASSIUM SULFATE (USP Reagent) - AlK(SO4)2 12H2O(m.w. 474.39)
Aluminum potassium sulfate solution - A 15% (w/v) solution of aluminum potassium sulfate
in water.
-AMANITIN - -Amatoxin - C39H54N10O14S (m.w. 918.98) - Highly toxic.
AMARANTH - 3-Hydroxy-4-[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl) azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid,
trisodium salt; C.I Acid Red 27 - C20H11N2Na3O10S3 (m.w. 604.48) - Dark brown to deep reddishbrown fine powder, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in acetone, alcohol, ether, and
chloroform.
AMENTOFLAVONE - Hexahydroxy-4,4,5,5,7,7 biflavone-3,8; [(Dihydroxy-5,7 oxo-4,4Hchromenyl-2)-5 hydroxy-2 phenyl]-8 dihydroxy-5,7 (hydroxy-4 phenyl)-2,4H-chromenone4 - C30H18O10 (m.w. 538.5) - Yellow needles, practically insoluble in cold water, soluble in
chloroform and in ethyl ether. The 0.004% (w/v) solution in methanol has two absorption maxima
at 269 nm and 335 nm, respectively.
Amentoflavone solution - A 0.1% solution of amentoflavone in methanol.
p-AMINOACETOPHENONE - C8H9NO (m.w. 135.16) - Pale yellow crystals or crystalline powder;
freely soluble in boiling water, 90% alcohol, or chloroform; soluble in ether.
-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID - C4H9NO2 (m.w. 103.1) - Crystalline powder, soluble in water, practically
insoluble or very slightly soluble in alcohol.
AMINOETHANOL DIPHENYLBORATE (see DIPHENYLBORINIC ACID, ETHANOLAMINE
ESTER)
AMINOPHENAZONE (see AMINOPYRINE)
AMINOPYRAZOLONE - 4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3-one -C11H13N3O (m.w. 203.2) Light-yellow needles or powder, sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
AMINOPYRINE - Aminophenazone - C13H17N3O (m.w. 231.29) - Colorless crystals or white
crystalline powder, soluble in water and ethyl ether, slightly soluble in chloroform and alcohol.
Aminopyrine solution - A 2% (w/v) solution of aminopyrine in water.
AMMONIA (see AMMONIA SOLUTION, STRONG)
AMMONIA SOLUTION, STRONG (USP-NF) - Ammonia - NH3 (m.w. 17.03)
Ammonia solution, 20% - Dilute 81 g of strong ammonia solution to 100 ml with water.
Ammonia solution, 17% - Dilute 67 g of strong ammonia solution to 100 ml with water.
Ammonia solution, dilute - Contains about 10% (w/v) of NH3. Dilute 41 g of strong ammonia
to 100 ml with water.
AMMONIACAL WATER, SLIGHTLY - Contains 0.5 ml of dilute ammonia solution in 100 ml of
water.
AMMONIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - NH4C2H3O2 (m.w. 77.08)
Ammonium acetate solution - Dissolve 150 g of ammonium acetate in water. Add 3 ml of
glacial acetic acid and dilute to 1000 ml with water. Use within one week.
Ammonium acetate solution, 0.04 M - Dissolve 3.084 g of ammonium acetate in water, and
then dilute to 1000.0 ml with water and adjust to pH 10.5 with strong ammonia solution.
AMMONIUM AND CERIUM SULFATE - (NH4)2Ce(SO4)4 2H2O (m.w. 633) - Orange-yellow,
crystalline powder or crystals, slowly soluble in water.
Ammonium and cerium sulfate solution, 0.1 M - Dissolve 65.0 g of ammonium and cerium
sulfate in a mixture of 500 ml of water and 30 ml of sulfuric acid. Allow to cool and dilute to
1000.0 ml with water. Standardize the solution after ten days, using the following
Standardization Procedure: To 25.0 ml of the ammonium and cerium sulfate solution, add 2.0
g of potassium iodide and 150 ml of water. Titrate immediately with 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate
solution, using 1 ml of starch solution as indicator.
Ammonium and cerium sulfate in phosphoric acid - A 10 g/l solution of ammonium and
cerium sulfate in phosphoric acid.
AMMONIUM CARBONATE (USP Reagent) - A mixture of varying proportions of ammonium
bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate.
Ammonium carbonate solution - A 15.8% (w/v) solution (about 2 M).
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - NH4Cl (m.w. 53.49)
Ammonium chloride buffer solution, pH 10.0 -Dissolve 5.4 g of ammonium chloride in 20 ml
of water, add 35.0 ml of ammonia and dilute to 100.0 ml with water.
Ammonium chloride solution - A 107 g/l solution of ammonium chloride in water.
AMMONIUM CITRATE SOLUTION, LEAD-FREE - Dissolve 21 g of citric acid in 62.5 ml of dilute
ammonia solution. Dilute to 100 ml with water. Shake the solution with a mixture of 0.2 ml of
dithizone solution and 5 ml of chloroform. Repeat this extraction until the color of the dithizone
solution remains constant. Shake with 10 ml portions of chloroform until the chloroform phase
remains colorless.
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE (USP) - Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate -(NH4)6Mo7O24
4H2O (m.w. 1235.86)
Ammonium molybdate solution - A 200 g/l solution of ammonium molybdate in water.
AMMONIUM OXALATE (USP Reagent) - (NH4)2C2O4 H2O (m.w. 142.11)

Ammonium oxalate solution - A 40 g/l solution of ammonium oxalate in water.
AMMONIUM PERSULFATE (USP Reagent) - (NH4)2S2O8 (m.w. 228.20)
Ammonium persulfate solution, 3% - A 3% (w/v) solution of ammonium persulfate in water.
AMMONIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (2.5 ppm NH4) - Immediately before use, dilute with water
to 100 times its volume a solution containing ammonium chloride equivalent to 0.741 g of NH4Cl
in 1000.0 ml.
AMMONIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (1 ppm NH4) - Immediately before use, dilute ammonium
standard solution (2.5 ppm NH4) to 2.5 times its volume with water.
AMMONIUM SULFATE (USP Reagent) - (NH4)2SO4 (m.w. 132.14)
Ammonium sulfate, saturated solution - Dissolve ammonium sulfate in warm water until
saturated and allow to come to room temperature before use.
AMMONIUM SULFIDE SOLUTION - Saturate 120 ml of dilute ammonia solution with hydrogen
sulfide, and add 80 ml of dilute ammonia solution.Prepare immediately before use.
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE (USP Reagent) - NH4SCN (m.w. 76.12)
Ammonium thiocyanate solution, 0.1 N
Ammonium thiocyanate solution, 1 N
AMMONIUM VANADATE (USP Reagent) - NH4VO3 (m.w. 116.98)
AMYL ALCOHOL (USP Reagent) - Isopentyl alcohol; Isoamyl alcohol -C5H11OH (m.w. 88.15)
AMYL NITRITE (USP) - C5H11NO2 (m.w. 117.15) - Use Chromatographic Reference Substance
grade.
ANETHOLE (USP-NF) - p-Propenylanisole - C10H12O (m.w. 148.20)
ANILINE (USP Reagent) - C6H5NH2 (m.w. 93.13)
Aniline phthalic solution - Dissolve 0.93 g of aniline and 1.66 g of phthalic acid in butanol
saturated with water, and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
ANISALDEHYDE - 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde - C8H8O2 (m.w. 136.15) - An oily liquid with an
aromatic odor, very slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol and with ethyl ether.
Anisaldehyde solution - Mix in the following order: 0.5 ml of anisaldehyde, 10 ml of glacial
acetic acid, 85 ml of methanol and 5 ml of sulfuric acid.
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE - SbCl3 (m.w. 228.12)
Antimony trichloride solution - Rapidly wash 30 g of antimony chloride with two quantities,
each of 15 ml, of alcohol-free chloroform, drain off the washings, and dissolve the washed
crystals immediately in 100 ml of alcohol-free chloroform, warming slightly. Store the solution
over a few grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate.
ANTIPYRINE (USP) - Phenazone - C11H12N2O (m.w. 188.23)
APIGENIN - 4,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone - C15H10O5 (m.w. 270.24) - Light yellowish powder, practically
insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.
APIGENIN-7-GLUCOSIDE - C21H20O10 (m.w. 432.4) - Light yellowish powder, practically insoluble
in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.
ARBUTIN - Arbutoside - C12H16O7 (m.w. 272.25) - Fine, white, shiny needles freely soluble in water
and alcohol, practically insoluble in ethyl ether.
ARGININE (USP) - C6H14N4O2 (m.w. 174.20)
ARISTOLOCHIC ACID - 3,4-Methylenedioxy-8-methoxy-10-nitro-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic
acid - C17H11NO7 (m.w. 341.27) - A yellow powder, slightly soluble in water and in 96 % alcohol.
ARSENIC STANDARD SOLUTION (20 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100
times its volume a solution prepared by dissolving arsenic trioxide equivalent to 0.660 g of
As2O3 in 5 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and diluting to 250.0 ml with water.
ARSENIC STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100
times its volume a solution prepared by dissolving arsenic trioxide equivalent to 0.330 g of
As2O3 in 5 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and diluting to 250.0 ml with water.
ARSENIC STANDARD SOLUTION (1 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute arsenic standard
solution (10 ppm As) to 10 times its volume with water.
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (USP Reagent) - As2O3 (m.w. 197.84)
ASIATICOSIDE - C48H78O19 (m.w. 959.14) - A white, hygroscopic powder, soluble in methanol,

slightly soluble in alcohol.
ASPARAGINE (USP Reagent) - COOHCH(NH2)CH2CONH2 H2O (m.w. 150.13)
ATROPINE SULFATE (USP) - (C17H23NO3)2 H2SO4 H2O (m.w. 694.84)
AUCUBIN - C15H22O9 (m.w. 346.33) - Crystals from Aucuba japonica, soluble in water, alcohol, and
methanol; practically insoluble in chloroform, ethyl ether, and petroleum ether.

BARBALOIN - Aloin; 10-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9(10H)-anthrone C21H22O9 H2O (m.w. 436.4) - A yellow to dark-yellow, crystalline powder, or yellow needles,
darkening upon exposure to air and light, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol, soluble in
acetone, in ammonia, and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
BARIUM CARBONATE - BaCO3 (m.w. 197.37) - A white powder or friable masses, practically
insoluble in water.
BARIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - BaCl2 2H2O (m.w. 244.26)
Barium chloride solution - Dissolve 6.1 g of barium chloride in water and bring to 100 ml with
water.
BARIUM HYDROXIDE (USP Reagent) - Ba(OH)2 8H2O (m.w. 315.46)
Barium hydroxide solution - Dissolve 4.73 g of barium hydroxide in water and bring to
100 ml with water.
BENZALDEHYDE (USP Reagent) - C7H6O (m.w. 106.12)
BENZOPHENONE - Diphenylmenthanone - C13H10O (m.w. 182.2) - Prismatic crystals, practically
insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
BERBERINE HYDROCHLORIDE - C20H17NO4 HCl 2H2O (m.w. 407.86) - Yellow crystals, slightly
soluble in cold water, soluble in warm water, practically insoluble in alcohol, in methylene
chloride and in ethyl ether.
BERGAPTEN - 5-Methoxypsoralen - C12H8O4 (m.w. 216.19) - Colorless crystals, practically
insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid.
BETULIN - Lup-20(39)-ene-3,28-diol - C30H50O2 (m.w. 442.7) - A white or almost white, crystalline
powder, m.p. 248-251 C.
BISMUTH STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm) - Dissolve 1.24 g of bismuth subcarbonate in 50 ml
of dilute nitric acid, with warming. Allow to cool. Dilute to 100.0 ml with water. Dilute 1.0 ml of the
resulting solution to 100.0 ml with water.
BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE - Bismuth carbonate, basic - (BiO)2CO3 (m.w. 510.01) - Odorless,
tasteless powder, practically insoluble in water or alcohol. Soluble in mineral acids.
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE (USP) - Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 (m.w. 1461.99)
BLOOD CELL SPRAY SOLUTION - Transfer 2.0 ml of a thoroughly mixed blood cell suspension
(see BLOOD CELL SUSPENSION) to a measuring flask and make up to 25.0 ml with phosphate
buffer solution pH 7.4. The suspension can be used for as long as the supernatant fluid remains
clear and colorless. Store in a cool place.
BLOOD CELL SUSPENSION - Fill a wide-necked flask with glass stopper to one tenth of its
volume with a solution of 3.65 g of sodium citrate in 100 ml of water; rotate the flask so that the
inside is completely wetted. Fill the flask with blood freshly drawn from a healthy bovine and
shake immediately (concentrated blood cell suspension). The suspension will keep for about 8
days if stored at 2-4 C.
Make up the blood suspension required for the test by transferring 1.0 ml of the well mixed
concentrated blood cell suspension to a graduated flask and making up the volume to 50.0 ml
with phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4. The suspension may be used for as long as the
supernatant fluid remains clear and colorless; store in a cool place.
BLUE LITMUS PAPER (USP Indicator and Test Paper)
BOLDINE - 1,10-Dimethoxy-2,9-dihydroxyaporphine - C19H21NO4 (m.w. 327.37) - Very slightly
soluble in water or ether. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform.
BORIC ACID (USP Reagent) - H3BO3 (m.w. 61.83)
BORNEOL - (1R,2S,4S)-1,7,7-Trimethylnorbornan-2-ol - C10H18O (m.w. 154.24) - Colorless

crystals with a camphoraceous odor, readily sublimes, practically insoluble in water, freely
soluble in alcohol, ethyl ether, chloroform and light petroleum.
BORNYL ACETATE - (1,7,7-Trimethylnorbornan-2-yl) acetate - C12H20O2(m.w. 196.29) - Colorless
crystals or a colorless liquid, very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ethyl ether.
BROMIDE-BROMATE SOLUTION, 0.0167 M - Dissolve 2.7835 g of potassium bromate and 13 g
of potassium bromide in water and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
BROMINE (USP Reagent) - Br (a.w. 79.904)
Bromine water (USP Test Solution)
BROMOCRESOL GREEN (USP Indicator) - C21H14Br4O5S (m.w. 698.01)
Bromocresol green solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of bromocresol green in a mixture of 12 ml of
water and 2.4 ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution and then bring to 100 ml with water.
BROMOCRESOL PURPLE (USP Indicator) - C21H16Br2O5S (m.w. 540.22)
Bromocresol purple solution - A 0.04% (w/v) solution of bromocresol purple in 50% (v/v)
alcohol. Adjust the pH to 10 with 0.01 N sodium hydroxide solution.
BROMOPHENOL BLUE - C19H10Br4O5S (m.w. 670) - A light orange-yellow powder, very slightly
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Bromophenol blue alcoholic solution - A 0.04% w/v solution of bromophenol blue in alcohol.
BROMOTHYMOL BLUE (USP Indicator) - C27H28Br2O5S (m.w. 624.38)
Bromothymol blue solution - Dissolve 50 mg of bromothymol blue in a mixture of 4 ml of
0.02 N sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol and dilute to 100 ml with water.
BRUCINE - 10,11-Dimethoxystrychnine - C23H26N2O4 (m.w. 394.47) - Very poisonous. From seeds
of Strychnos nux-vomica. One gram dissolves in 1.3 ml of alcohol.
BUFFER SOLUTION, pH 5.6 - Dissolve 10.5 g of citric acid and 100.0 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide
solution in sufficient water to produce 500.0 ml. Mix 345.0 ml of this solution with 155.0 ml of
0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution.
BUFFER SOLUTION, pH 10.9 - Dissolve 6.75 g of ammonium chloride in 100 ml of 17% ammonia
solution.
BUTYL ALCOHOL (USP Reagent) - 1-Butanol - CH3(CH2)2CH2OH (m.w. 74.12)

CADMIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - Cd(CH3COO)2 2H2O (m.w. 266.53)
Cadmium standard solution, 0.1% - Dissolve cadmium equivalent to 0.100 g of cadmium in
the smallest necessary amount of a mixture of equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and water
and dilute to 100.0 ml with a 1% (v/v) solution of hydrochloric acid.
CADMIUM IODIDE - CdI2 (m.w. 366.23) - Hexagonal, flake-like crystals soluble in water, alcohol,
ethyl ether, and acetone.
CAFFEIC ACID - 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid - C9H8O4 (m.w. 180.15) - White or almost white
crystals or plates, freely soluble in hot water and in alcohol, sparingly soluble in cold water.
CAFFEINE (USP) - C8H10N4O2 (m.w. 194.19)
CALCIUM CARBONATE (USP Reagent) - CaCO3 (m.w. 100.09)
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - CaCl2 2H2O (m.w. 147.01)
Calcium chloride solution - A 73.5 g/l (w/v) solution of calcium chloride in water.
CALCIUM FLUORIDE - CaF2 (m.w. 78.07) - White powder, practically insoluble in water, slightly
soluble in dilute acids.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (USP Reagent) - Ca(OH)2 (m.w. 74.09)
CALCIUM OXIDE - Lime - CaO (m.w. 56.08) - White or grayish-white crystals or powder.
CALCIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm Ca) - Immediately before use, dilute with distilled
water to 100 times its volume a solution in distilled water containing calcium carbonate
equivalent to 0.624 g of CaCO3 and 3 ml of acetic acid in 250.0 ml.
CALCONECARBOXYLIC ACID - 2-Hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-4-sulpho-1-naphthylazo)naphthalene-3carboxylic acid - C21H14N2O7S 3H2O (m.w. 492.46) - A brownish-black powder, slightly soluble in
water, very slightly soluble in acetone and in alcohol, sparingly soluble in dilute solutions of
sodium hydroxide.
Calconecarboxylic acid triturate - Mix 1 part of calconecarboxylic acid with 99 parts of

sodium chloride.
CAMPHOR (USP) - C10H16O (m.w. 152.23)
CANTHARIDIN - 2-endo, 3-endo-dimethyl-7-oxa.norbornan-2-exo, 3-exo-dicarboxylic
anhydride - C10H12O4 (m.w. 196.2) - Colorless, lustrous, sublimate flakes; practically insoluble in
cold water, very slightly soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in ethyl acetate,
acetone and chloroform.
CAPSAICIN - N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)methyl]nonanamide -C18H27NO3 (m.w. 305.41) Pungent principle in fruit of various Capsicumspecies. Strong irritant, insoluble in cold water,
freely soluble in alcohol and chloroform.
CARBON DISULFIDE (USP Reagent) - CS2 (m.w. 76.14)
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - CCl4 (m.w.153.82)
CARMINE (USP Reagent) - C22H20O13 xAl
Carmine green reagent - Boil 1.5 g of carmine in 100 ml of a 15% (w/v) aluminum potassium
sulfate solution for at least 30 minutes. Allow to cool and filter. Slowly add 10 ml of a 0.75%
(w/v) iodine green solution while stirring.
CARMINIC ACID - 3,5,6,8-Tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo-7-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]antracene-2-carboxylic acid - C22H20O13 (m.w. 492.39) Red crystals, soluble in water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid.
Carminic acid solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of carminic acid in 60% (v/v) alcohol.
CARRIER AMPHOLYTE SOLUTION - (m.w. < 800) - A syrupy, colorless, aqueous solution. The
base of the solution is composed of ampholytes such as polyamino acids. Mixed amino acids
with sulfo-, phospho- and diaminocarboxylic acids are added to complement and extend pH
ranges. The mixture does not include ampholytes with relative molecular weights greater than
800. The specific absorption A1% (1 cm) in water at 280 nm is 0.1. The dry residue is 40%.
CARVONE - (R)-2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one -C10H14O (m.w. 150.22) - A
liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol.
CATECHIN - Cianidanol - C15H14O6 (m.w. 290.28) - Crystals from woody plants, slightly soluble in
cold water and ethyl ether; soluble in hot water, alcohol, and acetone; practically insoluble in
chloroform.
CAULOPHYLLOGENINE - C30H48O5 (m.w. 488.7) - A white powder.
CELLULOSE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY - A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder
with an average particle size of less than 30 m. Preparation of a thin layer: Suspend 15 g in 100
ml of water and homogenize in an electric mixer for 60 seconds. Coat carefully-cleaned plates
with a layer 0.1 mm thick, using a spreading device. Allow to dry in air.
CEPHAELINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE - Desmethylemetine; 7,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6-ol
dihydrochloride - C28H38N2O4(HCl)2 7H2O (m.w. 665.66) - A white to yellowish, crystalline
powder, freely soluble in water, soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED (USP Reagent)
CHLORAL HYDRATE (USP) - C2H3Cl3O2 (m.w. 165.40)
Chloral hydrate solution - Dissolve 8 g of chloral hydrate in 2 ml of water.
CHLORAMINE T (USP Reagent) - Chloramine, Sodium ptoluenesulfonchloramide, Tosylchloramide sodium - C7H7ClNNaO2S 3H2O (m.w. 281.69)
Chloramine T solution, 2% - A 2% (w/v) solution of chloramine T in water. Prepare
immediately before use.
Chloramine T solution, 3% - A 3% (w/v) solution of chloramine T in alcohol. Prepare
Chloramine T solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of chloramine T in water. Prepare
Chloramine T solution, 30% alcoholic - A 30% (w/v) solution of chloramine T in alcohol.
Prepare immediately before use.
CHLORIDE STANDARD SOLUTION (5 ppm Cl) - Dissolve 0.824 g of sodium chloride in 1000 ml
of water (stock solution). Before using, dilute the stock solution 1:100 with water.
CHLOROFORM (USP Reagent) - CHCl3 (m.w. 119.38)

Chloroform, alcohol-free (USP)
CHLOROGENIC ACID - 3-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid - C16H18O9(m.w. 354.31) - A white
crystalline powder, soluble in water, acetone and alcohol.
CHOLESTEROL - 3-b-Hydroxycholest-5-ene - C27H46O (m.w. 386.64) - Practically insoluble in
water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
CHROMOTROPIC ACID (USP Reagent) - 4,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic
acid - C10H8O8S2 2H2O (m.w. 356.33)
CHROMOTROPIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT DIHYDRATE - C10H6Na2O8S2 2H2O (m.w. 400.28) White needles or leaflets, very soluble in water.
Chromotropic acid reagent - Dissolve 0.50 g of chromotropic acid, disodium salt dihydrate in
sulfuric acid. Protect from light and store in a cool place. Stable for no more than four weeks.
CHRYSOPHANIC ACID - 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthracene-9,10-dione -C15H10O4 (m.w. 254.23)
- Yellow crystals, practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, soluble in
chloroform, ethyl ether, and acetone.
CINCHONIDINE - (5-Ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-yl)-quinolin-4-yl-methanol - C19H22N2O (m.w.
294.39) - Stereoisomeric with cinchonine.
CINCHONINE - (S)-(5-Ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-yl)-quinolin-4-yl-methanol C19H22N2O (m.w. 294.39) - A white, crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in water, sparingly
soluble in alcohol and methanol, slightly soluble in ethyl ether and chloroform.
CINEOLE (see EUCALYPTOL)
CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE - (E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enal - C9H8O (m.w. 132.1) - A yellowish to greenishyellow, oily liquid, slightly soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol and in ether.
Cinnamic aldehyde solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of cinnamic aldehyde in methanol.
Cinnamic aldehyde solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of cinnamic aldehyde in methanol.
CITRAL - (2E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal - C10H16O (m.w. 152.23) - Light yellow liquid, practically
insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and with glycerol.
CITRATE BUFFER, pH 4.0 - Dissolve 10.5 g of citric acid with 100.0 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide
solution. Bring up to 500.0 ml with water. Add 150.0 ml of this solution to 100.0 ml of 0.1 N
hydrochloric acid to make 250.0 ml of buffer (pH 3.9-4.1).
CITRIC ACID (USP Reagent) - C6H8O7 (m.w. 192.12)
CITRO-BORIC SOLUTION - Dissolve 5 g of boric acid and 5 g of citric acid in 100 ml of methanol.
CITRO-PHOSPHATE BUFFER SOLUTION, pH 5.5 - Combine 56.9 parts by volume of 0.2 M
sodium phosphate dibasic solution and 43.1 parts by volume of 0.1 M citric acid solution.
COBALT CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - CoCl2 6H2O (m.w. 237.93)
Cobalt chloride solution - A 6 g/l solution of cobalt chloride in water.
CODEINE PHOSPHATE (USP) - C18H21NO3 H3PO4 H2O (m.w. 406.37)
COLCHICINE (USP) - Benzo(a)heptalene-9(5H)-one - C22H25NO6 (m.w. 399.44)
CONVALLATOXIN - Strophanthidin, 3-(6-Deoxy--L-mannopyranoside) -C29H42O10 (m.w. 550.63) White crystals, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
COOMASSIE BRILLIANT BLUE R-250 (USP Reagent) - C45H44N3O7S2Na(m.w. 825.97)
COPPER (USP Reagent) - Cu (a.w. 63.55) - Copper filings
COPPER STANDARD SOLUTION (0.1% Cu) - Dissolve 0.363 g of cupric sulfate in water and
dilute to 100.0 ml with water.
Copper standard solution (10 ppm Cu) - Immediately before use, dilute copper standard
solution (0.1% Cu) to 100 times its volume with water.
Copper standard solution (100 ppm Cu) - Immediately before use, dilute copper standard
solution (0.1% Cu) to 10 times its volume with water.
COUMARIN - 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one - C9H6O2 (m.w. 146.14) - Freely soluble in alcohol,
chloroform and ethyl ether. One gram dissolves in 50 ml of boiling water.
COUMESTROL - 3,9-Dihydroxy-6H-benzofuro(3,2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one -C15H8O5 (m.w. 268.2) White crystals, practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol.
CRESOL (USP-NF) - C7H8O (m.w. 108.14)
CRYSTAL VIOLET (USP Indicator) - C25H30ClN3 (m.w. 407.98)

Crystal violet solution - Dissolve 0.5 g of crystal violet in anhydrous acetic acid and dilute to
100 ml with the same solvent.
CUPRIC ACETATE (USP Reagent) - Cu(C2H3O2)2 H2O (m.w. 199.65)
Cupric acetate solution - A 0.3% (w/v) solution of cupric acetate in water.
Cupric acetate solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of cupric acetate in water.
Cupric acetate solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of cupric acetate in water.
Cupric acetate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of cupric acetate in water.
CUPRIC SULFATE (USP Reagent) - CuSO4 5H2O (m.w. 249.69)
Cupric sulfate solution - A 125 g/l solution of cupric sulfate in water.
CUPRIC TARTRATE SOLUTION (USP Test Solution) - Cupri-tartaric solution, alkaline (Fehlings
Solution); Sodium potassium tartrate solution
CYCLOHEXANE (USP Reagent) - C6H12 (m.w. 84.16)
CYMARIN - C30H44O9 (m.w. 548.66) - A white or pale yellow crystalline powder, slightly soluble in
methanol and chloroform. Practically insoluble in water.
CYTISINE - C11H14N2O (m.w. 190.24) - Yellowish white crystals, soluble in water, slightly soluble in
alcohol.

