Aug 25 04 04:20p SPC Support Center 360-418-8127 SINGLE-POLE SUITOHING OM BPA'S 500 KV SYSTEM D. 1, Goldaworthy A. 4, asibar Bonaeville Fover Administration aesrinct The etedsisty of a pover system during fault interruption and reclosing is inproved through the ure of siagle-pole evitehing (SPS). Successful MMgn-apeed’ recloring with S05 depecda on rapié ‘extinction ef the secondary” are cuezent. he Bonneville “over, ‘admintetcation "(BPA)" has Hocorporated four distinct methods of secondary ere extinction for S89 among 26 Lines on ite 300-40 Setwork. Tals paper describes these ate extinction fethode and the specie! considerations which have Deen given to power epeten equlpment and Configurations for the application of SPS. sernooverion ‘Tee doonevilte Rover Adeinisteatton (BEA) operates an extensive. high-voltage and. extra-bigh-voltage (EHV) Rraneuission grid in the Pacific Northwest region of the United Seater, The. primary voltage levels are 115, 230" and 500 EV." Approninately 97 percent of the faults vhich occur on the 500 KY network iavelve only fone phase and are referred to. ar. aingle-line-to ground (SLG) faults. Since the majority of these SLC faults are teaporacy in nature, the line ean unually be restored to service by Mgh-speed reclosure after sty cenldual or aeconéary arcing at the fault Tocation Le extingulanes. The moat comon sethod of fault interruption end Feclowure for S10 faulte iz ehree-pole switching. In thie sethod all three phases are iomedistely cleared after fault detection and recloved following @ short dead tine". The secondary arcing hich follow fault interruption is noraally extinguished rapiely during ehsee-pole svitening, alloving the higheepeed reclogure, Restoring all phases of a Hine to service fe quietly as ponsihle is beneficial to ayeton Heapility. However, interrupting all three phases of Stone. cceater an additional syster dlaturbence eyond that caused by the original faults Tee method of clearing and high-speed reclosing only the “faulted phase of a line ie eelersed to an Single-pole switching (SPS). The primary benefit of BRE te enbenced stability which is achieved. by imieing the aysten disturbance crested during fault clearing and reclosing. fy maincaining © pact for pover to flow on the untaulted phaser during the eritfeal cine following a fault, stgaiticest benefits in preventing inetability ond lead lose are realized. A secondary but important benefit of SP ie the Large recuction in evitehing surges which are normally generated during high-apeed reclosing. The Se because the ost tevere avitehing urges, end to fotcur duriog high-speed reclorure of unfaulted phases ha SPS operation is successful Sf the faulted phase is reclosed without & second fault occurring. The secondary are must therefore be extinguished and the ‘are. path mrt have recovered ite dielectric strength prior to reclosing. Thus ¢ critical problew of plying SPS tos Line” te inguring evecesefal scondary arc extinction. This paper describes PA's fxperience io SPS" Including the nethode ured for secondary are extinction and” the special Consieratione given to Line configurations and pover fysten equipnent, SINGLE-POLE SWITOHING AT BPA The Hest S05 Lastallation st BPA vas Lo 1973 when. a Hour-reactor scheme. was used’ for eecondary. ire extinction on a 229 tm Line (il. Since then BFA tat been committed to utiliziog the benefits of iPS throughout ite ENV network by applying it to nea ly every S00 KV Line energized inthe past ten yeas Presuntly BEA oser SPS on 26 Lines at 500 KY and ine at 130 HY. By 1993, SPS vill be im operation 07 23 OF BPATE 500 KI Line BPA has also taben a leading role in the at of secondary are extinction methods. Typicell:) 2 the ‘power ingutey successful SPS ie accomplinvee luring” elther’ natural secongary are extinction or fourrreactor schanes. netiods of However’ at BPA, four aistivet decondery