IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol. 4, No.

1, January 1989

586

A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE SECONDARY ARC IN SINGLE PHASE OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES
by
Saul Goldberg, Member, IEEE
William F . Horton, Senior Member, IEEE
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
Demetrios Tziouvaras, Member, IEEE
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
San Francisco, California

Abatract
The secondary arc phenomenon associated with
single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
in transmission lines has been modeled by A.
T. Johns, eta1 161.
Johns mathematical
model, based on empirical data, represents
the arc conduction characteristics and also
the arc withstand voltage characteristic.
This paper describes a computer model
developed from Johns mathematical model.
The computer model utilizes the widely used
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
Block diagrams of the computer model as well
as a listing are provided.
Simulation
results utilizing the computer model compare
favorably with a previous simulation and
field test results.
Introduction
Single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
have been adopted by a number of utilities
to clear single phase faults from three
phase high voltage overhead transmission
A critical aspect of SPAR
lines [1,2,31.
operation is the extinction of the secondary
arc since the secondary arc must extinguish
before successful reclosure can occur. The
extinction time depends on a number of
factors including primary
arc current,
interphase coupling, system voltage and
[4,51.
For
atmospheric
conditions
simulation purposes it is quite useful to
have a computer model of the secondary arc
phenomenon.
Such a model allows users to
carry out realistic computer studies of
various SPAR procedures.
This paper describes a computer model of the
secondary arc which has been developed for
use in system simulation studies.
The
computer model is based on the mathematical
model described by Johns et a1 [ 6 , 7 ] .
Johns
mathematical
model
is
largely
empirical and was obtained by
fitting
mathematical equations to experimental data.
It is the most realistic mathematical model
of the secondary arc known to the authors.

88 WM 073-9
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1988 Winter Meeting, New York,
New York, January 31 February 5, 1988. Manuscript
submitted August 20, 1987; made available for printing
November 6, 1987.

The particular contribution made by this

paper is the development of a secondary arc
computer model using the widely applied
Electromagnetics Transients Program (EMTP)
[8J.
EMTP is a powerful computer program
and its wide use gives the arc model
immediate utility. The paper describes the
mathematical model (Johns), the computer
model
(EMTP)
and
simulation
results.
Simulation results are compared with the
results from another simulation and with
results from field tests.
The Hathematical Model
There
are
two
characteristics
to
be
considered in the model of the secondary
arc.
The arc conduction characteristic
applies when the arc is conducting current.
Conduction occurs when the magnitude of the
voltage across the arc exceeds the arc withstand voltage.
The second characteristic,
the arc withstand voltage characteristic,
applies when the arc is not conducting.
k c Conducstion -act
eriatic.
The volt ampere characteristics of
model are described in [SI. Over a
arc currents from 1 to 55 amps
cyclogram of Figure 1 applies. The
vp is given by:
vp = 15Ip-.

the arc
range of
the arc
value of

vol ts/ cm ,

where Ip is the peak value of secondary arc

current, assuming zero arc resistance. The
model is hysteretic and the equivalent
resistances of the ascending and descending
paths are functions of arc length and thus
time varying.
This model of the conducting arc is somewhat
more realistic than the simpler model in
which the arc voltage gradient has the value
vp for all values of arc current. However
the simpler version is often used [ I ] .

For the computer simulation reported here, a

model between the two versions has been
programmed. This model is shown in Figure
2.
On this cyclogram, which is not
hysteretic, the path from the origin to vp
depends on time from initiation of the
secondary arc (RUNTIM).
In Figure 2 , the
path labeled (a) is for RUNTIM = 250
milliseconds and the path labeled (b) is for
RUNTIM = 1000 millisecond for a particular
value of Ip as described below.