DANTRON - 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone; Chrysazin - C14H8O4 (m.w. 240.21) - A crystalline
orange powder, practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in solutions of
alkali hydroxides.
DEXTROSE (see GLUCOSE)
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH - A white or almost white, fine granular powder made up of siliceous
frustules of fossil diatoms, or of debris of fossil diatoms, practically insoluble in water and in
alcohol.
DIAZOBENZENESULFONIC ACID SOLUTION - Prepare immediately before use by dissolving
0.9 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 30 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and 70 ml of water. To 3 ml
of the solution, add 3 ml of a 50 g/l solution of sodium nitrite. Cool in an ice bath for 5 minutes,
add 12 ml of the sodium nitrite solution and cool again. Dilute to 100 ml with water and keep the
reagent in an ice-bath for 15 minutes before using.
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE (USP Reagent) - C16H22O4 (m.w. 278.34)
DICHLOROPHENOLINDOPHENOL, SODIUM SALT - C12H6Cl2NNaO2 2H2O (m.w. 326.1) - A
dark-green powder, freely soluble in water and in alcohol. The aqueous solution is dark blue;
when acidified, it becomes pink.
2,6-DICHLOROQUINONE-CHLORIMIDE (USP Reagent) - O:C6H2Cl2:NCl(m.w. 210.44)
Dichloroquinone-chlorimide solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of dichloroquinone-chlorimide in
alcohol.
Dichloroquinone-chlorimide solution, 0.2% - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of dichloroquinonechlorimide in methanol.
Dichloroquinone-chlorimide solution, 0.5% - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of dichloroquinonechlorimide in methanol.
Dichloroquinone-chlorimide solution, 2% - A 2% (w/v) solution of dichloroquinonechlorimide in alcohol.
DIETHYLAMINE (USP Reagent) - (C2H5)2NH (m.w. 73.14)
DIGITOXIN (USP) - Card-20(22)enolide - C41H64O13 (m.w. 764.95)
DIISOPROPYL ETHER (USP Reagent) - Isopropyl ether - [(CH3)2CH]2O(m.w. 102.17)
DIMETHYLAMINOBENZALDEHYDE (USP Reagent) - pDimethylaminobenzaldehyde - (CH3)2NC6H4CHO (m.w. 149.19)
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution - Dissolve 1.0 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in
50 ml of hydrochloric acid and add 50 ml of alcohol.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in sulfuric acid.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of

dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in sulfuric acid.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution, acidic iron chloride - Dissolve 0.125 g of
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in a cooled mixture of 35 ml of water and 65 ml of sulfuric acid.
Add 0.1 ml of a 50 g/l solution of ferric chloride in water. Before use, allow to stand for 24
hours, protected from light. When stored at room temperature, it must be used within one
week; when kept in a refrigerator, it may be stored for several months.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution, alcoholic - A 2% (w/v) solution of
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in alcohol.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde sulfuric acid solution - Dissolve 2 g of
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in a cooled mixture of 6 g of sulfuric acid and 0.4 ml of water.
Freshly prepared.
DIMETHYLGLYOXIME - 2,3-Butanedionedioxime - C4H8N2O2 (m.w. 116.12) - A white crystalline
powder or colorless crystals; practically insoluble in cold water, very slightly soluble in boiling
water, soluble in alcohol and in ethyl ether.
Dimethylglyoxime solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of dimethylglyoxime in alcohol.
m-DINITROBENZENE (USP Reagent) - C6H4(NO2)2 (m.w. 168.11)
DINITROBENZOIC ACID - 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid - C7H4N2O6 (m.w. 212.12) - Practically colorless
crystals, slightly soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol.
Dinitrobenzoic acid solution - A 2% (w/v) solution in alcohol.
2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE (USP Reagent) - 2,4-C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2(m.w. 198.14)
Dinitrophenylhydrazine and sulfuric acid solution - Dissolve 1.00 g of 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine (which has been held for 8 hours in a vacuum dessicator below 2.7
kPa) in 2 ml of sulfuric acid and dilute to 100 ml with methanol. Make fresh before using.
DIOSGENIN - Nitogenin - C27H42O3 (m.w. 414.62) - White, crystalline powder, soluble in the usual
organic solvents and in acetic acid. A saponin extracted from the root of wild yam, Dioscorea
villosa.
DIOXANE (USP Reagent) - C4H8O2 (m.w. 88.11)
DIPHENYLAMINE - N-Phenylaniline - (C6H5)2NH (m.w. 169.22) - White crystals, slightly soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol.
Diphenylamine solution - A 1 g/l solution of diphenylamine in sulfuric acid. Store protected
from light.
DIPHENYLBORINIC ACID, ETHANOLAMINE ESTER - Aminoethanol
diphenylborate; Diphenylboric acid aminoethyl
ester;Diphenylboryloxyethylamine - C14H16BNO (m.w. 225.09)
Diphenylborinic acid, ethanolamine ester solution - Dissolve 0.5 g of diphenylborinic acid,
ethanolamine ester in 5 ml of methanol, then add 100 ml of ethyl ether.
Diphenylborinic acid, ethanolamine ester solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of
diphenylborinic acid, ethanolamine ester in methanol.
DIPHENYLBORYLOXYETHYLAMINE (see DIPHENYLBORINIC ACID, ETHANOLAMINE
ESTER)
DITHIZONE (USP Reagent) - Diphenylthiocarbazone -C6H5N:NCSNHNHC6H5 (m.w. 256.33)
Dithizone solution - A 3 mg/l solution of dithizone in chloroform.
.
EDETATE DISODIUM (USP Reagent) - Disodium edetate; Sodium edetate -C10H14N2O8Na2
2H2O (m.w. 372.24)
Edetate disodium solution, 0.05 M
Edetate disodium solution, 0.1 M
EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP) - Emetine dihydrochloride -C29H40N2O4 2HCl (m.w. 553.56)
EMODIN - 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthracene-9,10-dione - C15H10O5(m.w. 270.23) - Orange-red
needles, practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethyl ether, soluble in alcohol and in
solutions of alkali hydroxides.
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP) - C10H15NO HCl (m.w. 201.70)

EPICATECHIN - C15H14O6 (m.w. 290.27) - An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody
plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.
ERGOSTEROL - Provitamin D2 - C28H44O H2O (anhydrous m.w. 396.7) - White or almost white
needles or crystalline powder; practically insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform, sparingly
soluble in ether, slightly soluble in anhydrous alcohol.
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE - Ergomar - C70H76N10O16 (m.w. 1313.46)
ERIOCHROME BLACK T (USP Indicator) - Mordant Black 11 -C20H12N3NaO7S (m.w. 461.38)
Eriochrome Black T Mixed Indicator - 1.0 g of eriochrome black T and 0.4 g of methyl
orange are triturated with 100 g of sodium chloride.
Eriochrome Black T Solution - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of eriochrome black T in methanol.
Eriochrome Black T Solution, 1% - A 1.0% (w/v) solution of eriochrome black T in methanol.
Eriochrome Black T Triturate - Mix 1 g of eriochrome black T with 99 g of sodium chloride.
ESCIN - Aescin - A mixture of related saponins from the seeds of Aesculushippocastanum L. A
fine, almost white or slightly reddish or yellowish amorphous powder.
ESCULIN - Aesculin; 6--D-glucopyranosyloxy-7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one,
sesquihydrate - C15H16O9 1.5 H2O (m.w. 367.28) - White to almost white powder or colorless
crystals. Sparingly soluble in water and alcohol. Freely soluble in hot water and hot alcohol.
ESERINE - Physostigmine - C15H21N3O2 (m.w. 275.35) - A white crystalline powder, easily colored
in pink or yellow on exposure to air and light, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Eserine solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of eserine in alcohol.
ETHANOL (see ALCOHOL)
ETHOXYCHRYSOIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE - Ethoxazene hydrochloride;Serenium;
4-[(4-Ethoxyphenyl)diazenyl]-phenylene 1,3-diamine hydrochloride -C14H17ClN4O (m.w. 292.76) A reddish powder, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water.
ETHYL ACETATE (USP Reagent) - Acetic acid, ethyl ester - CH3COOC2H5(m.w. 88.11)
ETHYL ETHER (USP Reagent) - Ether - (C2H5)2O (m.w. 74.12)
ETHYL ETHER, PEROXIDE-FREE - Test for presence of peroxides as per method in ETHYL
ETHER - USP monograph test for peroxide.
ETHYL FORMATE - Formic acid ethyl ester - C3H6O2 (m.w. 74.1) - Flammable liquid, miscible with
alcohol and ethyl ether.
ETHYLENE DIAMINE (USP) - C2H8N2 (m.w. 60.10)
EUCALYPTOL (USP) - Cineole - C10H18O (m.w. 154.24) - A colorless liquid, insoluble in water,
freely soluble in anhydrous alcohol and ethyl ether; distillation range 174-177 C.
EUGENOL - 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol - C10H12O2 (m.w. 164.20) - A colorless or pale yellow, oily
liquid, darkening on exposure to light; practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and
ethyl ether.
FAST BLUE B SALT (USP Reagent) - C14H12N4O2 ZnCl4 (m.w. 475.47)
Fast blue B salt solution - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of fast blue B salt in water, freshly prepared.
Fast blue B salt solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of fast blue B salt in methanol, freshly
prepared.
Fast blue B salt solution, alcoholic - Dissolve 50 mg of fast blue B salt in 2.5 ml of water.
Dilute to 10 ml with alcohol.
FAST RED B - 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonate salt - C17H13N3O9S2 (m.w. 467.44) - An orange-yellow
powder, soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Fast red B solution - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of fast red B in water. Freshly prepared.
FENCHONE - C10H16O (m.w. 152.23) - A colorless, oily liquid with an odor similar to camphor.
FERRIC AMMONIUM SULFATE (USP Reagent) - FeNH4(SO4)2 12H2O(m.w. 482.19)
Ferric ammonium sulfate solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of ferric ammonium sulfate in
water. If necessary, filter before use.
FERRIC CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - FeCl3 6H2O (m.w. 270.29)
Ferric chloride solution, 1.3% - A 1.3% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in water.
Ferric chloride solution, 2.6% - A 2.6% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in water.
Ferric chloride solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in water.

