CNC TRG

Welcome
to
CNC Training Program
27.05.2016
By:- Chetan Nagora
Evolution of Lathe
Conventional Machine
Tools
Information
Man
Part
Machine
Introduction to CNC
NC Numerical Controls
CNC Computer Numerical Control
Numerical Control (NC) Machine
The control of a machine tool by means of a

recorded information on punched tape or
cards is known as Numerical control or NC
machines.
NC Numerical Controls
1. Tape operated
2. Changing of speed,feed,&job is not easy
3. Job is to be set in every tape
CNC Computer Numerical Controls
CNC Machine
A computer is dedicated to control the

functions of the machine tool in CNC
machines.
Why CNC ?
Only 15-20% is Mass Production.
Remaining 80% is either batch production or job
production.
Requirement for variety of production according to
the customer demand.
Frequent setting changes and enormous amount of
time in setting.
Difficulty in producing the complex components by
conventional machines.
Requirement for Highly skilled and trained man
power for conventional machines.
Poor consistency in quality at different times.
Need for low cost of production.
HISTORY
CNC CONCEPT
-MR.JOHN PARSONS
(FATHER OF CNC) 1947
FIRST PRODUCTION
M/C-1952
CINCINNATI
CONTROLLER -GE
HOW BIG IT WAS !

-THE FIRST CNC
CNC MACHINE
MANUFACTURERS
CINCINNATI
SCHUBLER
HARDINGE
HAAS
MAZAK
MOREI SEIKI
TOYODA
MAKINO
TRAUB
BOHERINGER
HWACHEON
DAEWOO
FEMCO
LEAD WELL
MILLTRONICS
BRIDGE PORT
DECKEL MAHO
HART FORD
FANUC
FORTUNE
BROTHER
DALLY
HYUNDAI
MITSUBISHI etc.
INDIAN CNC M/C TOOL MANUFG
ACE DESIGNERS
BFW
PSG
LMW
GE DEE WEILER
HMT
ASKAR MICRONS
TATA
LOKESH MACHINES
HARRIS CNC
JYOTHI MACHINES
GRE MACH CNC
KIRLOSKAR
ELECTRONICA
SANDS CNC
PMT etc.
OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
MACHINE
CONTROL
UNIT
DRIVE
MOTOR
INPUT
SIGNAL
SLIDE
SEMI CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
MACHINE
CONTROL
UNIT
COMPARATOR WITH
TACHO GENERATOR
DRIVE
MOTOR
INPUT
SIGNAL
ACTUAL
VALUE
FEED BACK SIGNALS
VELOCITY
ENCODER
SLIDE
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

MACHINE
CONTROL
UNIT
COMPARATOR WITH
TACHO GENERATOR
DRIVE
MOTOR
VELOCITY
ENCODER
SLIDE
TRANSVERSE
MEASUREMENT
ENCODER
INPUT
SIGNAL
ACTUAL
VALUE
FEED BACK SIGNALS
Types of Control System based on Tool Path Movement
Point To Point Control System
Straight Line Control System
Continuous Path or Contouring Control System
SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

CRT or LCD DISPLAY (MONITOR)
SERVO MOTOR
RECIRCULATING BALL LEAD SCREW
LM GUIDE WAYS
ENCODERS
CRT or LCD DISPLAY (MONITOR)
Modes
1. Jog
2. Edit
3. MDI
4. Auto
5. Reference
6. Hand Wheel
Part program
Simulation
SERVO MOTOR
All the conventional m/cs are driven by induction motor
Induction motor can be driven with specified speed only
So to change the speed

a gear box is to be attached
With the motor
Through gear box also we can get

Specified Variants of speed only
What is Servo
It is Greek word meaning Servant

Responds faithfully to a command
A Servo motor in a CNC m/c is driven

& controlled by a servo drive
No gear box is needed to change speed & feed

Change of speed & feed easily, instantly by programming
Any Variant of Speed between minimum & maximum
All axes movements are enabled by Servo Motor
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A LEAD SCREW
Axis Movement
LEAD SCREW
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A LEAD SCREW
Axis Movement
LEAD SCREW
LEAD SCREW IN CONVENTIONAL MACHINE (ACME THREAD)
An additional amount of rotation is required to cover the free

zone while changing the direction of rotation
This Gap or Allowance is called as Backlash
Because of the friction lead & box nut is allowed with a
little backlash ,then only lead can be rotated ,so tolerance
Is allowed +/-
Semi Circular Arc

or Gothic Arc
Ball screws are highly efficient because there is no backlash

Between lead screw & box nut.
The contact between lead screw & box nut is point contact.
Sliding Friction in Conventional Lead Screw in converted
as rolling friction in re-circulating ball lead screw.
LM GUIDE WAYS
Sliding friction guide ways in Conventional Machines
Sliding friction guide ways can be single or the combination of guide way
elements that are either in flat, vee, dovetail or cylindrical shape.
Due to Sliding Friction, high wear of guide ways that leads to in consistency
of size & finish of the component produced.
LM guide ways are used in CNC m/cs to move

the slide with low friction & in high speed.
Instead of replacing the bed we can replace
the LM guide.
ENCODERS
ENCODER
1.It is a Feed back Device.
2.Used to control the mechanical position in a servo system.
3. For accurate position control optical encoders are used.