are extinction have beet. ie ot year. The. two addssicaat petiode ewitehing and "aignerpeed greune teitenes" (8508). Table : ‘a Fervice inmediately following fault interrupticn ard Uhrough pect ofthe fire ayeten "eving™. Thi. ves the basis for BPA'r development of hybrid) svite uae, Which in so named Decouse it is a conbinatica cf Nagle-pole and theee-pote svizebing [3]. Men 1 SiC fault occures the feulted phase is cleared vhil: Ue Gnisulted phases teanin energited, Like a cypica. SE cprretion., Hovevery afver & dead tine of abou: Of Seconds, the two. unfaslted phases use trfpie! “¢ Siinguien the secondary age. Approximately 1.5 Seonds after the inveiel fault, all three phaees a Eecloreds The tripping and reclosing Lines uses fo! iyprid evitching are bese on stability stucles Rybeié ovitching, which vax fret put into operation mi bPA in L98Sy, ie currently used on the ex Lins Tiated in Table 1. This sethod Le nov applied st 224 te ines which’ are too long for aaturt! Sieinction and do noe have another readily avi Labie beans. to extinguish the secondary arc. Since thers Teno. cost, for arc extinction equigment, Iybri! Evitehing bas proven tobe a very economical vt of geining moat of the benefits of SPS Scability studies enow that aybrid ewitehing is abeut Bi percent ar effective as standard $15 13 Suinteining system etability folloviog a faull. 2 Sreondary benefit of avitching surge reduction is oars novevery due to the bigh-speed, 3-pole ciclest Gperations BEA vill generally. Got use brie Siitching for intertiee vith one or two Lines. THe co evold. potential out-ofestep condition: vi-ck coulé. develop “during. the S-pole open Cine if cre Gatertie Line ie alreagy out of service. For there Bnet standard SPS my be the only type of svischire meeeptales requiring secondary are) extinct ch (Ghuipeent auch ar that described below. Four-Reactor Scheme ‘he configuration of three’ Line-connected sbiat ruactore whlch incorporates @ reactor to grevnd a fhe neutral, point is celled a four-reactor + Bere Tie ie the oldest and most comon meted of Freondacy are extinction for long Lines. &P\ tas Shed this ‘method of secondary arc extineticr wherAug 25 04 04:21p SPC Support shut rectors were alresay planned for nev line. SereCore the conte of he foursteacor scheve tate een Linitec' co the conte of, the neutral reactors ‘ciated “ule arenas a sae nach evel for “the” eucrat, ot ye eescton, ovary the eed for’ higher neural” inctation level'on the psee cencose tat mace eatrfittieg a ftzedard_ thant eactse' tank sfeha’seuteal ceatiot fspracticat. The four” Lines | welch utilize fourcreactor schenes are Listed in “Teble 11 BPA Lines at 500° KV ace “neacly alvaye tranepoced or well-balanced. This ‘makes ‘the applicetion of Gour-reactor achanes a relatively elople the option neutral reactor inpedance faen phase of he Line. ‘A neutral reactor wich the proper iepedance vill reduce the sacitively-coupled secondary arc current and are “recovery voltage to low levels and. thus insure successfel extinction. Determining the proper neutral reactor iapesence ia norsaily a matter Of straightsforwaré calculation for’ ringle-ciecule Hees {a} Hovever, for the Lines stow in Figure 1, the process ves more complicated. These Lines are 362 Wm Long and are & combination single-cireuit. snd circuit configurations. ‘The neutral reactor izing vas performed by” steady-state parametric lining ‘the ENTP. Figure 2 le typical etuly Fesult. hich shove ov the secondary are’ current and Fecovery voltage change with agutral. reactor finpedance for an SPS operation. Ae shown in Figure 1, a neutral reactor ei senogen foe the four T 3 % of "700 ‘ohms as Vinee. Broadview Ccarriaon xye7 0 | berm ——e 08m Dovel Cre Seton ‘win Bogle Cret Seton Figure 1. partial single-ctrout and doubler 500 foes useg single pol wwfiching and Tour To provide, oparationsl flexibility in volta control, BPA