Ferric chloride solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in alcohol.
Ferric chloride solution, 10.5% - A 10.5% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in water (about
0.4 M).
Ferric chloride solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of ferric chloride in water.
FERRIC SULFATE (USP Reagent) - Fe2(SO4)3 xH2O
Ferric sulfate solution - A 5% (w/v) solution of ferric sulfate in water.
Acetic solution of ferric sulfate - Mix 1 ml of a 5% (w/v) ferric sulfate solution and 100 g of
glacial acetic acid.
Sulfuric solution of ferric sulfate - Mix 1 ml of a 5% (w/v) ferric sulfate solution and 100 g of
sulfuric acid.
FERROUS AMMONIUM SULFATE (USP Reagent) - Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 6H2O(m.w. 392.14)
Ferrous ammonium sulfate solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate in
water.
FERROUS SULFATE (USP Reagent) - FeSO4 7H2O (m.w. 278.02)
Ferrous sulfate solution - Dissolve 0.45 g of ferrous sulfate in 50 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric
acid and dilute to 100 ml with carbon dioxide-free water. Prepare immediately before use.
Ferrous sulfate solution, 2.8% - A 28 g/l solution of ferrous sulfate in carbon dioxide-free
water. Prepare immediately before use.
FERULIC ACID (USP Reagent) - 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid -C10H10O4 (m.w. 194.19)
FLUORESCEIN (USP) - C20H12O5 (m.w. 332.31)
FOLIN-CIOCALTEU PHENOL SOLUTION (USP Test Solution)
FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION (USP Reagent) - Formaldehyde - HCHO (m.w. 30.03)
FORMIC ACID, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - HCOOH (m.w. 46.03)
FRAXIN - 8-(-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one - C16H18O10 (
m.w. 370.30) - Yellow needles, slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water and hot alcohol,
practically insoluble in ethyl ether.
FRUCTOSE (USP) - C6H12O6 (m.w. 180.16)
FUMARIC ACID - But-2-enedioic acid - C4H4O4 (m.w. 116.1) - Colorless needles, slightly soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol.
FURFURAL (USP Reagent) - C4H3OCHO (m.w. 96.08)
Furfural solution, 2% - A 2% (w/v) solution of furfural in alcohol, freshly prepared.
GALLIC ACID (USP Reagent) - C6H2(OH)3COOH H2O (m.w. 188.13)
GITOXIN (USP Reagent) - Pseudodigitoxin - C41H64O14 (m.w. 780.94)
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID (see ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL)
GLUCOSE (USP Reagent) - Dextrose - C6H12O6 (m.w. 180.16)
GLUTAMIC ACID (USP Reagent) - C5H9NO4 (m.w. 147.13) - White crystalline powder or colorless
crystals, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in dilute acids.
GLYCERIN (USP Reagent) - Glycerol - C3H8O3 (m.w. 92.10)
Glycerin solution, 85% - An 85% (w/w) solution of glycerin in water.
Glycerin solution, 50% - A 50% (v/v) solution of glycerin in water.
18--GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID - Enoloxone - C30H46O4 (m.w. 470.7) - White or almost white
powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
GRAMINE - Donaxine; 3-Dimethylaminomethyl)-indol - C11H14N2 (m.w. 174.25) - Shiny, flat needles
or plates. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Practically insoluble in water.
GUAIACOL (USP Reagent) - C7H8O2 (m.w. 124.14)
GUAIACUM RESIN - Resin obtained from the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale L. and Guaiacum
sanctum L. Reddish-brown or greenish-brown, hard, glassy fragments.
Guaiacum solution - Macerate 20 g of crushed guaiacum resin with 100 g of alcohol, 80%
(v/v), in a stopped flask for 24 hours, shaking occasionally, and filter. Limited shelf life.
GUAIAZULENE - 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene - C15H18 (m.w. 198.29) - Dark blue crystals or
blue liquid, very slightly soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.
HARDENED FILTER PAPER - For qualitative analyses, use Hardened Low Ash Grades of filter
paper (Ash 0.05%). For quantitative analyses, use Hardened Ashless Grades of filter paper (Ash
0.006%).
HARPAGOSIDE - [(1S,4aS,5R,7S,7aS)-4a,5-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,5,6,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-7-yl] (E)-3phenylprop-2-enoate -C24H30O11 (m.w. 495.49) - White or off-white, crystalline powder, very
hygroscopic, soluble in water and in alcohol; m.p. 117-121 C.
HEDERAGENINE - Hederagenin - C30H48O4 (m.w. 472.70) - Crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
HELIUM (USP) - He (a.w. 4.00)
n-HEPTANE (USP Reagent) - Use n-Heptane, Chromatographic.
HERNIARIN - 7-Methoxycoumarin; 7-Methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one - C10H8O3(m.w. 176.17)
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE - Hexamine; 1,3,5,7-tetra-azatricyclo
[3.3.1.13,7]decane - C6H12N4 (m.w. 140.2) - A colorless, crystalline powder, very soluble in water.
HEXANE (see n-HEXANE)
n-HEXANE (USP Reagent) - C6H14 (m.w. 86.18)
HEXANE, SOLVENT (USP Reagent) - Petroleum ether; Petroleum benzin;Petroleum light
HUMULENE - 2,6,6,9-Tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene - C15H24 (m.w. 204.36) - An oily liquid
with a characteristic odor, practically insoluble in water, miscible with organic solvents.
HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE - -Hydrastine hydrochloride -C21H21NO6 HCl (m.w. 419.85) Yellow crystals, very soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in chloroform; very slightly
soluble in ethyl ether.
HYDRAZINE SULFATE (USP Reagent) - (NH2)2 H2SO4 (m.w. 130.12)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (USP Reagent) - HCl (m.w. 36.46)
Hydrochloric acid, dilute (about 2 M) - Contains 7.5% (w/v) of HCl. Dilute 20 g of
hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water.
Hydrochloric acid, 0.01 N
Hydrochloric acid, 1 N
Hydrochloric acid, 1% (v/v) - Dilute 10 g (i.e. 8.6 ml) of hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with
water.
Hydrochloric acid, 3% - Dilute 30 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid to 1000 ml with water. Adjust the
pH to 1.6 0.1.
Hydrochloric acid, 5.5% - A 150 g/l solution of hydrochloric acid in water.
Hydrochloric acid, 25% - Dilute 70 g of hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water. Contains 25%
(w/v) of HCl.
Hydrochloric acid, 11% - Dilute 44 ml of 25% hydrochloric acid to 100 ml with water; contains
109 g/l HCl (approximately 3 M).
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 3% (see Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution[USP]).
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 30% (USP Reagent) - H2O2 (m.w. 34.01)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (USP Reagent) - H2S (m.w. 34.08)
HYDROQUINONE (USP Reagent) - C6H4(OH)2 (m.w. 110.11)
HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - NH2OH HCl (m.w. 69.49)
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, 3.5% - A 3.5% (w/v) solution of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in 60% alcohol.
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, 10% - A 100 g/l solution of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in water.
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, lead-free - Dissolve 10 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in 30 ml of water. Add 0.05 ml of phenol red solution, then dilute ammonia
solution until the solution turns pink. Shake the solution in a separating funnel with a mixture
of 0.2 ml of dithizone solution and 5 ml of chloroform. Repeat this extraction until the color of
the dithizone solution remains constant. Shake the aqueous phase with chloroform until the
chloroform remains colorless. Add 0.05 ml of methyl red solution. Add 25% hydrochloric acid
until the solution turns reddish-orange. Shake several times with 10 ml portions of chloroform
until the chloroform phase remains colorless. Dilute the aqueous phase to 100 ml with water.
HYOSCYAMINE SULFATE (USP) - (C17H23NO3)2 H2SO4 2H2O (m.w. 712.85)
HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE (see SCOPOLOMINE HYDROBROMIDE)
HYPERICIN - C30H16O8 (m.w. 504.45) - Blue-black needles, freely soluble in pyridine and other
organic bases yielding cherry-red solutions, almost insoluble in most other organic solvents.
Soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.
HYPEROSIDE - Quercetin 3-galactoside - C21H20O12 2H2O (m.w. 509.42) - Faint yellow needles,
soluble in methanol.
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS SOLUTION - Dissolve with the aid of gentle heat, 10 g of sodium
hypophosphite in 20 ml of water, and dilute to 100 ml with hydrochloric acid. Allow to settle and
decant or filter through glass wool.
INDIGO CARMINE (see INDIGOTINDISULFONATE SODIUM)
INDIGOTINDISULFONATE SODIUM (USP) - Indigo carmine -C16H8N2Na2O8S2 (m.w. 466.3)
Indigotindisulfonate sodium solution - Dissolve 4 g of indigotindisulfonate in about 900 ml
of water, added in several portions. Add 2 ml of sulfuric acid and dilute to 1000 ml with water.
Assay: Place in a 100 ml conical flask with a wide neck 10.0 ml of nitrate standard solution
(100 ppm NO3), 10 ml of water, 0.05 ml of indigotindisulfonate sodium solution, and then in a
single addition, but with caution, 30 ml of sulfuric acid. Titrate the solution immediately, using
the indigotindisulfonate sodium solution, until a stable blue color is obtained. The number of
milliliters used, n, is equivalent to 1 mg of NO3.
INULIN (USP)
IODINE (USP Reagent) - I - (a.w. 126.90)
Iodine solution, 0.01 N
Iodine solution, 0.05 M
Iodine solution, 0.005 M - To 10.0 ml of 0.05 M iodine solution, add 0.6 g of potassium iodide.
Dilute with water to 100.0 ml. The factor of this solution is the same as for the 0.05 M iodine
solution.
Iodine solution, 0.1 N
Iodine solution - Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 4 g of potassium iodide in 100 ml of water.
Iodine solution, chloroformic - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of iodine in chloroform.
IODINE AND POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION (USP Test Solution)
IODINE GREEN - Tetramethyl-p-rosaniline iodomethylate - C25H31I2N3 H2O (m.w. 645.4) - Dark
green or slightly bluish prisms, soluble in water.
Iodine green solution - A 0.75% (w/v) solution of iodine green in water.
IODOPLATINATE SOLUTION - To 3 ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of platinic chloride (aqueous) add
97 ml of water and 100 ml of a 6% (w/v) solution of potassium iodide (aqueous).
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN, STRONGLY ACIDIC - A strongly acidic cation-exchanger. A resin in
protonated form with sulfonic acid groups attached to a lattice consisting of polystyrene crosslinked with 8% of divinylbenzene. It is available as beads, with particle size 0.3-1.2 mm.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (20 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 10
times its volume a solution containing ferric ammonium sulfate equivalent to 0.863 g of
FeNH4(SO4)2 12H2O and 25 ml of dilute sulfuric acid in 500.0 ml.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100
times its volume a solution containing ferrous ammonium sulfate equivalent to 7.022 g of
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 6 H2O and 25 ml of dilute sulfuric acid in 1000.0 ml.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (2 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
(20 ppm Fe) to 10 times its volume with water.
IRON STANDARD SOLUTION (1 ppm Fe) - Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
(20 ppm Fe) to 20 times its volume with water.
ISATIN - 1H-Indole-2,3-dione - C8H5NO2 (m.w. 147.1) - Small, yellowish-red crystals, slightly
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Isatin solution - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of isatin in a mixture of 5 volumes of glacial acetic acid
and 95 volumes of butyl alcohol.
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (USP Reagent) - 2-Propanol - (CH3)2CHOH (m.w. 60.10)
ISOPROPYL ETHER (see DIISOPROPYL ETHER)
ISOQUERCITRIN - 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[[3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5,6tetrahydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]chromen-4-one -C21H20O12 (m.w. 464.37) - Yellow needles,
practically insoluble in cold water, but sparingly soluble in boiling water, soluble in alkaline
solutions.
KAEMPFEROL - 3,4,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone - C15H10O6 (m.w. 286.2) - Yellow needles, sparingly
soluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol.
KHELLIN - 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-5-on - C14H12O5(m.w. 260.24) - Yellow
needles or yellow crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in acetone, chloroform
and acetic acid, slightly soluble in alcohol.
KIESELGUHR, Granulated - Unwashed diatomaceous earth. A white or yellowish-white powder,
practically insoluble in water, alcohol and ethyl ether.
KIESELGUHR for Chromatography - Use a chromatographic grade of Kieselguhr Diatomaceous silica.
LACTOSE (USP Reagent) - C12H22O11 (m.w. 342.30)

LANATOSIDE C - C49H76O20 (m.w. 985.10) - Freely soluble in pyridine, practically insoluble in
ether.
LEAD ACETATE (USP Reagent) - Pb(C2H3O2)2 3H2O (m.w. 379.33)
Lead acetate paper - Soak a mixture of 1 volume of dilute acetic acid and 10 volumes of lead
acetate solution on to white filter paper strips (15 mm x 40 mm) and let the strips dry.
Lead acetate solution (about 0.25 M) - A 9.5% (w/v) solution of lead acetate in freshly boiled
and cooled water.
Lead acetate solution, 15% - A 15% (w/v) solution of lead acetate in water.
LEAD DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE SOLUTION - To a mixture of 5.0 ml of lead acetate solution
and 2.5 ml of a solution of 1.0 g of potassium nitrate in 10 ml of water, add 20% potassium
hydroxide solution until the reaction is alkaline. Add 2.5 ml of potassium cyanide solution and
12.0 ml of a solution of 0.10 g of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in 20 ml of water. Extract twice,
each time with 150 ml of chloroform. Wash the combined chloroform phases three times, each
time with 50 ml of water, filter through a dry filter and add sufficient chloroform to produce
500 ml.
LEAD NITRATE (USP Reagent) - Pb(NO3)2 (m.w. 331.21)
Lead nitrate solution - A 3.3% (w/v) solution of lead nitrate in water.
Lead nitrate solution, 0.1 M
LEAD STANDARD SOLUTION (0.1%) - Dissolve 0.4 g of lead nitrate in water and dilute to 250 ml
with water.
Lead standard solution (100 ppm Pb) - Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
(0.1%) to 10 times its volume with water.
(100 ppm Pb) to 10 times its volume with water.
LEAD STANDARD SOLUTION (2%) - Dissolve 8 g of lead nitrate in water and dilute to 250 ml
with water.
LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION - Dissolve 40.0 g of lead acetate in 90 ml of carbon dioxide-free
water. Adjust the pH to 7.5 with strong sodium hydroxide solution. Centrifuge and use the clear,
colorless supernatant solution. The solution remains clear when stored in a well-closed
container.
LEUCINE (USP) - C6H13NO2 (m.w. 131.17)
LINALOOL (USP Reagent) - 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol - C10H18O (m.w. 154.25) - Colorless
liquid, odor similar to that of Convallaria majalis, practically insoluble in water, miscible with
alcohol and ethyl ether.
LINALYL ACETATE - 1,5-Dimethyl-1-vinyl-4-hexenyl-acetate - C12H20O2(m.w. 196.28) - Oily liquid,
odor similar to oil of Bergamot, practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and ethyl
ether.
LITHIUM CARBONATE (USP) - Li2CO3 (m.w. 73.89)
Lithium carbonate picro-alkaline solution - Dissolve 0.25 g of lithium carbonate and 0.5 g of
picric acid in 80 ml of warm water. Allow to cool then dilute to 100 ml with water.
LITMUS PAPER, BLUE (USP Indicator)
LITMUS PAPER, RED (USP Indicator)
LUTEOLIN - 3,4,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone - C15H10O6 (m.w. 286.24) - Yellow needles from alcohol,
sparingly soluble in water; soluble in alkalies, forming yellow solutions.
LUTEOLIN 7-GLUCOSIDE - Cynaroside - C21H20O11 (m.w. 448.38) - Yellow needles from alcohol.
LYSINE MONOHYDRATE - C6H14N2O2 H2O (m.w. 164.21) - White or faintly yellowish crystalline
powder with characteristic odor; freely soluble in water.

MACROGOL (see POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL)
MAGNESIUM (USP Reagent) - Mg (a.w. 24.305)
MAGNESIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - Mg(C2H3O2)2 4H2O (m.w. 214.45)
Magnesium acetate solution, methanolic - A 5 g/l solution of magnesium acetate in
methanol.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE (USP Reagent) - Magnesium oxide, heavy - MgO (m.w. 40.30)
MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE (USP) - Mg3(PO4)2 5H2O (m.w. 352.93)
MAGNESIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm Mg) - Immediately before use, dilute with water
to 10 times its volume a solution containing magnesium sulfate equivalent to 1.010 g of MgSO4
7H2O in 100.0 ml.
MASKING SOLUTION - To 2 ml of dilute ammonia solution, successively add 1.5 ml of a 50 g/l
solution of ammonium oxalate, 15 ml of a 50 g/l solution of potassium cyanide, 45 ml of a 100 g/l
solution of sodium acetate, 120 ml of a 500 g/l solution of sodium thiosulfate, 75 ml of a 100 g/l
solution of sodium acetate, and 35 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid. Prepare immediately before use.
MAYERS REAGENT (see MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION)
MENTHOL (USP) - C10H20O (m.w. 156.27)
MENTHYL ACETATE - 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexanol acetate -C12H22O2 (m.w. 198.30) Colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol.
MERCURIC CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - HgCl2 (m.w. 271.50)
Mercuric chloride solution - A 54 g/l solution of mercuric chloride in water.
MERCURIC IODIDE, RED (USP Reagent) - HgI2 (m.w. 454.40)
MERCURIC OXIDE, RED - HgO (m.w. 216.59) - Bright-red or orange-red, odorless, crystalline
powder or scales. Practically insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION - Mayers Reagent - Dissolve 1.35 g of mercuric
chloride in 50 ml of water. Add 5 g of potassium iodide and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METANIL YELLOW - C18H14N3NaO3S (m.w. 375.4) - A brownish-yellow powder, soluble in water
and in alcohol.
Metanil yellow solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of metanil yellow in methanol.
METHANOL (USP Reagent) - Methyl alcohol - CH3OH (m.w. 32.04)
METHANOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (USP Reagent)
METHENAMINE (USP) - Hexamethylenetetramine - C6H12N4 (m.w. 140.19)
METHIONINE (USP) - L-Methionine - C5H11NO2S (m.w. 149.21)
METHYL ALCOHOL (see METHANOL)
METHYL ALCOHOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (see METHANOL, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC)
METHYL CINNAMATE - C10H10O2 (m.w. 162.2) - Colorless crystals, practically insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol.
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (USP Reagent) - C4H8O (m.w. 72.11)
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE (USP Reagent) - 4-Methyl-2-pentanone (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3 (m.w. 100.16)
METHYL ORANGE (USP Indicator) - C14H14N3NaO3S (m.w. 327.33)
Methyl orange solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 80 ml of water and dilute to
100 ml with alcohol.
Methyl orange mixed solution - Dissolve 20 mg of methyl orange and 0.1 g of bromocresol
green in 1 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METHYL RED (USP Indicator) - 2-[4-(CH3)2NC6H4N:N]C6H4COOH HCl(m.w. 305.76)
Methyl red mixed indicator solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl red and 50 mg of methylene
blue in 100 ml of alcohol.
Methyl red solution - Dissolve 50 g of methyl red in a mixture of 1.86 ml of 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide and 50 ml of alcohol and dilute to 100 ml with water.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE (USP-NF) - Dichloromethane - CH2Cl2 (m.w. 84.93)
METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE - (H2C=CHCONH)2CH2 (m.w. 154.17) - A fine, white or almost
white powder, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Methylenebisacrylamide solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of methylenebisacrylamide in
water.
MUREXIDE - 5,5-Nitrilodibarbituric acid, monoammonium salt - C8H8N6O6(m.w. 284.19) - A purplecolored, crystalline powder; sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water, practically
insoluble in alcohol and ethyl ether, slightly soluble in ammonium carbonate solution, soluble in
sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, yielding a blue color.
Murexide trituration - Triturate 1.0 g of murexide with 99.0 g of sodium chloride in a mortar.
MYRISTICIN - 6-allyl-4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole - C11H12O3 (m.w. 192.21) - A volatile oil from
nutmeg.
1-NAPHTHOL (USP Reagent) - C10H7OH (m.w. 144.17)
1-Naphthol solution - A 150 g/l solution of 1-naphthol in alcohol.
2-NAPHTHOL (USP Reagent) - C10H7OH (m.w. 144.17)
NAPHTHOL YELLOW S - 8-Hydroxy-5,7-dinitro-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium
salt - C10H4N2Na2O8S (m.w. 358.19) - Greenish yellow powder, soluble in water to a yellow
solution.
-NAPHTHOLBENZEIN - Phenylbis(4-hydroxynaphthyl)methanol - C27H20O3(m.w. 392.45) - A
brownish-red powder, or shiny brownish-black crystals, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
alcohol and in glacial acetic acid.
1-NAPHTHYLAMINE - Naphthalen-1-amine - C10H9N (m.w. 143.18) - A white crystalline powder,