4. Operates by means of a grading that moves between a
light source and a detector.
Velocity (Rotary) Encoder
A Rotary Encoder consists of a disk on which there are a number of

angular rings or tracks.
These encoders use a multiple-track disk which defines the shaft
position by means of a binary word or gray code.
The reading system employs a lamp and photcells to detect the light
which passes through the transparent position of the disk.
A photocell is provided for each track on the disk.
The output from all the cells gives the actual shaft position in coded
form
Transverse motion (Linear) Encoders
These measure the position of the slide directly

The linear scale consists of a glass scale with gratings and a
reading head.
One element is mounted on a fixed member and another on
the moving slide.
When the scale is moved relative to the scanning unit, the
lines and spaces of the scale alternatively coincide with those of
the index gratings
The corresponding fluctuations of light are sensed by the cells
which generate the signals
TYPES OF CNC MACHINES
Advantages of CNC machines
Accuracy and repeatability is very high

Reduced scrap and rework.
Reduced inspection time.
Reduced space.
Reduced material handling.
Easy correction of dimension.
Complicated shapes can be easily machined.
Reduced operator skill.
Less inventory.
Reduced Jigs and Fixtures.
Constant Cutting Speed
SPEED
SPEED = REV/MIN (Ex :1000
RPM)
FEED
FEED= MM/REV or MM/MIN
Ex 0.2MM/REV or 200MM/MIN
CUTTING SPEED
CUTTING SPEED=
35mm
DN
1000
M/MIN
D =Diameter of the job

N =No of revolutions per minute(RPM)
CUTTING SPEED AT 1000RPM
FOR DIA 35mm CS = 22/7x35x1000

1000
= 110 M/MIN
110 M/MIN
70mm
FOR DIA 70mm CS = 22/7x70x1000

1000
= 220 M/MIN
220 M/MIN
To need same cutting speed(220 m/min) at dia 35mm
N = C.Sx1000
XD
220 X 1000X7 = N
22 x35
N =2000 RPM
Limitations
High cost of machine.
High cost of Training.
High maintenance cost.
Co-ordinate system
B
30
+Y
A
20
10
-X
0,0
40
30
20
10
10
10
20
20
30
-Y
30
+X
40
AXIS IN CNC LATHE

+X
-Z
+Z
(0,0)
-X
X AXIS CROSS SECTIONAL AXIS (Controls Diameter)

Z AXIS SPINDLE AXIS (Controls Length)
CO-ORDINATE OF POINTS IN CNC LATHE

WORKPIECE DRAWING
40
P4
20
P3
P2
P1
20
25
CO-ORDINATE OF POINTS IN CNC LATHE

NC DRAWING FOR ABSOLUTE
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
P4
P3
P2
P3
P2
20
P1
20
ABSOLUTE(G90)
20
INCREMENTAL(G91)
X
P1
10
-20
P2
-20
40
-20
P3
10
40
-45
P4
-25
P1
20
P2
20
P3
P4
10
10
25
45
P1
40
P4
NC DRAWING FOR INCREMENTAL

CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
METHOD OF DIMENSIONING
ABSOLUTE ( G90 )
P4
P3
P2
ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES
P1
70
50
15
25
20
P1
50
P2
50
-20
P3
70
-45
P4
70
-60
INCREMENTAL ( G91 )
P4
P3
P2
INCREMENTAL CO-ORDINATES
P1
70
50
15
25
20
P1
25
P2
-20
P3
10
-25
P4
-15
Preparatory Functions ( G Codes)

G00
G01
G02
G03
G40
G41
G42
G20
G21
G90
G91
G98
G99
G96
G97
Rapid- Point to Point

Linear movement with specified feed rate
Clock wise circular interpolation
Counter clockwise circular interpolation
Canceling Tool Nose radius Compensation
TNRC Left
TNRC Right
Inch Programming
Metric programming
Absolute Dimension Programming
Incremental Dimension programming
Feed per min
Feed per rev
Constant cutting speed
Constant Spindle speed
Miscellaneous Functions ( M Codes)

M00
M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M07
M08
M09
M30
Program stop
Optional stop
Program End
Spindle start CW rotation
Spindle start CCW rotation
Spindle stop
Coolant ON (Low pressure)
Coolant ON (High pressure)
Coolant OFF
Programme end & Rewind
FORMAT FOR G00,G01,G02,G03