0885-8977/89/0100-0586$01 .WO1989 IEEE

587

The Computer Model

MULTIPLES OF Ip
ARC CYCLOGRAM
FIGURE 1

The EMTP computer model of the secondary arc

is shown in block form in the arc simulation
We assume a single
diagram of Figure 3 .
phase fault on Phase A and that the phase is
subsequently isolated at a time designated
in the simulation as ISOTIM.
The switch
( 1 3 ) is normally closed and arc current is
conducted
to
ground
through
the
Arc
A 200
Conduction Circuit shown in Figure 4 .
52 resistor is put in series with the fault
and
serves
to
damp
high
frequency
oscillations. It should be noted that this
resistance is small compared to line to line
capacitive reactance at 60 Hz.

1 .o

The switch (13) is opened on each fault

current zero. The actual arc voltage (TBlA)
is compared with the computed arc withstand
voltage (VARCW) from Furrent zero forward to
the next current zero.
If lTBlAl > VARCW,
the LOGIC CIRCUIT causes the switch ( 1 3 ) to
close. The process is then repeated on the
next current zero.
However, if ITBlAl <.
VARCW, the switch (13) remains open and the
fault clears.

0 .15 .38

.4

0.1

2.0

1.0

2.0

MULTIPLES OF Ip
SIMULATION ARC CYCLOGRAM
FIGURE 2

As.,JA tbAmd-

Detailed descriptions of the functional

blocks of Figure 3 are given below.

iec

The withstand voltage of the arc is given in

I71 as:

PHASE A
DAMPING

RESISTOR

FAULT ISOLATION
SWITCH

FAULT INITIATION
SMTCH

Jvr(tr)J = [ 5 + 1620Te/(2.15+1~) I *
( t r-T e ) h ( t r-Te
kV/cm

SOURCE

SWITCHING nME

(zoon)

ISOTIM

Further, the length of the arc is given by:

VARCW

l(tr)/lo =

1
for
10tr
for

5. 0.1 second

tr

tr > 0.1 second

In these equations:
vr(tr)

ARC
CONDUCTION
CIRCUIT

withstand voltage, kV/cm

Te
=
time from initiation of
secondary arc to current zero, seconds
Is

Ip/J2

ARC SIMULATION DIAGRAM

nc.3

amps, rms

tr
=
time from initiation of
secondary arc, secs
1

for

(tr

for

(tr

- Te) <

ISOTIM

Te) > 0

h(tr)

l(tr)

length of arc, cm

10

initial length of arc, cm

-Arc .._Conductionarcu-it
-_

A realization of the Arc Conduction Circuit

is shown in Figure 4 . Here the magnitude of
the arc
conduction voltage
(TBBA) is
essentially clamped at the voltage D1.
(75*XIP-.4)*GAPLEN, RUNTIM < 100 ms
D1={

The arc withstand voltage is given by:

Varcw(tr) = Ivr(tr) l*l(tr),

(75*XIP-.4)*GAPLEN*.01*RUNT1M,
RUNTIM > 100 ms

kV.

Arc extinction occurs when the arc withstand

voltage exceeds the actual open circuit arc
voltage.

D1 is in volts.

588
whcrt.

x 1. I'

p e a k val.i.re o f s e c o n d a r y a r c
c u r r e n t ( I p assumi riq zcii-o a r c
r e s i s t a n c e i n amiss

GAPLEN

i n j . t i a l l e n g t h o f a r c i n cm

RUNTIM

T h e ARC ZRO var i a b 1 c is d ii'f e r e n 1. i a L e d t o

p r o d u c e t h e v a r i a b 1 . e LEAD.
LEAD h a s a p e a k
val11c. o f a b o u t 5 v0.Lt.s.
Four. ..-its a r c
siit)t.rac:tctf from LFXI) to product the v a r i a b l c
R A M W T . which resets a n Accumulator (ti51 i n
t h e Arc W i t h s t a n d V o l t a g e C i r c u i t .