turning pink on exposure to light and air, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in
ether.
2,3-NAPHTHYLDIAMINE - 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene - C10H10N2 (m.w. 158.2) - A brown-yellow
crystalline powder, practically insoluble in acetone, slightly soluble in alcohol.
N-(1-NAPHTHYL)ETHYLENEDIAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE (USP Reagent)
- C10H7NH(CH2)2NH2 2HCl (m.w. 259.17)
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride solution - A 2% (w/v) solution of
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in water.
NARCISSINE - Isorhamnetine-3-O-rutinoside - C28H32O16 (m.w. 625) - The solution in methanol
has UV absorption at 254 nm and 356 nm.
NESSLERS H SOLUTION - Alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate solution - Dissolve 11.0 g of
potassium iodide and 15.0 g of red mercuric iodide in water and bring the solution to 100 ml with
water. Just before use, mix one volume of this solution with one volume of a 25% (w/v) solution
of sodium hydroxide.
NICKEL SULFATE - NiSO4 7H2O (m.w. 280.91) - A green, crystalline powder or crystals, freely
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Nickel standard solution (100 ppm Ni) - Dissolve nickel sulfate equivalent to 4.785 g of
NiSO4 7H2O in sufficient water to produce 100.0 ml; dilute the solution 1:100.
NICOTINE - 3-[(2S)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine - C10H14N2 (m.w. 162.23) - Colorless to pale
yellow, oily liquid; very hygroscopic, turns brown upon exposure to air. Miscible with water below
60 C; on mixing nicotine with water, the volume contracts. Very soluble in alcohol.
NINHYDRIN (see TRIKETOHYDRINDENE HYDRATE)
NITRATE STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute with water, to 10
times its volume, a solution containing potassium nitrate equivalent to 0.815 g of KNO 3 in 500.0
ml.
NITRATE STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute nitrate standard
solution (100 ppm) to 10 times its volume with water.
NITRIC ACID (USP Reagent) - HNO3 (m.w. 63.01)
Nitric acid, 0.1 N
Nitric acid, 3 N
Nitric acid, dilute - Dilute 20 g of nitric acid to 100 ml with water.
Nitric acid, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of nitric acid in water.
NITRIC ACID, CADMIUM- AND LEAD-FREE - Complies with the requirements of Nitric Acid
(USP) with the following additional test: Test solution - To 100 g of nitric acid, add 0.1 g of
anhydrous sodium carbonate and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in water, heating
slightly, and dilute to 50.0 ml with the same solvent. Cadmium - not more than 0.1 ppm cadmium
(Cd) determined by atomic absorption spectrometry according to USP. Lead - not more than 0.1
ppm of lead (Pb) determined by atomic absorption spectrometry according to USP.
Nitric acid solution, cadmium- and lead-free - A 3.5% (v/v) solution of cadmium- and leadfree nitric acid in water.
Nitric acid solution, cadmium- and lead-free, dilute - Dilute 20 g of cadmium- and lead-free
nitric acid to 100 ml with water.
NITRIC ACID, FUMING (USP Reagent) - HNO3 (m.w. 63.01)
NITRIC ACID, LEAD-FREE - Nitric acid, containing less than 0.1 ppm Pb.
NITROBENZENE (USP Reagent) - C6H5NO2 (m.w. 123.11)
NITROGEN (USP) - N2 (m.w. 28.01)
NOSCAPINE HYDROCHLORIDE - C22H24ClNO7 H2O (m.w. 467.91) - A white, crystalline powder
or colorless crystals, hygroscopic, freely soluble in water and alcohol, practically insoluble in
ethyl ether.
OLIVE OIL (USP-NF)
OXALIC ACID (USP Reagent) - H2C2O4 2H2O (m.w. 126.07)
PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP) - 6,7-Dimethoxy-1-veratrylisoquinoline

hydrochloride - C20H21NO4 HCl (m.w. 375.85)
PARAFFIN (USP)
PENTANE (USP Reagent) - n-Pentane - C5H12 (m.w. 72.15)
PENTANOL - 1-Pentanol; n-Amyl alcohol - C5H12O (m.w. 88.15) - Colorless liquid, sparingly
soluble in water, miscible with alcohol and with ethyl ether.
PERCHLORIC ACID (USP Reagent) - HClO4 (m.w. 100.46)
Perchloric acid, 0.1 N (USP Volumetric Solution) - A 0.1 N solution of perchloric acid in glacial
acetic acid.
Perchloric acid, 0.01 M
PETROLEUM ETHER (see HEXANE, SOLVENT)
PHENACETIN (USP Reagent) - Acetophenetidin - C10H13NO2 (m.w. 179.21)
PHENANTHROLINE HYDROCHLORIDE - 1,10-Phenanthroline hydrochloride
monohydrate - C12H8N2 HCl H2O (m.w. 234.7) - A white or almost white, crystalline powder,
freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Phenanthroline hydrochloride solution, 1% - A 1% solution of phenanthroline hydrochloride
in water.
PHENOL (USP Reagent) - C6H6O (m.w. 94.1) - Colorless, faintly pink, or faintly yellowish crystals
or crystalline masses, deliquescent, soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol.
PHENOL RED (USP Indicator) - C19H14O5S (m.w. 354.38)
Phenol red solution - Dissolve 1.0 g of phenol red in a mixture of 2.82 ml of 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol and dilute to 100 ml with water.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN (USP Indicator) - C20H14O4 (m.w. 318.32)
Phenolphthalein solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of phenolphthalein in alcohol.
Phenolphthalein solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of phenolphthalein in 80 ml of alcohol
and 20 ml of water.
PHENYLALANINE (USP Reagent) - C9H11NO2 (m.w. 165.19)
PHLOROGLUCINOL (USP Reagent) - Benzene-1,3,5-triol - C6H3(OH)3 2H2O (m.w. 162.14)
Phloroglucinol solution - One ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of phloroglucinol in alcohol is mixed
with 9 ml of hydrochloric acid.
Phloroglucinol (1%) solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of phloroglucinol in alcohol.
Phloroglucinol (2%) solution - A 2% (w/v) solution of phloroglucinol in alcohol.
PHOSPHATE BUFFER SOLUTION (see USP Standard Buffer Solutionsunder the section
Solutions)
Phosphate buffer solution, pH 3.2 - Dilute 10.0 ml of phosphate buffer solution pH 3.5 to
1000.0 ml with water and adjust the pH with phosphoric acid.
PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ACID - 12 MoO3 H3PO4 xH2O - Orange-yellow, fine crystals, freely
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in ethyl ether.
Phosphomolybdic acid solution - Dissolve 4 g of phosphomolybdic acid in water and dilute
to 40 ml with the same solvent. Add cautiously and with cooling 60 ml of sulfuric acid.
Phosphomolybdic acid solution, alcoholic - A 20% (w/v) solution of phosphomolybdic acid
in alcohol.
Phosphomolybdic acid solution, 5% alcoholic - A 5% (w/v) solution of phosphomolybdic
acid in alcohol.
Phosphomolybdic acid, 10% alcoholic - A 10% (w/v) solution of phosphomolybdic acid in
alcohol.
Phosphomolybdic acid in anisaldehyde solution, 10% - A 10% w/v solution of

phosphomolybdic acid in anisaldehyde solution.
PHOSPHORIC ACID (USP Reagent) - H3PO4 (m.w. 98.00)
Phosphoric acid, 25% - A 25% (w/v) solution of phosphoric acid in water.
Phosphoric acid, 50% - A 50% (v/v) solution of phosphoric acid in water.
PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE (USP Reagent) - P2O5 (m.w. 141.94)
PHTHALEIN PURPLE - o-Cresolphthalein complexone; Metalphthalein -C32H32N2O12 (m.w. 636.62)
- white powder.
PHTHALIC ACID (USP Reagent) - C8H6O4 (m.w. 166.13)
PHYSCIONE - 3-Methyl ether emodin - C16H12O5 (m.w. 284.26) - Red needles, practically insoluble
in water, soluble in alcohol.
PHYSOSTIGMINE (see ESERINE)
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE - Eserine salicylate - C15H21N3O2 C7H6O3(m.w. 413.52) Acicular crystals, turning red upon exposure to heat, light and air. Soluble in warm water and
warm alcohol.
PICRIC ACID (USP Reagent) - 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol - C6H3N3O7 (m.w. 229.10)
Picric acid solution - A 1% w/v solution of picric acid in water.
Picric acid solution, alcoholic - A 1% (w/v) solution in 50% alcohol.
PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE - (3S,4R)-3-Ethyl-4-[(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl]oxolan-2one hydrochloride - C11H16N2O2 HCl (m.w. 244.72) - Freely soluble in water and alcohol.
Practically insoluble in ethyl ether and chloroform.
PILOCARPINE NITRATE - (3S,4R)-3-Ethyl-4-[(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one; nitric
acid - C11H16N2O2 HNO3 (m.w. 271.27) - One gram dissolves in 4 ml of water, 75 ml of alcohol.
Insoluble in ethyl ether and chloroform.
PIPERIDINE (USP Reagent) - Pentamethyleneimine - C5H11N (m.w. 85.15)
PLATINIC CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - Chloroplatinic acid - H2PtCl6 6H2O(m.w. 517.90)
PODOPHYLLOTOXIN - 5,8,8a,9-Tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)furol
[3',4':6,7]napthol[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxol-6(5aH)-one -C22H22O8 (m.w. 414.4) - Solvated crystals, several
polymorphic modifications; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, acetone.
PODOPHYLLUM RESIN (USP) - Podophyllin
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (USP-NF) - Macrogol - H(OCH2CH2)nOH (the average molecular
weight is 400)
Polyethylene glycol 400 solution - A 5% (v/v) solution of polyethylene glycol 400 in
methanol.
POTASSIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - KC2H3O2 (m.w. 98.14)
POTASSIUM BICARBONATE (USP Reagent) - KHCO3 (m.w. 100.12)
POTASSIUM BROMATE (USP Reagent) - KBrO3 (m.w. 167.00)
Potassium bromate solution, 0.1 N (USP VS)
Potassium bromate solution, 0.0167 M - Prepare by dissolving 2.7835 g of potassium
bromate in water and diluting to 1000.0 ml.
POTASSIUM BROMIDE (USP Reagent) - KBr (m.w. 119.00)
Potassium bromide solution (500 ppm) - A 3 mg/l solution of KBr in water.
Potassium bromide solution, 12.5% - A 12.5% (w/v) solution of potassium bromide in water.
POTASSIUM CARBONATE, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - Dipotassium
carbonate - K2CO3 (m.w. 138.21)
POTASSIUM CHLORATE (USP Reagent) - KClO3 (m.w. 122.55)
Potassium chlorate solution - A 5.8% (w/v) solution of potassium chlorate in water.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - KCl (m.w. 74.55)
Potassium chloride solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of potassium chloride in water.
POTASSIUM CHROMATE (USP Reagent) - K2CrO4 (m.w. 194.19)
Potassium chromate solution - A 5% (w/v) solution of potassium chromate in water.
POTASSIUM CYANIDE (USP Reagent) - KCN (m.w. 65.12)
Potassium cyanide solution - A 100 g/l solution of potassium cyanide in water.
Potassium cyanide solution, lead-free, ammoniacal - Dissolve 0.50 g of potassium cyanide

