Network Analysis

Chapter 1 Basic Circuit Laws

Chien-Jung Li
Department of Electronic Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology

In This Chapter
Fast reviews of some basic circuit laws
Historical points of view
Reviews of circuit analysis methods
(such as mesh-current and node-voltage methods,
Thevenins and Nortons theorem, and superposition
principles)

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Circuit Quantities & Prefixes

Quantity

Symbols

Unit

Abbr.

Value

Prefix

Abbr.

second ()

s (sec)

10-18

atto

Energy ()

w, W

joule ()

10-15

femto

Power ()

p, P

watt ()

10-12

pico

Charge ()

q, Q

coulomb ()

10-9

nano

Current ()

i, I

ampere ()

10-6

micro

Voltage ()

v, V

volt ()

10-3

milli

Resistance ()

ohm ()

103

kilo

Conductance ()

siemens ()

106

mega

Inductance ()

henry ()

109

giga

Capacitance ()

farad ()

1012

tera

Impedance ()

Z (Z)

ohm ()

Reactance ()

ohm ()

Admittance ()

Y (Y)

siemens ()

Susceptance ()

siemens ()

Frequency (cyclic) ()

hertz ()

Hz

Frequency (radian) ()

radians/second

Time ()

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rad/s
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Functional Notations (I)

V , I : ,
VDC , IDC : ,
VAC , IAC : ,
V (t), I (t) : ,
v (t), i (t) : ,

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Functional Notations (II)

::
ID :
i d : ,
i D : (+),
ID

i d ()
1s

2s 3s

4s

1s

2s

3s

4s

i D = ID + i d

ID
0

1s 2s
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3s

4s

+()

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Energy and Power (I)

Energy: capacity for, or the actual performance of work
1=11
=11
=()11
James Prescott Joule (1818
1889) was an English physicist,
born in Salford, Lancashire.
Joule studied the nature of
heat, and discovered its
relationship to mechanical
work. This led to the theory of
conservation of energy, which
led to the development of the
first law of thermodynamics.
The SI derived unit of energy,
the joule, is named after him.

United Kingdom (UK)

(from Wikipedia)
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Energy and Power (II)

Power: rate of performing work or the rate of energy change
1 = 1/1

p (t ) =

dw ( t )

w ( t ) = p ( t ) dt
t2

dt

t1

James Watt (17361819)

was a Scottish inventor
and mechanical engineer
whose improvements to
the Newcomen steam
engine were fundamental
to the changes brought by
the Industrial Revolution in
both the Kingdom of Great
Britain and the world. The
SI unit of power, the watt,
was named after him.

Scotland

(from Wikipedia)
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Current and Voltage

Current is a measure of the rate of charge through a
circuit. A flow of 1 coulomb/sec. past a certain point in a
circuit constitutes a current of 1 ampere, or equivalently,
1A = 1 C/s.

i (t ) =

dq ( t )

Q12 = i ( t ) dt
t2

dt

t1

Q12 is the total charge passing over interval from t1 to t2

Voltage is the electrical pressure between two points in

an electrical circuit. It is always measured between two
points. The SI unit of voltage, the volt, was named after
the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta.
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Coulomb, Ampere, and Volta

CharlesCharles- Augustin de Coulomb
(17361806) was a French
physicist. He is best known for
developing Coulomb's law, the
definition of the electrostatic
force
of
attraction
and
repulsion. The SI unit of charge,
the coulomb, was named after
him. (from Wikipedia)
AndrAndr-Marie Ampre (1775
1836) was a French physicist
and mathematician who is
generally regarded as one of
the main discoverers of
electromagnetism. The SI unit
of measurement of electric
current, the ampere, is named
after him. (from Wikipedia)

Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Anastasio Volta (17451827) was an
Italian physicist known especially for
the development of the first electric
cell in 1800. (from Wikipedia)

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Resistance and Conductance

Resistance is the opposition to current flow present in all
conducting material. A lump package of resistance is
called a resistor. The symbol for resistance is R, and the
unit is ohm (). An alternate way to characterize
resistance is through the concept of conductance, G,
and unit is the siemens.

1
G=
R

1
R=
G

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Ohms Law and Resistive Power

i (t ) =

v (t ) = R i (t )
p (t ) = i (t ) v (t ) = R i

(t ) =

v (t )
R

v 2 (t )

i (t )

= G v (t )
v (t )

Georg Simon Ohm (17891854) was

born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He has
exerted an important influence on the
development of the theory and
applications of electric current. Ohm's
name has been incorporated in the
terminology of electrical science in
Ohm's Law (which he first published
in Die galvanische Kette...), the
proportionality of current and voltage
in a resistor, and adopted as the SI
unit of resistance, the ohm (symbol
). (from Wikipedia)
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Circuit Models Active Components

Independent Sources:
is ( t )

vs (t )

Dependent Sources:
VCVS

ICVS (CCVS)

v1

VCIS
(VCCS)

A v1

i1

Rm i1

i1

i1

ICIS (CCCS)

v1

g m v1

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Circuit Models Passive Components

Resistor (R), Inductor (L), and Capacitor (C)

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Equivalent Resistance
R2 R1

Resistors in Series
Req = R1 + R2 + + Rn

Req

Rn

Resistors in Parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
Req R1 R2
Rn
Geq = G1 + G2 + + Gn

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Rn

R2

R1

Req

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Voltage Divider
v1 ( t )
R1

vs (t )

R0

v0 (t )