(lo)

AJ-c Wi t l l s t a n d V o l t a g e C i r c u i t

time f r o m i r r j t i a t i o n o f
s e c o n d a r y arc: i n n i i llisecorrcis
(t,*103)

Note t h a t D Z = - D l .

T h e 5168 Q r e s i s t o r p r o v i d e s t h e p a t h s
t h e o r i g i n t o v p shown i n F i g u r e 2 .

from

T h e A r c W i t h s t a n d VCJLI.~:~. C i r c u i t c o m p u t e s
the. a r c k i t h s t a i i d v o l t a q e e a c h half cyc-1 e ,
following a n arc c u r r e n t z e r o .
T h i s is
shown i n F i g u r e 6 .
N o t e t h a t DELTAT a n d
internal
EW"
variables,
the
TIMEX a r e
time
step
and
running
time
siniujation
respectively.

The c o n t p u t a t i o n o f t h e a r c w i I hsl a n d v o l t a g e
(VARCW) i s g i v e n by:

r*

= [5+1.62*R~NTIM/(2.15t~~~~/~~)~~

VARCW

.Ol*GAPLEN*RUNTIM*RAMP
where,
RAMP

= Time From L a s t C u r r e n t Zero I n

Milliseconds

= ( t r - Te)*1O3
computed v a l u e of
HUNTIM i s z e r o .
r ) f o r t r < 0.1
given above, for
p a s s e d on t o t h e
L o g i c C i r c u i t a', e x ~ ~ l a t n e tble l o w .

I t can

0-1 1

be

seen

that

the

VARCW s t a r t s a t z e r o when
VARCk i s l e s s t h a n V a r c ( t
srcorid but e c ~ u a l sV r
( i I' 1 ,
t r > 0.1 second.
VARCW i s

ARC CONDUCTION CIRCUIT

FIG. 4
VARCI

.4rc Z e r o C i r c u i t
-----?-I

5 . t t i i a r c c u r r e n t (Tk324)
is s c a J e d by t h e f a c t o r ( 1 0 0 / I , , ) t o p r o d u c e
A H C I A , a v a r i a b l c whickj is t h e n t r u n c a t e d .
E a c h t i m e t h e t r u n c a t e d v a r i a b l e A R C l T goes
t h r o u g h h e r o , the I F c i rrii i t ( 60 1 p r o d w c s
a n outj'ut o f t 1 . T h i s o u t p u t (ARCZRO) i s a n
As
i n d i c a t i o n o f a zero o f t h e arc c u r r e n t .
a r e s u l t of t h e s c a l i n g t h i s v a l u e o f arc
LCPU is accurate t o a b o u t 0 . 0 1 r a d i a n o r 0.6
degrees.

As shown i n F i q i r r e

OPERATED
S W T

0. ISOTIM(TIMEX
INPUT. ISDTIU>TIMEX

ISDllM
nMEX
ARC MTHSTAND MLTAGE URCUIT
FIG 6

L G ~ I CC i r c u i t
7,
The
Logic
Circuit,
shown
in
Figure
p r o \ l d e s t h e s i g n a l (SWDRV) t o open t h e
In addition
s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) on e a c h h a l f c y c l e .
i t m a k e s t h e c o m p a r i s o r i b e t w e e n VARCW arid
t h e arc v o l t a g e .
the absolutc
v a l u e of
ABS(TB1A). I f
DVARC

-= \'ARCW - ABS(TB1A)

TACS TRANSFER
RAMRST

= LEAD

,001s

.ooozs +

ARC ZERO CIRCUIT

FIG. 5

i s n e g a t j v e , SWDRV = + 1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 )
is r e c l o s e d .
IS
DVARC

> 0,

t h e n SWDH\: = -1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) i s h e l d
open.

589

EMTP simulation
Figure 8 .

of

the

system

shown

in

In
this
simulation,
fault
initiation
occurred 2 0 milliseconds into the simulation
and fault isolation (ISOTIM) occurred 50
milliseconds into the simulation.
DELTAT
was selected to be 0 . 0 5 milliseconds, a
compromise between computation time and
accuracy.