generally uses load-break evitches or circuit’ breakers on shunt reactor banks. Two. BPA Ginee vith four-resctor acheses use a breaker for ighcapeed reactor sosertion during SPS. I the rector bank ig initially cut of aervice for voltage control, the breaker {s closed approxinately 0.1 Geconde' after the start of an SPS operation. This Sorures proper secondary. are extinction prior to recloring at 0.5 to 0.75 seconds, After’ the SPS ‘operation the reactor bank rensiag in service and is eenergized at the operator's diséretion. Figure {eva Glogran of e threeccerminal Line vaich us lgh-opeed reactor insertion. Center 360-418-0127 \ WE An mt tt an, = Oh ‘gure2._Peraeti toy of neural reactor sig forte Anes in gure ss Ground switches (usc ‘The concept of secondary are extinction using 1505 was (ele tested at SEA Sn 1979 [5] ane put nts operation on three Lines in 1985. An applieatice “oF HSCS. on double-ciceult Lines is shown in Figure &. Because of the effects of reduced ingulation and doubleccireust deaign, St var determined that (SUS would provide the most reliable ethoe of a cxtinction for these critical ies. Ine ty) cal operetion, breakers at each end of the Line or the Yau.tea phases interrupt the SLC fault. HSGS at oach end close approximately 0.1 second later and “Fa Slosed for about 0-2 seconde, The Line is recl se! Approximately "0.7 seconde from the initial f1i1ty after relays have insured that the USGS ere oper. ‘Summer Like Ponderosa ‘gure 3. Threeterminal Buco Ponderosa Summer {La tne wi foursencor scheme sndAug 25 04 04:21p Dove cirout 80-4 tine tng gh epaed ‘round ewtches (HSCS) or secondary we Figure 5 depicts the circuit conditions vith both SES closed.) The cepacitively-coupled curreat_ from the energized phases, hich wae the most critical part of the seconaary are for all previous forme of Sxtlnction, in entirely shunted "from the fault Vocation by the closed HGS. Movever, vith the HSCS Closed, Large circulating currence are induced ta the two closed paths formed by the secondary arc and the HSGS. The circulating current is crested by magnetic coupling from the current in the untaulted * ‘The magnitude of this induced current is fpproxinately ‘proportionsl to the current in th ‘unfaulted phases. Av chow: in Figure 5, the currente Xn the HSCS are nearly equal and thus che current in the secondary are is close to rero. This le true lens of the fault location. By groundiog both of the Line, the are recovery voltage it #180 forced to very lov level, With virtually” no fare extingulahes immediately [6]. Tt ts necessary, that HSCS are ured at each end of the line to ineute cancellation of are current anda low recovery voltages rs D7 1 hal uae ‘Pre5. Faved pace curing 379 opcton wt beth ‘Roce cloned. Th curren ove led by he toed Se vo erga phases ‘Toe HSCS used at BPA are relatively simple devices welch are capeble of interrupting currents up to 600 A vith recovery voltages up to. 70 KD. The three Lines “whch use HSCS are ated in Table Te Unfortunately, the relaying required for Lines using SOS Ls wore complicated than for other types of S38. This is because it is necessary to protect the system from ‘potential faults by soguring that the Line breakers and SCS are never closed at che sane tine. ‘SFEGIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SINGLEAPOLE SWITCHING ‘Teanaforacr-Jersinsted Lives Tee tere “tranetormer-terminated Line” is ured for the cate veere there in uo breaker between the Line aed “transformer, auch an the three-termical configuration of Figure 3. During fault clearing, ead ‘tine and recloring operations, the transformer SPC Support Center a60-418-8127 emine connected to the faulted phase, Sinci: al? sources of fault current must be interrupted to cles a fault, SP is only considered for tranetcreer: Sienout tertiary windinge Tee feasibility of SPS on Lines terminated iv temeformere vas in