G00 RAPID TRAVERSE
N ___ G00 X ___ Z ___ ;
G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION
N ___ G01 X ___ Z ___ F ___ ;
FORMAT FOR G00,G01,G02,G03

G02 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CLOCKWISE
N ___ G02 X ___ Z ___ R___ F__;
G03 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CCW
N ___ G03 X ___ Z ___ R ___ F__;
Exercise 1 Tool Path Movement

30
P5
P4
40
30
20
P0
20
P3
-Z
+X
10
10
P2
P1
10
20
30
-X
+Z
10
20
30
40
Sl No
Code
X Axis
Z Axis
Feed

+X
40
+Z
-Z
20
-X
Sl No
Code
X Axis
Z Axis
Feed
PRINCIPLE OF POSITION CONTROL
G91 G01 X60 F30 ;

If 1 Pulse generated moves axis by 1 micron ( Example )
Then 60000 Pulses in 2 Mins for X Axis Motor
MACHINE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
+X
Tool Zero
Z Ref. Point
Spindle
Zero offset
L1
L2
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
L1- Tool Offset in X Axis

L2- Tool Offset in Z-Axis

Turret head
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tool Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Spindle
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
Zero offset
L1
L2
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock

+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock

+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock

+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock

+X
Spindle
Zero offset
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock

REFERENCE POINT
+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display value
ACTUAL POSITION X-000.000
Z-000.000
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
X- Axis not referred
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
Reference Point Reached in X-Axis
X 300.000
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
Z- Axis Not Referred
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Z Ref. Point
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
Reference Point Reached in Z- Axis
Z 450.000
REFERENCE POINT
+X
Z Ref. Point
Spindle
X Ref. Point
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
Computer display
ACTUAL POSITION X 300.000
Z 450.000
CALCULATION OF ZERO OFFSET

+X
Tool Zero
Spindle
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
CALCULATION OF ZERO OFFSET

+X
Spindle
Computer Display
X = 45.050
Z = 130.056

Zero offset
+Z
-Z
-X
Machine Zero
Work Zero
Tail Stock
Zero Offset = Display value in Z Axis = 130.056mm
Entry of Zero offset
Setting Data Zero Offset

1.
2.
(G55)
3.
(G56)
4.
(G57)
0.000
130.056
(G54)
CALCULATION OF TOOL OFFSETS (L2)
+X
Spindle
X = 45.050
Z = 150.056
Zero offset
Computer Display
L2
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Tail Stock
Machine Zero
Tool offset in Z Axis (L2) = Computer display value Zero offset
=150.056 130.056 =20mm
Entry of Tool Offsets

Actual Tool offset No. D
D 01 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tool Number
Type
L1 Geometry
L2 Geometry
Diameter/Radius
L1 Wear
L2 Wear
Diameter/Radius
L1 Base
L2 Base
01
03
00.000
20.000
0.8
CALCULATION OF TOOL OFFSETS (L1)
+X
Computer Display
X = 84.086
Z = 138.056
Spindle
L1
Dia = 50mm
-Z
+Z
Work Zero
-X
Tail Stock
Machine Zero
Tool offset in X Axis (L1) = (Display value Diameter of job)/2
=(84.086 50)/2 =17.043mm
Entry of Tool Offsets

Actual Tool offset No. D
D 01 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tool Number
Type
L1 Geometry
L2 Geometry
Diameter/Radius
L1 Wear
L2 Wear
Diameter/Radius
L1 Base
L2 Base
01
03
17.043
20.000
0.8
CALCULATION OF ZERO OFFSET USING KNOWN TOOL

+X
Computer Display
Spindle
Zero offset
X = 45.050
Z = 175.254
L2
+Z
-Z
Work Zero
-X
Machine Zero
Tail Stock
L2(Known) =20mm
Zero offset = Computer display value L2 Value(Known)

=175.254 20 = 155.254mm
Entry of Zero offset
Setting Data Zero Offset

1.
0.000
130.056
(G54)
2.
0.000
155.254
(G55)
3.
(G56)
4.
(G57)
PART PROGRAMMING FOR LATHE OPERATION

O5324
N5
G54 ; (Select Zero Offset No)
N10
N15
N20
N25
N30
N35
N40
N45
N50
N55
G90 G21 ; (Absolute & Metric System)

T1 D1 ; (Tool No 1,Tool Offset Page No 1)
M03 S1500 ; (Spindle On CW,1500RPM)
M07 ; (Coolant On)
G00 X0 Z3 ; (Rapid Positioning)
G01 X0 Z0 F0.2 ; (Linear Interpolation)
G01 X20 Z0 ;
G01 X20 Z-10 ;
G02 X40 Z-20 R10 F0.15 ; (Circular Interpolation CW)
G01 X40 Z-30 F0.2 ;
N60 G01 X80 Z-40 ;