in 8 ml of dilute ammonia solution. Dilute to 100 ml with water. The reagent complies with the
following test: To 10 ml of the solution, add 2 ml of sodium sulfide solution. The mixture is not
darker in color than 10 ml of lead-free ammoniacal potassium cyanide solution without
addition of sodium sulfide solution.
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (USP Reagent) - K2Cr2O7 (m.w. 294.18)
Potassium dichromate solution - Dissolve 106 g of potassium dichromate in water and dilute
to 1000 ml.
POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE (USP Reagent) - K3Fe(CN)6 (m.w. 329.24)
Potassium ferricyanide solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of potassium ferricyanide in water.
Potassium ferricyanide solution, 5% - Wash 5 g of potassium ferricyanide with a little water
and dilute to 100 ml with water. Prepare immediately before use.
Potassium ferricyanide solution, 8% - An 8% (w/v) solution of potassium ferricyanide in
water.
POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE (USP Reagent) - K4Fe(CN)6 3H2O (m.w. 422.39)
Potassium ferrocyanide solution - A 53 g/l solution of potassium ferrocyanide in water.
POTASSIUM HYDROGEN SULFATE (USP Reagent) - KHSO4 (m.w. 136.17)
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (USP Reagent) - KOH (m.w. 56.11)
Potassium hydroxide solution - Dissolve 10 g of potassium hydroxide in distilled water and
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 2% - Dissolve 20 g of potassium hydroxide in water and bring
to 1000 ml with water.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of potassium hydroxide in
methanol.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 20% - Dissolve 20.0 g of potassium hydroxide in water and
bring to 100.0 ml with water.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 30% - A 30% (w/v) solution of potassium hydroxide in water.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 0.1 N
Potassium hydroxide solution, 0.5 N
Potassium hydroxide solution, 2 N
Potassium hydroxide solution, 3% alcoholic - Dissolve 3 g of potassium hydroxide in 5 ml
of water and dilute to 100 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol. Decant the solution. The solution
should be almost colorless.
Potassium hydroxide solution, 5% alcoholic - A 5% (w/v) solution of potassium hydroxide in
alcohol.
Potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic, 2 - A 5% (w/v) solution of potassium hydroxide in
50% alcohol.
Potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic 2 N - Dissolve 12 g of potassium hydroxide in
10 ml of water and bring to 100 ml with alcohol.
Potassium hydroxide solution, methanolic - Dissolve 10.0 g of potassium hydroxide in
30 ml of water and dilute to 100 ml with methanol.
POTASSIUM IODATE (USP Reagent) - KIO3 (m.w. 214.00)
Potassium iodate solution, 0.05 M
POTASSIUM IODIDE (USP Reagent) - KI (m.w. 166.00)
Potassium iodide solution - A 16.6% (w/v) solution in water.
Potassium iodide solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of KI in water.
Potassium iodide solution, saturated - A saturated solution of potassium iodide in carbon
dioxide-free water. Make sure the solution remains saturated as indicated by the presence of
undissolved crystals.
Potassium iodide solution, iodinated - Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 4 g of potassium iodide in
10 ml of water. When solution is complete, dilute to 100 ml with water.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION - To 0.85 g of bismuth subnitrate add 40 ml of
water, 10 ml of glacial acetic acid and 20 ml of a 40% (w/v) solution of potassium iodide.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION, DILUTE - Dissolve 100 g of tartaric acid in 500 ml

of water, and add 50 ml of potassium iodobismuthate solution 3. Store protected from light.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION, 10% - Potassium iodobismuthate solution diluted
1/10 in dilute hydrochloric acid.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION 2 - Spray solution.
Stock solution - Suspend 1.7 g of bismuth subnitrate and 20 g of tartaric acid in 40 ml of water.
To the suspension add 40 ml of a 400 g/l solution of potassium iodide and stir for 1 hour and
then filter.
The solution may be kept for several days in brown bottles.
Spray solution - Mix immediately before use 5 ml of the stock solution and 15 ml of water.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION 3 - Dissolve 100 g of tartaric acid in 400 ml of
water, and add 8.5 g of bismuth subnitrate. Shake for 1 hour, add 200 ml of a 400 g/l solution of
potassium iodide, and shake well. Allow to stand for 24 hours and filter. Store protected from
light.
POTASSIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION 4 - Spray solution. Dilute potassium iodobismuthate
solution to 1/10 with 3% hydrochloric acid.
POTASSIUM NITRATE (USP Reagent) - KNO3 (m.w. 101.10)
Potassium nitrate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of potassium nitrate in water.
POTASSIUM NITRITE (USP Reagent) - KNO2 (m.w. 85.10)
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (USP Reagent) - KMnO4 (m.w. 158.03)
Potassium permanganate solution, 0.02 M
Potassium permanganate solution, 0.1 N
Potassium permanganate solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of potassium permanganate in
water.
Potassium permanganate solution, 3% - A 3% (w/v) solution of potassium permanganate in
water.
Potassium permanganate solution, 3.3% - Dissolve 0.5 g of potassium permanganate in 15
ml of sulfuric acid.
Potassium permanganate sulfuric acid solution, 0.5% - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of potassium
permanganate in sulfuric acid.
POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC (USP Reagent) - Potassium dihydrogen
phosphate - KH2PO4 (m.w. 136.09)
Potassium phosphate monobasic solution, 0.005 M (pH 5.5)
Potassium phosphate monobasic solution, 0.02 M
POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE (USP Reagent) - KNaC4H4O6 4H2O(m.w. 282.22)
Potassium sodium tartrate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of potassium sodium
tartrate in water.
POTASSIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm K) - Immediately before use, dilute with water to
20 times its volume a solution containing potassium sulfate equivalent to 0.446 g of K2SO4 in
100.0 ml.
POTASSIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (20 ppm K) - Immediately before use, dilute potassium
standard solution (100 ppm K) to 5 times its volume with water.
POTASSIUM SULFATE (USP Reagent) - Dipotassium sulfate - K2SO4 (m.w. 174.26)
Potassium sulfate solution - A 1% (w/v) solution in water.
POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE - KSCN (m.w. 97.2) - Colorless crystals, deliquescent, very soluble
in water and in alcohol.
Potassium thiocyanate solution - A 9.7% solution of potassium thiocyanate in water.
PREGNENOLONE ISOBUTYRATE - C25H38O3 - CRS Chemical Reference Substances, European
Pharmacopoeia Catalog.
PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP) - C13H20N2O2 HCl (m.w. 272.78)
PROLINE (USP) - C5H9NO2 (m.w. 115.13)
2-PROPANOL (see ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL)
n-PROPYL ALCOHOL (USP Reagent) - 1-Propanol - CH3CH2CH2OH (m.w. 60.10)
PROSCILLARIDIN - C30H42O8 (m.w. 530.66) - White or yellow crystalline powder, practically

insoluble in water and ethyl ether, soluble in alcohol.
PUMICE (USP Reagent)
PURPUREA GLUCOSIDE A - Desacetyl-lanatoside A - C47H74O18 (m.w. 927.09) - White crystalline
powder, very slightly soluble in chloroform, practically insoluble in ethyl ether.
PURPUREA GLUCOSIDE B - Desacetyl-lanatoside B - C47H74O19 - (m.w. 943.09) - White
crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in chloroform, practically insoluble in ethyl ether.
PYROCATECHOL - Benzene-1,2-diol - C6H6O2 (m.w. 110.1) - Colorless or slightly yellow crystals,
soluble in water, acetone, alcohol and ethyl ether.
PYROGALLOL (USP Reagent) - C6H3(OH)3 (m.w. 126.11)
QUERCETIN - 2-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenol)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one -C15H10O7 (m.w 302.23) Yellow needles, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
QUERCITRIN - 3,3,4,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone-3-L-rhamnoside - C21H20O11(m.w. 448.37) - Yellow
crystals, insoluble in cold water, moderately soluble in hot water, soluble in alcohol.
QUINALDINE RED (USP Indicator) - C21H23IN2 (m.w. 430.33)
Quinaldine red solution - Dissolve 0.1 g of quinaldine red in methanol and dilute to 100 ml
with the same solvent.
QUINIDINE - (9S)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol - C20H24N2O2 (m.w. 324.41) - A dextrorotatory
stereoisomer of quinine.
QUININE - (8,9R)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol - C20H24N2O2 (m.w. 324.41) - A white powder, very
slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in boiling water, very soluble in alcohol, soluble in ethyl
ether.
QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE - (8,9R)-6-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol
monohydrochloride - C20H24N2O2 HCl (m.w. 360.88)
QUININE SULFATE - Quinine sulfate dihydrate - (C20H24N2O2)2 H2SO4 2H2O (m.w. 782.96) - A
white or almost white, crystalline powder, or fine, colorless needles, slightly soluble in water,
sparingly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol.
QUINOLINE - C9H7N (m.w. 129.16) - Hygroscopic liquid, miscible with alcohol, ether, and carbon
disulfide.
RESERPINE (USP Reference Standard) - C33H40N2O9 (m.w. 608.68)

RESORCINOL (USP) - C6H6O2 (m.w. 110.11)
Resorcinol solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of resorcinol in 25% hydrochloric acid.
Resorcinol solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of resorcinol in hydrochloric acid.
RHAMNOSE - 6-Deoxy-L-mannose - C6H12O5 (m.w. 164.16) - Very sweet taste.
RHAPONTIN - Rhaponticin - C21H24O9 (m.w. 420.40) - A yellowish-gray, crystalline powder, soluble
in alcohol and in methanol, insoluble in chloroform. Exhibits a bright blue fluorescence.
RUTHENIUM RED - [(NH3)5RuORu(NH3)4ORu(NH3)5]Cl6 4H2O (m.w. 858) - A brownish-red
powder, soluble in water.
Ruthenium red solution - 0.8 g/l of ruthenium red in lead acetate solution.
RUTIN - Rutoside; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-5,7-dihyroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one- C27H30O16 (m.w.
610.51) - Yellow crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol,
practically insoluble in ethyl ether.
STANDARDS AND CONTROLSS
SALICYLIC ACID (USP) - C7H6O3 (m.w. 138.12)
SAND (USP Reagent) - Standard 20- to 30-mesh.

SAND, WASHED (USP Reagent) - Prepared according to USP.
SANGUINARINE NITRATE - Pseudochelerythrine nitrate - C20H14N2O7 (m.w. 394.34) - Orange-red
or brick-red powder; slightly soluble in water and in alcohol.
-SANTONIN - C15H18O3 (m.w. 246.29)
SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE (USP) - C17H21NO4 HBr 3H2O (m.w. 438.31)
SCOPOLETIN - 6-O-Methyl esculetin - C10H8O4 (m.w. 192.16)
SELENIUM (USP Reagent) - Se (a.w. 78.96)
Selenium standard solution (1 ppm) - Dissolve 50 mg of selenium in 2 ml of fuming nitric
acid, and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water. Dilute 5.0 ml of the resulting solution to 250.0 ml
with water.
Selenium standard solution (100 ppm) - Dissolve 0.100 g of selenium in 2 ml of nitric acid.
Dissolve to dryness. Take up the residue in 2 ml of water and evaporate to dryness; carry out
three times. Dissolve the residue in 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml
with the same acid.
SEMPERVIRINE NITRATE - C19H16N3O3 (m.w. 334.33) - A brownish-yellow powder, soluble in
water and in methanol; melting point 282 C with decomposition.
SENNA EXTRACT CRS - A dark brown powder, pH 5.6-5.8, soluble in water, CAS: 8055-96-7.
[Reference standard may be obtained at http://www.pheur.org.]
SENNOSIDE B - 5,5-Bis(b-D-Glucosylpyranosyloxy)-4,4dihydroxy(9,9bianthrachinon) - C42H38O20 (m.w. 862.72) - Anthraquinone glucoside found in
senna. Light yellow prisms or needles. Insoluble in water, ethyl ether, chloroform. Slightly soluble
in methanol.
SERINE (USP) - C3H7NO3 (m.w. 105.09)
SILICA GEL (USP Reagent)
Silica gel of suitable grade for thin-layer chromatographic use -This is typically 60 pore
size and contains a polymeric binder.
Silica gel for chromatography, nitrile, 4 m - A very finely divided silica gel, chemically
modified at the surface by the bonding of cyanopropylsilyl groups.
Silica gel G - Silica gel, chromatographic - Contains gypsum as a binder. Silica gel of suitable
grade for thin-layer chromatographic use can be used instead.
Silica gel, octadecylsilanized chromatographic (USP Reagent)
Silica gel GF254 - Silica gel mixture, chromatographic - F254 plates can be used instead due to
lack of commercial availability of GF254 plates. Shifting on Rf values may be encountered due
to differences in polarity.
Silica gel H - Silica gel, binder-free - F254 plates can be used instead due to lack of commercial
availability of H plates. Shifting on Rf values may be encountered due to differences in
polarity.
Silica gel HF254 - Silica gel, binder-free with a suitable fluorescing substance - F254 plates can
be used instead due to lack of commercial availability of HF254 plates. Shifting on Rf values
may be encountered due to differences in polarity.
SILICON DIOXIDE (USP) - SiO2 xH2O (anhydrous m.w. 60.08)
SILVER NITRATE (USP Reagent) - AgNO3 (m.w. 169.87)
Silver nitrate solution, 1.7% - A 1.7% solution of silver nitrate in water.
Silver nitrate solution, 4.25% - A 4.25% solution of silver nitrate in water.
Silver nitrate solution, 0.05 N
Silver nitrate solution, 0.1 N
Silver nitrate solution, ammoniacal - Dissolve 2.5 g of silver nitrate in 80 ml of water and
add dilute ammonia dropwise until the precipitate has dissolved. Dilute to 100 ml with water.
-SITOSTEROL - Stimast-6-en-3--ol - C29H50O (m.w. 414.69) - Most common sterol in plants,
white to yellowish powder.
SODIUM ACETATE (USP Reagent) - NaC2H3O2 3H2O (m.w. 136.08)
Sodium acetate solution - a 10% (w/v) solution of sodium acetate in water.