doubt for a considerable. tin mute of concern about ferroresonance. The «ton cayecttive coupling {rom the eaergized phacse csinc, SPE creates a classic ciccult for ferroreronanct eit the faulted phate transformer. Extennive | OT simlation, voich was verifies by fielé teetin; 4h, showed that after secoasery are extinction a prise to reclosing, the transformer on the feclte: pute doen go {ato ferroresouant — oset1latJone Hovever these oscillations do not create avervoltage: fine the ahort duration of the ferroresonance doe 0 hare the transforser. Flel¢ testing also. cou! rre! thet the presence of a shunt reactor elinioated Ferroresonance. BPA currently has three transforner-terminateé 1 in operation using $26, including one two-te-r ina Vine "and two. three-tereinal Lines. Ivo of. thes? Laee have four-resctor schemes such as the one shows ‘one Line rer aatural are extis £101 feactors. ALL three Lines us utotrenatomers vitn separate tanks for each pha: Bosbl ‘Ax show in Table I BPA currently usee S28 on seven Lines which “ere entirely oF” partially a> bie~ circuit. These Lines are generally. transpored, helps Feduce the tafluence of one circuit te te ctier. “Rovevery a tuner of apectel considers iors hve been required for most of these, Lint. ia applying and operating StS. Yor reliable -seconary are extinction wits foue-reactor scheme, the omutral reactors tise Studien mst go beyond the normal operatic ‘Tha optima arutra! seas reactor iapedance for 4c! “cu must be chosen to also. bring the secondary ate current and recovery. voltage to. sufficiently lew Tevele ith “the second circuit energize! cr deenergized and efther grounded or ungrounded. "here conditions tave an iapect on the coupling to te faulted phase during S98, On double-clreait Snce hich wie HSCS, eeconcary are extinction te net fected by he condition of the paraliel eireuit Be Se alto teportant to concider abnormal faults vce designing fer SES on doubleccircult Liners particularly with four-reactor scheaes. SPL tee eperienced several simltaneoue SLO faults co ite Gcuble-circuit Lines. These ave been Tighe tog caused faults vhere Like phases (eng. A-pt b A-D1) 7 ‘ecch Line have Tlashed over to the sane tover. there Eaulte have eccurred both on Lines using fosreseictce Schones and Lines using SCS. Im ail cagte. the Secondary are extinction on each Line vas euscess‘ul Slee and Shunt Compensation ‘Te location of series capecitors on Line usin} Si fe normally not «critical concere for seconde” are extinction, THis ie because. the Lapedsnere amociated vith capacitive coupling and shore reactors is large compared to the typical impeiance of a series capacitor bank. However, for. HSCS applications, seriet capacitance must De consilered very carefully. If the capacitor ie. located te:werr the HSCS, then the induced currents trough theflug 25 U4 04:22p SPC Support closed HSGS will aot be equal and the net current Sn the seconcary arc. vill not be zero, The resulting current in the secondary arc will depend on the fault ocetion and) vill dnccease ae the. load. current Aner ‘Thue, for the Linge in Figured, it ie clear why the ESGS vere placed ou the Line-side of he series capacitors, The combination of series capacitors end shunt Fecctore can inpect secondary ere extinction tine both for S85 and three-pole witching. With nodera ‘metal-onide protection on series capecitore, © SUG fault wilt ‘noesally sot result a a capactter bypaee, Therefore, veg the fault is interrupted by ra) # trapped charge will remain on fapucitor ar show io the circuit of Figure 6.) ifthe fault in located fuck that the Thine, eesetor, series capacitor and fault are in Serle, “an oaciTietion vill devenep to discharge the Capacitor. The current from ehie [-C oscillation SAIL add. to the normal secondary are current end vill fend “to. extend the secondary arcing tine Simulations ‘whicn model che arcing