N65
N70
N75
N80
G01 X80 Z-50 ;

G01 X85 ;
G00 X100 Z100 ;
M05 ; (Spindle Stop)
N85 M09 ; (Coolant Off)

N90 M30 ; (Programme End and Rewind)

O3712
N5
G56 ; (Select Zero Offset No)
N10
N15
N20
N25
N30
N35
N40
N45
N50
N55
G90 G21 ; (Absolute & Metric System)

T2 D2 ; (Tool No 2,Tool Offset Page No 2)
M03 S1500 ; (Spindle On CW,1500RPM)
M07 ; (Coolant On)
G00 X0 Z3 ; (Rapid Positioning)
G01 X0 Z0 F0.2 ; (Linear Interpolation)
G03 X20 Z-10 R10 F0.15 ; (Circular Interpolation CCW)
G01 X20 Z-25 F0.2 ;
G02 X44 Z-37 R12 F0.15 ; (Circular Interpolation CW)
G01 X44 Z-45 F0.2 ;
N60 G01 X50 Z-50 ;

N65
N70
N75
N80
G01 X50 Z-60 ;

G01 X55 ;
G00 X100 Z100 ;
M05 ; (Spindle Stop)
N85 M09 ; (Coolant Off)

N90 M30 ; (Programme End and Rewind)
Need for Canned cycle
PROGRAMMING USING CANNED CYCLE IN

TURNING CENTRE
Uses of Canned cycle :
To Shorten the Programme

Operator easy to understand
Memory size reduced
PROGRAMMING USING CANNED CYCLE IN

TURNING CENTRE
G71 Rough Turning Cycle

G70 Finish Turning Cycle
G72 Facing Cycle
G74 Peck Drilling Cycle
G75 Grooving Cycle
G76 Threading cycle
G71 & G70 STOCK REMOVAL TURNING CYCLE
G71 G code for Rough turning cycle

G71 U__ R ___
G71 P ___ Q ___ U ___ W ___ F ___
U Depth of cut (incremental).
R Cut release amount (retraction amount).
P Starting block number of the contour.
Q End block number of the contour.
U Finishing allowance in X axis (incremental).
W Finishing allowance in Z axis.(incremental).
F Feed rate for roughing cycle.
G70 FINISHING CYCLE.

G70 P ___ Q ___ F ___
P Starting block number of the contour.
Q End block number of the contour.
F Feed rate for finishing cycle.
G71 STOCK REMOVAL TURNING CYCLE

O1234
N 1 G21 G98 ; ( Input in mm, Feed mm/ min )
N 2 G28 U0 W0 ; ( Return to reference point )
N 3 M03 S1200 ; ( Spindle on clockwise,1200rpm )
N 4 M06 T0101 ; ( Tool change,Tool No 1 )
N 5 G00 X 22 Z2 M07 ; ( Rapid positioning & Coolant On )
N 6 G71 U0.5 R1 ; (Rough Turning Cycle )
N 7 G71 P8 Q14 U0.2 W0.2 F80 ; (Rough Turning Cycle )
N 8 G01 X6 ; ( Linear interpolation )
N 9 G01 Z0 ;
N10 G01 X10 Z-10 ;
N11 G02 X20 Z-15 R5 ; ( CW Circular interpolation)
N12 G01 Z-35 ;
N13 G03 X40 Z-45 R10 ; ( CCW Circular Interpolation )
N14 G01 Z-65 ;
N15 G28 U0 W0 ; ( Return to reference point )
N16 M06 T0202 ; ( Tool change ,Tool No 2 )
N17 M03 S1500 ;
N18 G00 X8 Z2 ;
N19 G70 P8 Q14 F60 ; ( Finish Turning Cycle )
N20 G28 U0 W0 ;
N21 M09;
N22 M05;
N23 M30;
Tool Nose Radius Compensation
Tool contact point for Z Axis
Tool tip point
z
Imaginary point
Responding to
program path
Tool contact point for X Axis
Tool Nose Radius
Shortage of Cut
Excess Material Removal
G42 TNRC RIGHT
G41 TNRC RIGHT

O1234
N 3 M03 S1200 ; ( Spindle on clockwise,1200rpm )
N 5 G00 X 22 Z2 ; ( Rapid positioning )
N 9 G01 Z0 ;
N10 G01 X10 Z-10 ;
N11 G02 X20 Z-15 R5 ; ( CW Circular interpolation)
N12 G01 Z-35 ;
N13 G03 X40 Z-45 R10 ; ( CCW Circular Interpolation )
N14 G01 Z-65 ;
N15 G28 U0 W0 ; ( Return to reference point )
N16 M06 T0202 ; ; ( Tool change ,Tool No 2 )
N17 M03 S1500 ;
N18 G00 X8 Z2 ;
N19 G70 P8 Q14 F60 ; ( Finish Turning Cycle )
N20 G28 U0 W0 ;
N21 M09;
N22 M05;
N23 M30;