R0
v0 (t ) =
vs (t )
R0 + R1

R1
v1 ( t ) =
vs (t )
R0 + R1
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Current Divider
is ( t )

i1 ( t )
R1

i0 ( t )
R0

R1
i0 ( t ) =
is ( t )
R1 + R0

R0
i1 ( t ) =
is ( t )
R1 + R0

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Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws

KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed
loop is zero.
vn = 0
n

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents at a node zero.

in = 0
n

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (18241887) was a German

physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding
of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of blackbody radiation by heated objects. He coined the term "black
body" radiation in 1862, and two sets of independent
concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission are
named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, as well as a law of
thermochemistry. The BunsenKirchhoff Award for
spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert
Bunsen.
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Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

v3

v2

v1

v4
x

v5

v1 + v 2 + v 3 v 4 + v 5 = 0
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Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

i2
i3

i1

i4

i5

i1 + i 2 i 3 i 4 + i 5 = 0
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Historical Points of View (I)

Watt 1736-1819
Coulomb 17361806
Volta 1745 1827

Ampere 1775 1836

Ohm 1789 1854

Joule 1818-1889
Kirchhoff 1824 1887

1800

1700
1709

1752

1767

1769

1783

1791

1800

1801

1804

1900
1807

1826

1816

1834

1831

1821

1865

1835

1836

1869

1893

1870

1843

1852

1860

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1889

1898

1876

1877

1882

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Historical Points of View (II)

-1722

1820-50

1800

1700
1722-35
1760

1774-1783

1774

1776
,

1735-95

1795-1820

1754

1796-1804

1763
1789-1794

1795

1856-75
1850-61

1840-42

1805
1810
()

1871-1908
1861

1851

1852

1856-60
,

1799-1814

1789

1863
1864
1865

1784

1900

1861

1865

1866

1884 ,

1885
,
1885

1887
1894
1895
1898 ,

1859
1874

1900
1871
1889

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Mesh Current Method (I)

Loop current assumed in every mesh. (apply KVL)
A given mesh current may not equal to the actual current.

i bb

i1

i2

i bb = i1 i 2
i1

i2

i3

i4

i5

i6

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Mesh Current Method (II)

I1

I2

I3

3 meshes, 3 loop currents, 3 KVL equations:

20 + 6I1 + 5 ( I1 I2 ) 25 = 0

25 + 5 ( I2 I1 ) + 3I2 32 + 2 ( I2 I3 ) + 6 = 0
6 + 2 ( I3 I2 ) + 4I3 + 7I3 + 49 = 0

The currents are determined:

I1 = 5A, I2 = 2A, I3 = 3A
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Node Voltage Method (I)

Firstly define a common or ground node. Such a node may not
correspond to the actual ground.
(n+1) nodes are reduced to n nodes when one ground node is
designated. (then, apply KCL)

v1

v2

v3

v4

v5

v6

v7

v8
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Node Voltage Method (II)

V1

V2

V3

3 nodes, 3 node voltages, 3 KCL equations:

V1 V2 ) 32
(
10 V1 V1

+ + +5+
+
=0
3 6 5
3
3
V2 (V2 V3 )
32 (V2 V1 )

+
3+
+
=0
3
3
2
4
V

V
( 3 2 ) + V3 7 = 0
4
7

such that V1 = 10V, V2 = 16V, V3 = 28V

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Thevenins Theorem
Thevenins theorem states that:
All effects of any linear circuit external to two reference terminals can be
completely predicted from a model consisting of a single ideal voltage in
series with a single resistor.

Req

vt (t )

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Nortons Theorem
Nortons theorem states that:
All effects of any linear circuit external to two reference terminals can be
completely predicted from a model consisting of a single ideal current
source in parallel with a single resistor.

in (t )

Req

If the Thevenins model is known, the Norton current is

in (t ) =

vt (t )
Req

If the Nortons model is known, the Thevenin voltage is

v t ( t ) = Req i n ( t )
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Equivalent Model
When a complex circuit is replaced by a Thevenin or a
Norton model, the model predicts correct results
external to the reference terminals only.
The internal action of original circuit has been lost, and
any internal calculations in the Thevenin or Norton
model are generally meaningless.
The models are useful when there is a portion of a
circuit that remains fixed for which there is little interest
in the internal behavior nut in which the effect on an
external circuit is to be studied under varying conditions.
Equivalent does not mean Identical.

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Example of Thevenins Model

Determine open-circuit voltage
Resistive
linear circuit
(energized)

v t = v oc
v oc

Voc =

6
12 = 8 V
6+3

De-energize all internal sources and determined Req

Resistive
linear circuit
(de-energized)

Req

Req

1
=
+5 =7
1
1
+
3 6

Equivalent model:

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Example of Nortons Model

Determine short-circuit current

i n = i sc
i sc

i sc =

12
6
8

= A
3 + ( 6 || 5 ) 6 + 5 7

De-energize all internal sources and determined

Req

Req

1
=
+5 =7
1
1
+
3 6

Equivalent model:

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De-energize Sources
de-energizing

Voltage source

short-circuit

Since an ideal voltage source does not care how much

current flows through it.

de-energizing

Current source

open-circuit

Since an ideal current source does not care how much

voltage across its terminals.

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Principle of Superposition
Any voltage or current response
in a linear circuit resulting from
v oc
several voltage and/or current
sources may be determined by
the combination of the effect of
each source.
source
v oc1

v oc = v oc1 + v oc 2 + v oc 3
v oc 2

v oc 3

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