cheracteristicn fndieate that the energy ie the L-C oscillation vill Uhually be dissipated by the. secondary exe within typleal ceclore tines used oa BEA Lines. stares ‘Rowe 6, Shur resctor ane series capacitor combination wl leecs longer sconayaring tines. For tybrid’ evitching, as well as three-pole witching, ehust reactors tend to increase secondary, frcing tines, After the three-pole trip the ehunt Teactor and Line capacitance create 1c oecillation on the unfaulted phases which is tenuate’ rather sloviy. This oscillation vill Couple, current into. the faulted phate and el feintain the’ aecondery are for # period of tine. The toount of resulting eecendary are curreat depends on the frequency of oscillation and the length of che Hine. Extension of secondary arcing» by this phenoeena hae been demonstrated by BPA ducing field Eestss A delay in reclose time say be required £0 fonure successful are extinction, particularly If the duration of the natural I-C 'eacilletion can be extended "by coupling frome parallel oF ouble-eireuie Line. ONCLUSIONS BPA tas Long recognized the eigatticant benefits to syeten atebility that $25 provides. $25 (e currently ‘Shed at BPA on 26 Lines at $00 KV and ie planned for nearly all sev Lines on. the GEV network. Through coatinaing innovation, four, different sethods of ecoadary arc extinction are in successful operation. Natural are extinction s used on sbort liner, while Yong Liner se hybrid evitching, tour-reactor schemes for HSCS. Bybeid evitching, vtich ie « aodified form OF SPS that eliminates the need for ‘are extinction Squlpeent, provides most of the stability benefite of Handerd SES. Spectel conditions and configurations Center 360-418-8127 vaich have provided challenges in implenenting 5?) 0° the BPA system Include reduced insulation desiins, fowle-cireuits, traneforser terminetions, sunt feectors and series capacitors REFERENCES. [11 Soomevtite. "Power _Adminieteation, Ane can Electric. Pore Service Tenn gee Valley Authority, Peestie and ae Cony “Tovestigation and Evaluation of Si) Le Phase Seitching on EHV Networks in the Ur ted States, CIORE, 1984, Report 39-08, 7 PP. (2) Bs aruda, Fe Devers, 500 KY Lines) IEEE ‘Transactions, vol pes 616-626) Maren 1980 (3) Single-pote switching for stability ane Reliability; Panel Discussion, TEBE PES ? mer Syaten Engr. Cete., Diaerece Supplene ar) Controls Working Group, IEEE Transacti me: vol. PHIS-1, pp. 25-36, May 1986, (4) ELM, Kimbare, ‘Arca on Single-Pole-Switched EHV Lines ty Shunt “Reactors”, IEEE Transactions. rol PAS-E3, pp. 285-290, March 1964. RM, Hagibar, et aly "The Application of igh-speee rounding Svitches for Single-Pole Recloring on 300-K0 Power Systens", LEE Teansectiona, vol PAG-100, pp. 1512-1315 april, 198 (6) Ba. Maubeich, etal, "Single-toas: Abte-Recloring. in EBV Systene, Report 31-09, 17 pp. exer ie Daniel Goldavortty var por in Butte, Yontans, USK Sn 1955. Me attended Yontana State Univereity yhers he received B.S. in Civil Engineering in 1978 an! an M.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1980. {ines 198) ‘he tas been enployed. by. the Scooevitie love: Adsiniatention in Portland, Oregon. ie voc: has Centered around transient simlation of ac ey és Syetece, He ie a member of TEBE one ip a regis'eret Frofescional Engineer in the state of Oregon. Robert Besiber vas born in Ketehiken, Alaske tr 19K. After recelving a RSEE degree fron Go7seur University x 1965, be served two yeare in te Ut Army. Ee bat been employes by the Benneviile Fiver Aawlatetration since November 1967. after atten ing Une University of Santa Clara Graduate Schocl ir 1969-70, he joined the Systene Analyete Secticr is the Division of 'Syates Plenning at BPA. Since (96 he tas been the Chief of the Analysis Section, 4: ib Senior Member of IEEE, a menber of the Pove: Goginecring Society, end a registered. Profestimn Engineer in the atate of Oregon.