O1234
N 15 G96 S200 ; ( Constant cutting speed 200m/min )
N 20 G92 S2500 ; ( Maximum Spindle speed2500 rpm )
N 30 G42 ; ( Tool Nose radius compensation Right )
N 35 G00 X 22 Z2 ; ( Rapid positioning )
N 55 G01 Z0 ;
N 60 G01 X10 Z-10 ;
N 65 G02 X20 Z-15 R5 ; ( CW Circular interpolation)
N 70 G01 Z-35 ;
N 75 G03 X40 Z-45 R10 ; ( CCW Circular Interpolation )
N 80 G01 Z-65 ;
N 90 M06 T0202 ; ( Tool change ,Tool No 2 )
N 95 M03 S1500 ;
N100 G00 X8 Z2 ;
N 105 G70 P8 Q14 F60 ; ( Finish Turning Cycle )
N 110 G28 U0 W0 ;
N 115 M09;
N 120 M05;
N 125 M30;
G75 GROOVING CYCLE
G75 R___
G75 X___ Z___ P___Q ___ F ___
G75 G Code for Grooving cycle
R Retraction Amount in mm
X X axis End Point
Z Z axis End Point
P Peck Increment in each cut in x
axis (microns)
Q Axis Stepping Distance in Z axis
(microns)
O1234
N 3 M03 S400 ; ( Spindle on clockwise, 400rpm )
N 5 G00 X 34 Z-17 M07 ; ( Rapid positioning )
N 6 G75 R1 ;
N 7 G75 X 28 Z -20 P 200 Q 1000 ;
N 9 M09;
N10 M05;
N11 M30;
G76 THREADING CYCLE.

M20 X 2
30
G76 P _ _
__
__ Q__ R__
x
x
G76 X ___ Z ___ P ___ Q ___ F ___

G76 G code for thread cutting cycle.
P
_ _ No of Finish Pass (2 digit )
_ _ Exit Angle
_ _ Thread angle
Q _ _ Depth of cut in each pass (microns).
R _ _ Finishing cut Allowance (microns)
G76 - G code for thread cutting cycle.

X Minor diameter (mm)
Z - Thread length (mm)
P - Height of thread (total depth of cut in microns)
(0.6312 x pitch)
Q - Depth of cut. In first pass (microns)
F - Thread lead (Pitch)
03 15
G 76 P ___
___ ___
60 Q 500
___ R ___
0.2
1262 Q _____
1000 F ___
3
17.475 Z ___
-30 P ______
G 76 X ______
0.6312 x 2 = 1.2624 Height of Thread in mm

20 (1.2624 x 2) = 17.4752 Minor Dia in mm
1.2624 x 1000 = 1262 microns (P)
G74 Peck Drilling Cycle
50
G74 R ___
G74 X ___ Z ___ P ___ Q ___F ___
G74 G code for peck drilling cycle.

R Retract distance (mm).
G74 G code for peck drilling cycle.
X Axis dimension (absolute - mm)
Z Total drilling depth (absolute - mm)
P Movement amount in X direction
(if necessary for face grooving microns)
Q Peck Increment in Z Axis - microns
F Feed rate.
1
G74 R__
0 Z__
10000 F ___
-50 Q ______
50
G74 X__
10
20
10
6
2
46
R8
30
R8
M10 x1
5
3
40
50
40
30
M20 x2
2 x2
R6
Types of Milling Machines

Vertical
Horizontal
IDENTIFICATION OF AXES IN CNC MILLING
+Z
+X
IDENTIFICATION OF AXES IN CNC MILLING
+Y
+X
Types of Machining Centres

VMC
HMC
TOOL LENGTH OFFSET
Computer
Computer Display
Display
X
X ==
Y
Y ==
Z
Z ==
TOOL ZERO
95.050
95.050
25.000
25.000
33.000
93.000
TOOL ZERO
+Z
TO
TABLE
DP
+X
MACHINE ZERO
TOOL LENGTH OFFSET (TO) = DISPLAY VALUE (D P)
= 33.000 mm
TOOL LENGTH OFFSET = 33 mm
ZERO OFFSET IN X-AXIS
ZO
DP
Computer Display
X = 30.050
Y = 50.365
Z = 5.056
CR
+Y
TABLE
WORK
+X
MACHINE ZERO
WORK ZERO
TOOL ZERO
ZERO OFFSET IN X-AXIS(Z O) =DISPLAY VALUE(D P) + CUTTER RADIUS(C R)