SODIUM BICARBONATE (USP Reagent) - Sodium hydrogen carbonate -NaHCO3 (m.w. 84.01)
SODIUM BISMUTH IODIDE STOCK SOLUTION - Sodium iodobismuthate solution - A mixture of
2.6 g of bismuth subcarbonate, 7.0 g of sodium iodide, and 25 ml of glacial acetic acid are
heated several minutes to boiling. After cooling, leave the mixture 12 hours and filter. Combine
20 ml of the filtrate with 80 ml of ethyl acetate. Store in a tightly closed container.
Sodium bismuth iodide spray solution - Mix 2 ml of sodium bismuth iodide stock solution
with 20 ml of glacial acetic acid and 40 ml of ethyl acetate. Store in a tightly closed container.
SODIUM CARBONATE, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - Na2CO3 (m.w. 105.99)
Sodium carbonate solution - A 10.6% (w/v) solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate in water.
Sodium carbonate solution, 50% - A 500 g/l solution of sodium carbonate in water.
SODIUM CARBONATE DECAHYDRATE - Na2CO3 10 H2O - (m.w. 286.14) - White crystalline
powder or colorless transparent crystals, efflorescent, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble
in alcohol. Keep well closed and in a cool place.
Sodium carbonate decahydrate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium carbonate
decahydrate in water.
SODIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - NaCl (m.w. 58.44)
Sodium chloride solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium chloride in water.
Sodium chloride solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of sodium chloride in water.
Sodium chloride solution, saturated - A saturated solution of sodium chloride in water.
SODIUM CITRATE (USP) - C6H5Na3O7 (m.w. 258.07)
SODIUM COBALTINITRITE (USP Reagent) - Na3Co(NO2)6 (m.w. 403.94)
Sodium cobaltinitrite solution - A 100 g/l solution of sodium cobaltinitrite in water. Prepare
SODIUM DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE (USP Reagent) - (C2H5)2NCS2Na 3H2O (m.w. 225.31)
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate in water made fresh before use.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (USP Reagent) - NaOH (m.w. 40.00)
Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5 M
Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.01 N
Sodium hydroxide solution, 8.5% - An 8.5% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide in water.
Sodium hydroxide solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide in water.
Sodium hydroxide solution, 20% - Dissolve 20.0 g of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute to
100.0 ml with water.
Sodium hydroxide solution, 50% - A 50% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide in carbon
dioxide-free water.
Sodium hydroxide solution, dilute (about 2.0 N) - Dissolve 8.5 g of sodium hydroxide in
water and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Sodium hydroxide, strong solution - Dissolve 42 g of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute
to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Sodium hydroxide solution, ammoniacal - Take strong sodium hydroxide solution and add
2% of a 17% ammonia solution.
Sodium hydroxide solution, alcoholic, 0.1 M - A 0.1 M solution of sodium hydroxide in
alcohol.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION, STRONG - Contains 25 g/l to 30 g/l of active chlorine.
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE - Sodium phosphinate monohydrate - NaH2PO2 H2O (m.w. 106.0) - A
white, crystalline powder or colorless crystals, hygroscopic, freely soluble in water, soluble in
alcohol.
SODIUM IODOBISMUTHATE SOLUTION (see SODIUM BISMUTH IODIDE STOCK SOLUTION)
SODIUM METHOXIDE (USP Reagent) - Sodium methylate - CH3ONa (m.w. 54.02) - Reacts
violently with water with evolution of heat. Soluble in alcohol and methanol.
Sodium methoxide solution, 10% - Dissolve sodium methoxide in 50% alcohol.
Sodium methoxide solution, 10% methanolic - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium methoxide in
methanol.
SODIUM METHYLATE (see SODIUM METHOXIDE)
SODIUM MOLYBDATE (USP Reagent) - Na2MoO4 2H2O (m.w. 241.95)
Sodium molybdate solution - A 0.5% (w/v) solution of sodium molybdate in sulfuric acid.
Sodium molybdate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium molybdate in water.
SODIUM NITRITE (USP Reagent) - NaNO2 (m.w. 69.00)
Sodium nitrite solution, 0.1 M - Prepare immediately before use.
Sodium nitrite solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of sodium nitrite in water. Prepare
SODIUM NITROFERRICYANIDE (USP Reagent) - Sodium nitroprusside -Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]
2H2O (m.w. 297.95)
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 2% - A 2% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide in
water, freshly prepared.
Sodium nitroferricyanide solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroferricyanide in
water, freshly prepared.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (see SODIUM NITROFERRICYANIDE)
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC (USP Reagent) - NaH2PO4 xH2O(m.w. 119.98
[anhydrous])
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC (USP Reagent) - Na2HPO4 xH2O (m.w. 141.96 [anhydrous])
Sodium phosphate solution, dibasic - A 4% (w/v) solution of dibasic sodium phosphate in
water.
Sodium phosphate solution, dibasic, 9% - A 9% (w/v) solution of dibasic sodium phosphate
in water.
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, TRIBASIC (USP Reagent) - Na3PO4 12H2O (m.w. 380.12)
Sodium phosphate solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of tribasic sodium phosphate in
water.
SODIUM STANDARD SOLUTION (200 ppm) - Prepare a solution of 0.509 g of NaCl in 100.0 ml
of water. Immediately before use, dilute this solution to 10 times its volume with water.
SODIUM SULFATE, ANHYDROUS (USP Reagent) - Na2SO4 (m.w. 142.04)
SODIUM SULFIDE (USP Reagent) - Na2S 9H2O (m.w. 240.18)
Sodium sulfide solution - Dissolve 12 g of sodium sulfide with heating in 45 ml of a mixture
of 10 volumes of water and 29 volumes of glycerin. Allow to cool and dilute to 100 ml with the
same mixture of solvents. The solution should be colorless.
SODIUM SULFITE (USP Reagent) - Anhydrous sodium sulfite - Na2SO3(m.w. 126.04)
Sodium sulfite solution - A 50 g/l solution of sodium sulfite in water.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE (USP Reagent) - Na2S2O3 5H2O (m.w. 248.19)
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.01 N
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 N
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.01 M
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 M
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of sodium thiosulfate in water.
SOLVENT HEXANE (see HEXANE, SOLVENT)
SPARTEINE SULFATE - C15H28N2O4S 5H2O (m.w. 422.4) - White crystals, soluble in water and
alcohol.
SPIRAEOSIDE - Quercetin-4-O-glucoside - C21H20O12 (m.w. 464.38) - A pale yellow powder,

soluble in methanol and in alcohol.
STANNOUS CHLORIDE - Tin dichloride dihydrate - SnCl2 2H2O (m.w. 225.6) - Colorless
crystals, very soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, in glacial acetic acid, and in dilute and
concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Stannous chloride solution - Heat 20 g of tin with 85 ml of hydrochloric acid until no more
hydrogen is released. Allow to cool. Storage: over an excess of tin, protected from air.
STARCH, SOLUBLE (USP Reagent)
Starch solution - Mix 1.0 g of soluble starch with 5 ml of water and, while stirring, pour the
mixture into 100 ml of boiling water containing 10 mg of red mercuric iodide.
Starch solution, iodide-free - Prepare the solution as described for starch solution, omitting
the red mercuric iodide. Prepare immediately before use.
STRONTIUM NITRATE - Sr(NO3)2 (m.w. 211.65) - White granules or powder, soluble in 1.5 parts
of water.
Strontium standard solution (1000 ppm Sr) - Dissolve 2.415 g of strontium nitrate in water
and bring to 1000.0 ml.
STRYCHNINE - C21H22N2O2 (m.w. 334.40) - Highly toxic. Obtained from the seeds of Strychnos
nux-vomica. One gram dissolves in 150 ml of alcohol.
SUDAN III (USP Reagent) - C22H16N4O (m.w. 352.39)
SUDAN RED G - Solvent Red 1 - C17H14N2O2 (m.w. 278.3) - A reddish-brown powder, practically
insoluble in water.
SULFAMIC ACID (USP Reagent) - HSO3NH2 (m.w. 97.09)
SULFANILIC ACID (USP Reagent) - p-NH2C6H4SO3H H2O (m.w. 191.21)
Sulfanilic acid solution - A 1% solution (w/v) of sulfanilic acid in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Sulfanilic acid solution, diazotised - Dissolve, with warming, 0.9 g of sulfanilic acid in 9 ml of
hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 100 ml with water. Cool 10 ml of this solution in iced water,
and add 10 ml of an ice-cold 4.5% (w/v) solution of sodium nitrite. Allow to stand at 0 C for
15 minutes (if stored at this temperature, the solution is stable for 3 days), and immediately
before use add 20 ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of sodium carbonate.
Sulfanilic acid solution 2 - Dissolve 0.50 g of finely powdered sulfanilic acid in 70 ml of water
without heating. Add 5 ml of 25% hydrochloric acid and dilute with sufficient water to produce
100 ml.
SULFATE STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm SO4) - Immediately before use, dilute with distilled
water to 100 times its volume a solution in distilled water containing potassium sulfate equivalent
to 0.181 g of K2SO4 in 100.0 ml.
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID (USP Reagent) - C7H6O6S 2H2O (m.w. 254.2)
SULFURIC ACID (USP Reagent) - H2SO4 (m.w. 98.08)
Sulfuric acid, 25% - A 25% (v/v) solution of sulfuric acid in water.
Sulfuric acid, 0.01 N
Sulfuric acid, 0.05 M
Sulfuric acid, 1 N
Sulfuric acid, 2 N
Sulfuric acid, dilute - Add 5.5 ml of sulfuric acid to 60 ml of water, allow to cool, and dilute to
100 ml with the same solvent.
Sulfuric acid solution, alcoholic - Carefully, and with constant cooling, stir 20 ml of sulfuric
acid into 60 ml of alcohol. Allow to cool and dilute to 100 ml with alcohol. Prepare
Sulfuric acid solution, alcoholic, 2 - A 100 ml/liter solution of sulfuric acid in alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, 10% (w/v) alcoholic (about 2 N) - Add 10.0 g of sulfuric acid to 60 ml
of alcohol, allow to cool, and dilute to 100 ml with alcohol. Prepare immediately before use.
Sulfuric acid solution, 50% (v/v) alcoholic - A 50% (v/v) solution of sulfuric acid in alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, 2.5 M alcoholic - A 139 ml/liter solution of sulfuric acid in alcohol.
Sulfuric acid solution, methanolic - A 0.1 N solution of sulfuric acid in methanol.
TANNIN - Sparkling flakes or amorphous powder, yellowish to light brown. Very easily soluble in
water, easily soluble in alcohol, soluble in acetone, practically insoluble in chloroform and ethyl
ether. Protect from light.
TARTARIC ACID (USP-NF) - H2C4H4O6 (m.w. 150.09)
Tartaric acid solution, 1% - A 10 g/l solution of tartaric acid in water.
Tartaric acid solution, 4% - A 40 g/l solution of tartaric acid in a mixture of equal volumes of
methanol and water.
Tartaric acid solution, 20% - A 20% (w/v) solution of tartaric acid in water.
TETRAMETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE - N,N,N,N-Tetramethylethylenediamine- C6H16N2 (m.w.
116.21) - A colorless liquid, very soluble in water, soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
THEOBROMIN (USP Reagent) - C7H8N4O2 (m.w. 180.16) - Sparingly soluble in water (0.33 g/l at
25 C).
THIAZOLE YELLOW (USP Reagent) - Titan Yellow; Clayton Yellow -C28H19N5Na2O6S4 (m.w.
695.74)
Thiazole yellow solution - A 0.05% (w/v) solution of thiazole yellow in water.
THIOACETAMIDE - Thioacetimitic - C2H5NS (m.w. 75.1) - A crystalline powder or colorless
crystals, freely soluble in water and alcohol.
Thioacetamide reagent - To 0.2 ml of thioacetamide solution, add 1 ml of a mixture of 5 ml of
water, 15 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution, and 20 ml of glycerin. Heat in a water bath for
20 seconds. Prepare immediately before use.
Thioacetamide solution - Dissolve 40 g of thioacetamide in water and bring to 1000 ml.
THIOUREA (USP Reagent) - (NH2)2CS (m.w. 76.12)
Thiourea solution - A 10% (w/v) solution of thiourea in water.
THREONINE (USP) - C4H9NO3 (m.w. 119.12)
THUJONE - d-Isothujone - C10H16O (m.w. 152.23) - Colorless, or almost colorless, liquid.
Practically insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol and many other organic solvents.
THYMOL (USP Reagent) - C6H3[CH3][OH][CH(CH3)2]1,3,4 (m.w. 150.22)
Thymol solution - A 5% w/v solution of thymol in alcohol.
Thymol solution 2 - Add 0.5 g of thymol to a mixture of 5 ml of sulfuric acid and 95 ml of
alcohol.
TOLUENE (USP Reagent) - C6H5CH3 (m.w. 92.14)
TRAGACANTH (USP-NF) - Gum Tragacanth - The dried gummy exudation from Astragalus
gummifer.
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (USP Reagent) - CCl3COOH (m.w. 163.39)
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 10% - A 10% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in water.
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 25% - A 25% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in
chloroform.
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 25% in alcohol - A 25% (w/v) solution of trichloroacetic acid in
alcohol.
TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID (USP Reagent) - CF3COOH (m.w. 114.02)
Trifluoroacetic acid solution, 0.1% - 1 g/l (w/v) solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water.
TRIFLUOROACETIC ANHYDRIDE (USP Reagent) - (CF3CO)2O (m.w. 210.03)
Trifluoroacetic anhydride solution - A mixture of 55 volumes of methanol
(spectrophotometric) and 45 volumes of a 0.05% (w/v) solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride in
methanol.
TRIKETOHYDRINDENE HYDRATE (USP Reagent) - Ninhydrin - C9H4O3 H2O (m.w. 178.14)
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of triketohydrindene hydrate in a