= 30.050 + 15.000 = 45.050 mm
CUTTER DIA = 30 mm
ZERO OFFSET IN Y-AXIS
Computer Display
X = 95.050
Y = 25.000
Z = 5.056
+Y
TABLE
WORK
CR
DP
ZO
+X
MACHINE ZERO
WORK ZERO
TOOL ZERO
ZERO OFFSET IN Y-AXIS(Z O) =DISPLAY VALUE(D P) + CUTTER RADIUS(C R)

= 25.000 + 15.000 = 40.000 mm
CUTTER DIA = 30 mm
ZERO OFFSET IN Z-AXIS
Computer Display
X = 95.050
Y = 25.000
Z = 45.000
TOOL ZERO
+Z
TO
DP
WORK ZERO
WORK
TABLE
ZO
+X
MACHINE ZERO
ZERO OFFSET IN Z -AXIS (Z O) = DISPLAY VALUE (D P) TOOL OFFSET (T O)

= 45.000 - 33.000 = 12.000 mm
= Thickness of workpiece.
TOOL OFFSET = 33 mm
ABSOLUTE
INCREMENTAL
(G90)
P3
P2
P1
P4
P3
P5
P2
(G91)
P4
P5
P1
3
5
40
3
0
ABSOLUTE
(G90)
INCREMENTAL
3
5
40
3
0
(G91)
ABSOLUTE ( G90 )
ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES
Y
P3
P1
P4
P2
P5
3
5
40
X
P1
P2
P3
25
P4
35
25
P5
35
P2
P1
Y
INCREMENTAL
P3
(G91)
P1
P2
P3
20
P4
30
P5
-20
P2
-30
P1
-5
-5
P4
P2
P5
P1
5
INCREMENTAL COORDINATES
30
10
40
G00
G00
G00
X0
X10
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
G01
X10
30
G00
Z5
G00
X0
10
10
Y0
Y10
Y0
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
CNC MILLING
PART PROGRAM : %5678

G00
G00
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
X0
X10
Y0
Y10
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
G00
X0
Y0
G00
X10
Y10
G00
Z5
G01
G01
Z-5
Y50
F0.05
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
G00
X0
Y0
G00
X10
Y10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y50
G01
X60
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
G00
X0
Y0
G00
X10
Y10
G00
Z5
G01
G01
Z-5
Y50
G01
X60
G01
Y10
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
40
10
G00
G00
X0
X10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
G01
Y50
X60
G01
Y10
G01
X10
Y0
Y10
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
G00
G00
X0
X10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y50
40 G01
X60
G01
Y10
G01
G00
G00
X10
Z5
X0
10
10
10
Y0
Y10
Y0
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
50
10
10
G00
X0
Y0
G00
X10
Y10
G00
G01
G01
Z5
Z-5
Y50
G01
40
G01
G01
10 G00
G00
M30
X60
Y10
X10
Z5
X0 Y0
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
CNC MILLING

WITHOUT CRC-G40
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
X0
Y0
G00
G00
G01
X10
Z5
Z-5
Y10
30 G01
G01
G01
10 G01
Y40
X50
Y10
X10
Z5
X0
10
10
G00
G00
M30
Y0
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G00
10
10
30
10
X0
G41
Y0
X10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
Y0
X10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
10
10
10
Y0
X10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
10
10
Y0
X10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
G01
X10
10
10
10
Y0
X10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
10
10
Y0
X10
G01
X10
G00
Z5
G00 G40 X0 Y0
Z100
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: LEFT - G41
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
G01
X0
G41
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
10
10
Y0
X10
G01
X10
G00
Z5
G00 G40 X0 Y0
M30
Y10
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42
X10
Y10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42 X10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
10
30
10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42 X10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
10
10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42 X10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42 X10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
G01
X10
10
10
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
G00
X0
Y0
G01
G42 X10
PROGRAM
10
40
10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
10
10
G01
X10
G00
Z5
G00 G40 X0
Z100
Y0
Y10
CNC MILLING

CRC: RIGHT - G42
PROGRAM
10
40
G00
X0
G01
G00
G01
G42
Z5
Z-5
G01
Y40
30 G01
X50
G01
Y10
G01
X10
G00
Z5
10
10
10
G00 G40
M30
Y0
X0
X10
Y0
Y10
Z100
CNC MILLING
PROGRAM
10 10
20
10 10
10
10
10
10
10
11
CNC MILLING
G00
X0
G00
X10 Y10
G00
Z5
G01
Z-5
G01
Y30
10
G02
X20
10
G01
X40
G03
X50
G01
Y20
G01
X40
G01
X10
G00
Z5
G00
X0
PROGRAM
10 10
20
10 10
10
10
10
M30
Y0
Y40
B10
Y30
B10
Y10
Y0
Z100
10
40
10
N
C
10
D
30
R
I
L
10
L
I
N
10
CNC-DRILLING
10
40
PART PROGRAM
10
10
30
10
10
N5
G90
G71
N10
N15
N20
N25
N30
N35
N40
N45
N50
N55
N60
N65
N70
N75
N80
N85
T0505
M03 S600
G00 X10 Y10 Z5
G01 Z-15 F0.03
G00 Z5
G00 Y40
G01 Z-15
G00 Z5
G00 X50
G01 Z-15
G00 Z5
G00 Y10
G01 Z-15
G00 Z5
G00 X0 Y0 Z100
M30
G81 Canned drilling cycle
G43 H1 Tool length offset given in No 1

G80
-- Cancel canned cycle
G170 ,G171 CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING

90
75
48
G170 R0 P0 Q3 X0 Y0 Z-6 I0 J0 K-24

G171 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200
G171
G170
R = Z Position of tool to start cycle ( Surface of the job )
P = When P is Zero ( 0 ) the cycle is roughing cycle
Q = Peck Increment ( In above program 2 pecks of
each 3 mm )
X = Pocket center in X- Axis ( 0 )
Y = Pocket center in Y Axis ( 0 )
Z = Pocket base from job surface ( -6mm )
I = Side finish allowance ( 0 -as this is a roughing cycle.)
J = Base finish allowance
K = Radius of the Pocket ( -24 ) ( Negative value indicates
cut in CCW direction )
P = Cutter Width percentage ( 75 % )

S = Roughing spindle speed ( 3000 )
R = Rough feed in Z- Axis ( 75 )
F = Rough feed in X & Y Axis ( 250 )
B = Finishing spindle speed ( 3500 Not applicable
for only rough cycle )
J = Finishing feed ( 200- NA for rough cycle )
25 % Overlap of cutter
Hence P=75
CNC MILLING PROGRAM - EXERCISE
CNC MILLING PROGRAM - EXERCISE
60
Dia 6mm hole
80
100
80
TYPES OF GRINDING
1. Cylindrical Grinding ( External grinding )
2. Bore Grinding ( Internal grinding )
3. Center less Grinding
4. Surface Grinding
5. Gear Grinding
Cylindrical Grinding ( External grinding )

Process of grinding external surface of cylindrical objects
External Grinder AWH
Neppei Toyoma Corporation JAPAN
Lay shaft OD grinding operation
Bore Grinding ( Internal grinding )

Process of grinding internal diameter of Bore


Center less Grinding

Process of grinding cylindrical objects with out center


Surface Grinding
Process of grinding flat surface of an object
Gear Grinding
Process of grinding Gear teeth
PMT INTERNAL GRINDING MACHINE
DIAMOND TOUCH VALUE FOR BORE GRINDING WHEEL
0200(BORE WHEEL DIA T.V. PRG.)

M79A3X0T0120
M79A2Z0T0120
G98G0U-1
M30
DIAMOND TOUCH VALUE FOR FRONT FACE GRINDING WHEEL
:0201(F. FACE WHEEL DIA T.V.PRG)

M79A3X0.0T0121
M79A2Z0T0121
M80A3T0121
G28W0.0
T0100
M30
DIAMOND TOUCH VALUE FOR BACK FACE GRINDING WHEEL

:0202(BACK FACE WHEEL DIA T.V PRG )
M79A3X0.0T0122
M79A2Z0T0122
G65P9128A3T0122
G0W-2
G0U45
G28W0.0
M30
BORE GRINDING WHEEL DRESSING OPERATION
FRONT FACE GRINDING WHEEL DRESSING OPERATION
BACK FACE GRINDING WHEEL DRESSING OPERATION
COMPONENT BORE TOUCH VALUE
:0300(COMPONENT BORE T.V.PRG.)

M79A3X#2406T0102
M79A2Z0.0T0102
G98G0U-0.5
T0100
T0102
G98G0Z50.0
M30
COMPONENT FRONT FACE TOUCH VALUE
:0301(JOB F.FACE.T.V.PRG )
M79A3X0T0106
M79A2Z0T0106
G28W0.0
M30
COMPONENT BORE TOUCH VALUE FOR BACK FACE WHEEL
:0302(COMP BORE T.V.PRG FOR BACK FACE

#507=#2409-#2406
#2828=#507
M79A3X#507T0110
G0U0.5
T0110
M30
COMPONENT BACK FACE TOUCH VALUE
:0303(COMPONENT BACK FACE T.V.PRG.)