mixture of 5 volumes of dilute acetic acid and 95 volumes of butanol.
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution, 0.1% - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of triketohydrindene
hydrate in butyl alcohol.
hydrate in butyl alcohol.
hydrate in alcohol.
hydrate in water.
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of triketohydrindene hydrate in
methanol.
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution, alcoholic - A 0.2% (w/v) solution of triketohydrindene
hydrate in alcohol.
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution, alcoholic, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of
triketohydrindene hydrate in alcohol.
Triketohydrindene hydrate solution 2 - Dissolve 300 mg of triketohydrindene hydrate in 100
ml of butyl alcohol, and add 3 ml of glacial acetic acid.
TRIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE (USP Reagent) - C19H15ClN4 (m.w. 334.80)
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution, 0.05% - A 0.05% (w/v) solution of
triphenyltetrazolium chloride in aldehyde-free alcohol.
TROPAEOLIN OO (USP Reagent) - C18H14N3NaO3S (m.w. 375.38)
Tropaeolin OO solution - A 0.1% (w/v) solution in water.
UMBELLIFERONE - 7-hydroxycoumarin - C9H6O3 (m.w. 162.14) - Freely soluble in alcohol, and in
chloroform. One gram dissolves in about 100 ml of boiling water.
UREA (USP Reagent) - NH2CONH2 (m.w. 60.06)
VALINE (USP) - C5H11NO2 (m.w. 117.15)
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE (USP Reagent) - V2O5 (m.w. 181.88)
Vanadin sulfuric acid solution - Sulfovanadic solution - Dissolve 1 g of ammonium vanidate
in 100 ml of sulfuric acid.
VANILLIN (USP-NF) - C8H8O3 (m.w. 152.15)
Vanillin solution - Carefully and dropwise, mix together 2 ml of sulfuric acid and 100 ml of a
1% solution (w/v) of vanillin in alcohol. Use within 48 hours.
Vanillin solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of vanillin in hydrochloric acid.
Vanillin solution, 1% alcoholic - A 1% (w/v) solution of vanillin in 90% (v/v) alcohol.
Vanillin-phosphoric acid solution - A 1% (w/v) solution of vanillin in 50% (w/v) phosphoric
acid.
Vanillin-sulfuric acid solution - A 2% (w/v) solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid.
Vanillin-sulfuric acid solution, 1% - A 1% (w/v) solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid.
Vanillin acidified alcoholic solution - Dilute 5 ml sulfuric acid to 100 ml with alcohol.
Dissolve 1 g of vanillin in alcohol to 100 ml. Mix the two solutions.
VERATRINE - A mixture of the alkaloids containing about 50% cevadine (C32H49NO9; m.w. 591.7),
with lesser amounts of veratridine, cevadilline, sabadine, and cevine. White or grayish-white
powder. Poisonous. One gram dissolves in 1800 ml water, 2.8 ml alcohol, or 0.7 ml chloroform.
VINCAMINE - Methyl(3,14,16)-14,15-dihydro-14-dihydroxeburnamenine-14-carboxylate C21H26N2O3
(m.w. 354.44) - Major indole alkaloid of Vinca minor. Yellow crystals. UV max - 225, 278 nm.
Vincamine solution - A 0.1% (w/v) solution of vincamine in methanol.
WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE (USP Reagent) - Purified water that has been boiled
vigorously for 5 minutes or longer and allowed to cool while protected from absorption of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.
WATER, PURIFIED (USP) - H2O (m.w. 18.02)
XANTHOTOXIN - C12H8O4 (m.w. 216.19) - Colorless needles or prisms, soluble in acetone, slightly
soluble in hot water, practically insoluble in cold water. Has photosensitizing properties.
XANTHYDROL (USP Reagent) - C13H10O2 (m.w. 198.22)
Xanthydrol solution - To 0.1 ml of a 10% (w/v) solution of xanthydrol in methanol add 100 ml
of anhydrous acetic acid and 1 ml of hydrochloric acid. Allow the solution to stand for 24
hours.
XYLENE (USP Reagent) - C8H10 (m.w. 106.17)
XYLENOL ORANGE (USP Indicator) - C31H28N2Na4O13S (m.w. 760.58)
Xylenol orange test solution (USP)
Xylenol orange triturate - Triturate 1 part of xylenol orange with 99 parts of potassium nitrate.
YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE (USP Reference Standard) - C21H26N2O3 HCl (m.w. 390.89)
ZINC (USP Reagent) - Zn (a.w. 65.39)
ZINC CHLORIDE (USP) - ZnCl2 (m.w. 136.29)
Zinc chloride solution, 0.05 M - Dissolve 6.82 g of zinc chloride, weighed with appropriate
precautions, in water. If necessary, add dropwise dilute hydrochloric acid until the
opalescence disappears. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water. Standardization: To 20.0 ml of zinc
chloride solution, add 5 ml of dilute acetic acid and carry out the determination of zinc by
complexometry.
ZINC POWDER - Zn (a.w. 65.39) - Very fine, gray powder, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
ZINC STANDARD SOLUTION (100 ppm) - Prepare a solution containing 0.440 g of zinc sulfate
and 1 ml of acetic acid in 100.0 ml of water. Immediately before use, dilute to 10 times its volume
with water.
ZINC STANDARD SOLUTION (10 ppm) - Immediately before use, dilute zinc standard solution
(100 ppm Zn) to 10 times its volume with water.
ZINC SULFATE (USP) - ZnSO4 xH2O (m.w. 287.56 [heptahydrate])
Zinc sulfate solution, 0.05 M (USP Volumetric Solution)
Zinc sulfate solution, 0.1 M - Dissolve 29 g of zinc sulfate in water and bring to 1000.0 ml. To
adjust the exact titer, proceed as described in USP XXIII under 0.05 M zinc sulfate volumetric
solution.
Zinc sulfate solution, 10% - A 10% (w/w) solution of zinc sulfate in water.
Zinc sulfate solution, 50% - A 50% (w/v) solution of zinc sulfate in carbon dioxide-free water.
ZIRCONYL NITRATE (USP Reagent) - ZrO(NO3)2 (m.w. 231.23)
Zirconyl nitrate solution, 5% - A 5% (w/v) solution of zirconyl nitrate in dilute hydrochloric
acid.

Test Methods
The following test methods are appropriate for Starting Materials and Tinctures in the HPUS, and
can be used unless a specific method is given in a particular monograph. Other methods can be
used instead, provided they have been validated against the given methods.
Acid Value Determination:
The acid value IA is the number that expresses in milligrams the quantity of potassium hydroxide
required to neutralize the free acids present in 1 g of the substance.
Dissolve 10.00 g of the substance to be examined, or the quantity prescribed (m grams), in 50 ml
of a mixture of equal volumes of alcohol and ethyl ether, previously neutralized with 0.1 N
potassium hydroxide solution, unless otherwise specified, using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein
solution as indicator. When the substance to be examined has dissolved, titrate with 0.1 N
potassium hydroxide solution until the pink color persists for at least 15 seconds (n milliliters of
0.1 N potassium hydroxide solution).
IA = (5.610n)/m
Alcohol Determination:
Method 1:
Distillation Method as outlined in Alcohol Determination <611> USP or Ethanol Content and
Alcoholometric Tables 2.9.10. EP.
Method 2:
Gas Chromatography as outlined in Alcohol Determination <611> USP.
Method 3:
Apparatus
Consists of a round bottom flask with a 19/26 TS stopper topped by a straight tube designed to
hold a thermometer. It is provided with a distillation sleeve which is fitted to a condenser. The
condenser is connected to a bent tube adapter which is immersed in a special receiving tube
consisting of a graduated cylinder of a particular shape. The cylinder has a capacity of 25 ml; it is
graduated in the upper part in 0.5 ml divisions, and in the lower part in 0.1 ml divisions.
Principle
With an alcoholic solution it is possible to separate the alcohol by adding potassium carbonate,
as the alkaline carbonates are insoluble in alcohol but very soluble in water. After shaking an
alcoholic solution with an excess of potassium carbonate and allowing it to settle, three layers are
formed: one excess layer of solid potassium carbonate, one intermediate layer of a saturated
solution of potassium carbonate, and finally, a supernatant phase made up of alcohol hydrate
[4(C2H5OH) H2O], the volume of which is measured.
Alcohol hydrate contains 91.089% w/w of alcohol. As its density at 20 C is 0.8157, 1 ml of
alcohol hydrate contains 0.8157 g x 0.91089 = 0.743 g of alcohol. As the density of alcohol at 20
C is 0.791, 1 ml of alcohol hydrate contains (0.743/0.791) = 0.940 ml of alcohol.
Procedure
Into the flask place 10.0 ml (measured at 20 C) of the tincture to be examined. Add about 5 ml of
water. After having introduced a few grams of powdered pumice so as to avoid any delay in
distillation and to favor its regularity, heat gently. Maintain steady distillation until about 10 ml of
distillate are obtained. Add enough potassium carbonate so that after agitating energetically a
carbonate deposit remains (6-7 g of potassium carbonate is generally sufficient). After cooling in
a water bath at 20 C for 30 minutes, note the height of the supernatant layer of alcohol. If too
much potassium carbonate has been added, the separation of layers is not distinct; to correct
this, add a few drops of water and shake. Let n be the number of ml of alcohol hydrate obtained.
The alcohol content of the tincture = n x 0.940 x (100/10).
[Source: French Pharmacopoeia 1983]
Ash Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid Determination:
Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid is the residue obtained after extracting the sulfated or total ash
with hydrochloric acid, calculated with reference to 100 g of starting material.
To the crucible containing the residue from the determination of sulfated or total ash, add 15 ml of
water and 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, cover with a watch glass, boil the mixture gently for 10
minutes and allow to cool. Filter through an ashless filter, wash the residue with hot water until
the filtrate is neutral, dry, ignite to dull redness, allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Reheat
until the difference between two consecutive weighings is not more than 1 mg.
Dry Residue Determination:
Dry residue is the mass remaining on drying under the conditions given below, stated in percent
(w/w). Unless otherwise prescribed, accurately weigh about 5.00 g of the test material in a flat
bottomed glass, and evaporate to dryness on a water bath. Heat in an oven at 100-105 C and
dry for at least two hours, and then to constant mass at 100-105 C. Allow to cool in a desiccator.
Weigh and calculate the percentage of residue for 100 g of test material.
Foreign Matter Determination:
Foreign matter is material consisting of any or all of the following:
1) Foreign organs: matter coming from the source plant but not defined as the starting material;
2) Foreign elements: matter not coming from the source plant, and either of vegetable or
mineral origin.
Weigh 100 g to 500 g of the substance to be examined, or the minimum quantity prescribed in the
monograph, and spread it out in a thin layer. Examine for foreign matter by inspection with the
unaided eye or by use of a lens (6x). Separate foreign matter and weigh it and calculate the
percentage present.
Hardness Determination According to Mohs Scale:
Using the tip of the appropriate reference mineral according to the hardness scale, scratch a
fresh and ideally smooth surface of the mineral to be tested. Check with a magnifying glass (10X
magnification) to see whether the surface has been scratched. If the mineral scratches, repeat
the scratching process with the reference mineral one level below on the hardness scale. The
hardness of the test mineral and reference is the same when the tip of the reference mineral
lightly scratches the surface of the test mineral.
Reference mineral (Mohs)
Hardness
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
10
Insoluble Constituents Determination:

The determination of insoluble constituents takes place in an extraction device consisting of highresistance apparatus glass having a low coefficient of expansion.
A Pyrex extraction thimble approximately 30 mm in diameter, with a fused-in, fritted glass filter of
porosity #160, is placed in an extraction head-piece composed of two transfer units. The lower
transfer unit is connected through a ground glass joint (NS 29/32) to a short-necked roundbottom flask, and is provided with three tapered, turned-in sections that serve as holding devices
for the extraction thimble. The lower transfer unit is connected to the upper transfer unit through a
ground glass joint (NS 60/46), and the upper transfer unit is connected through a ground glass
joint (NS 29/32) to a Dimroth cooler, the condenser coil of which is extended to form a draining
tip.
The specimen, accurately weighed, is placed in the extraction thimble. The soluble components
are extracted by allowing the prescribed solvent to drip from the cooler on to the specimen, at a
specified number of drops per unit of time over a specified time period.
After drying, the gross weight is determined by weighing the extraction thimble containing the
insoluble residue. The weight of the insoluble constituents is determined by subtracting the
weight of the empty thimble from the gross weight.
[Source: German Pharmacopoeia V.4.4.N2]
Loss on Drying Determination:
Loss on drying is the mass lost on drying under the conditions given below, stated in percent
(w/w). Unless otherwise prescribed, accurately weigh about 5.00 g of the test material in a flat
bottomed glass, and evaporate to dryness on a water bath. Heat in an oven at 105 2 C and dry
for at least two hours, and then to constant mass at 105 2 C. Allow to cool in a desiccator.
Weigh and calculate the percentage of mass lost for 100 g of test material.
Microsublimation Determination:
Apparatus
Consists of a metal block resistant to the substance to be examined, made of a good heatconducting capacity, such as brass, with a carefully polished planar upper surface. The block is
uniformly heated throughout its mass by means of a microadjustable gas heater or an electric
heating device with fine adjustment. The block has a cylindrical cavity, about 3 mm deep, the
bottom of which is parallel to the polished upper surface. The cavity is wide enough to
accommodate a thermometer, which should be maintained in the same position during the
microsublimation determination.
Procedure
On the top of the metal block, place a glass ring (approx 10-15 mm in diameter and 3-8 mm thick)
which has been evenly ground on both sides. Place a small amount of the substance to be
examined in the surface of the block inside the glass ring. Cover with a glass plate of suitable
size. Heat the metal block to the temperature specified in the monograph. Collect the sublimate
on the underside of the cover glass by cooling the cover glass with a drop of cold water on top.
As needed, replace with a fresh cover glass in order to collect sufficient sublimate.
[Source: German Pharmacopoeia 2.8.N 4 and European Pharmacopoeia 2.2.16.]
Sulfated Ash Determination:
As outlined in USP in <281> Residue on Ignition.
Total Ash Determination:
Heat a silica or platinum crucible to redness for 30 minutes, allow to cool in a desiccator and
weigh. Unless otherwise prescribed, evenly distribute 1.00 g of the substance or powdered
vegetable drug to be examined in the crucible. Dry at 100-105 C for 1 hour and ignite to constant
mass in a muffle furnace at 600 25 C, allowing the crucible to cool in a desiccator after each
ignition. Flames should not be produced at any time during the procedure. If after prolonged
ignition the ash still contains black particles, take up with hot water, filter through an ashless filter
paper and ignite the residue and the filter paper. Combine the filtrate with the ash, carefully
evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant mass.

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STANDARDS AND CONTROLS

ACETONE (USP Reagent) - CH3COCH3 (m.w. 58.08)

AMMONIUM OXALATE (USP Reagent) - (NH4)2C2O4 H2O (m.w. 142.11)

ASIATICOSIDE - C48H78O19 (m.w. 959.14) - A white, hygroscopic powder, soluble in methanol,