M79A2Z0.0T0110
T0110
G98G0W-1
G98G00X#2828
G28W0.0
M30
Parameter input program for PMT Internal Grinder

:2000(PARAMETER INPUT PRG X1602811)
M80 A53.7 B29 C66 I30 J70 H45 V7 F1 W35 Y12 Q2811 S30000
M30
M80
A53.7
B29.00
C66
J70
H45
I30
W35
Q2811
S30000
F1
= Parameter Input
= Raw Dia Size (mm.)
= Bore length Size (mm.)
= Front face Dia Size (mm.)
= Back face Dia Size (mm.)
= Wheel dia after clean dressing (mm.) stored in p code variable 510
= Wheel Length (mm.)
= Wheel worn-out dia( Quill size+0.5mm. or Counterbore dia+2.0 mm.)
= Programme No.
= Spindle max RPM stored in pcode variable #509
= 1 For FIG 150, FIGE 2X2
= 0 For FIGE 150
V7
= Counter bore depth-SCREW THICKNESS (mm.)
Y12
= Counter bore depth (mm.) of wheel 2 or Spindle 2
(Applicable only if there is counter bore at wheel face of wheel2)
PMT INTERNAL GRINDING MACHINE
BORE GRINDING OPERATION
FRONT FACE GRINDING OPERATION
BACK FACE GRINDING OPERATION
Safety Precautions , Dos & Donts in

CNC Machine
You must understand the machine youll be

working with!
FANUC
10T
O
X
I
F
M
X00.0000
Z00.0000
POWER
ON
OFF
N
Y
J
D
S]
V
PAGE
G
Z
K
H
T
P
Q
R
L
EOB)
A
B
C
#
/
8 9
5 6
2 3
0
=
7
4
1
+
Sp
RESET
START
CALC
CAN
INPUT
CURSOR
NC/PC
SHIFT
AUX
Concept #1 Look at the machine from a

programmers viewpoint
CYCLE
START
FEED
HOLD
MDI
JOG
AUTO
ON
HANDLE
OFF
DRY
RUN
ZERO
EDIT
MODE RETURN
100%
OFF
0%
X-
EMERGENCY
STOP
ON
OFF
SPINDLE
X1
Z
X10
X100
9 10 11
12
5
4
3
SLOW
FAST
TURRET INDEX
100%
100%
0%
RAPID
OVERRIDE
BLOCK
DELETE
ORIGIN
ON
MEMORY
PROTECT
200%
FEEDRATE
OVERRIDE
JOYSTICK
OPTIONAL
STOP
100%
10%
Z+
Z-
MACHINE
LOCK
50%
25%
X+
SINGLE
BLOCK
130%
0%
130%
OD
ID
AXIS LOAD
SPINDLE LOAD
CLAMP
DIRECTION
Concept #2 Look at the machine from an

operators viewpoint
CHUCK
TAILSTOCK

CNC TRG

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Welcome

CNC Computer Numerical Control

Numerical Control (NC) Machine

The control of a machine tool by means of a

CNC Computer Numerical Controls

A computer is dedicated to control the

HOW BIG IT WAS !

INDIAN CNC M/C TOOL MANUFG

OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

SEMI CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

FEED BACK SIGNALS

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

FEED BACK SIGNALS

Types of Control System based on Tool Path Movement

Point To Point Control System

Straight Line Control System

Continuous Path or Contouring Control System

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

CRT or LCD DISPLAY (MONITOR)

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

All the conventional m/cs are driven by induction motor

Induction motor can be driven with specified speed only

So to change the speed

Through gear box also we can get

It is Greek word meaning Servant

A Servo motor in a CNC m/c is driven

No gear box is needed to change speed & feed

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

RECIRCULATING BALL LEAD SCREW

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A LEAD SCREW

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A LEAD SCREW

LEAD SCREW IN CONVENTIONAL MACHINE (ACME THREAD)

An additional amount of rotation is required to cover the free

RECIRCULATING BALL LEAD SCREW

Semi Circular Arc

Ball screws are highly efficient because there is no backlash

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

Sliding friction guide ways in Conventional Machines

LM guide ways are used in CNC m/cs to move

SPECIAL FEATURES OF CNC

3. For accurate position control optical encoders are used.

Velocity (Rotary) Encoder

A Rotary Encoder consists of a disk on which there are a number of

Transverse motion (Linear) Encoders

These measure the position of the slide directly

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

Advantages of CNC machines

Accuracy and repeatability is very high

D =Diameter of the job

FOR DIA 35mm CS = 22/7x35x1000

FOR DIA 70mm CS = 22/7x70x1000

AXIS IN CNC LATHE

X AXIS CROSS SECTIONAL AXIS (Controls Diameter)

CO-ORDINATE OF POINTS IN CNC LATHE

N _ G00 X _ Z ___ ;

N _ G01 X _ Z _ F _ ;

N _ G02 X _ Z _ R_ F__;

N _ G03 X _ Z _ R _ F__;