DVARC

ARC ZRO

LCUC CIRCUIT
FIG. 7

Application of the Computer Model

The computer model of the secondary arc was
utilized to represent a secondary arc in an
FAULT INIPAPON

FAULT

IsounoN

UUN

Y
SECONDARY

URCUA M I L E 3 94

SYSTEM IMPEDANCES AT Y N J N

z,

msin

b- ~ 0 4 . 3 0 ~ 1

100

In

-G4
z

a
a
=I
U
U

-100

The simulation was executed using a DEC VAX

11/750 computer, requiring approximately 5
minutes of CPU time for each run. An IBM AT
compatible computer was used as a smart
terminal for these simulation runs utilizing
VTlOO
and
Tektronix
Graphics
Terminal
emulation software.
System simulation results are shown in
Figures 9 and 10. Extinction time is seen to
be 16.0 cycles.
Extinction times are
measured from ISOTIM to the time at which
the secondary arc current becomes zero.

M W V LINE

ROUND
MOUNTAIN

The simulation of the system of Figcie 8

utilizes a 4 section PI model of the
transmission line. A preliminary simuldtion
with a bolted single phase fault yielded a
value for I p of 35 amperes. The simulation
program, including the arc model program, is
listed in Appendix A.

The wave forms are quite similar to those

reported by Johns and Ritchie in Reference
171. A figure from [7] is shown as Figure
11 of this paper. Plots of arc current and
arc voltage versus time from Figure 11 may
be compared with those of Figures 9 and 10.
It should be noted that the wave forms of
Figure 11 begin at the initiation of the
secondary arc (ISOTIM).

80,000

2
d>

z
W

5g
3
U

F i g u r e 10:

Arc Voltage Versus Time i n Seconds

-80,000

Comparison of S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s W i t h S t a g e d
Tests
I n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 , PGandE: s t a g e d a number o f
arc
tests
on
the
Malin-Round
secondary
The t e s t r e s u l t s
M o u n t a i n # 2 , 500 kV L i n e .
a r e g i v e n i n R e f e r e n c e 191.
A comparison
w i t h t h e s i m u l . a t i o n r e s u l t s m u s t b e made
with caution s i n c e t h e e f f e c t of primary
f a u l t current is not represented i n these
tests.
Of t h e 2 0 t e s t s r e p o r t e d i.n 1 9 1 , t e s t s 12-18
are a p p l i c a b l e
for
comparison
since
for
t h e s e t e s t s s e r i e s c a p a c i t o r s were by p a s s e d
taken off
line.
and l i n e
r e a c t o r s were
Osc:illograms f o r t e s t s 13-17 are a c t u a l l y
shown i n f 9 1 .
A comparison of

t h e wave f o r m s o f s e c o n d a r y
arc c u r r e n t s between t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s
results
shows r e a s o n a b l y close
and test
correlation.
Of t h e f i v e t e s t s ( 1 3 - 1 7 ) ,
extinction t i m e s
ranged from
5.5 to
17
cycles.
The c o m p a r a b l e s i m u l a t i o n v a l u e i s
16.0 cycles.
Discussion
T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s a n EMTP s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l
o f t h e s e c o n d a r y arc: w k t i c;h i s hased on t h e
m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f J o h n s e t a l .
The m o d e l
d i f f e r s f r o m t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model i n t . w o
d e t a i Is:

111

The f o r w a r d c o n d u c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
is
nonof
the
s i m u l a t i o n model
h y s t e r e t i c , as d i s c u s s e d e a r l - i e r .

[ZJ

The a r c
(VARCV),

current. withstand voltage

as
computed
in
the
time,
siniulation,
increases
with
s t a r t i n g a t zero when t = 1SOT1?1.
w h e r e ISOTlM is 1,hc t i m e at. w h i c h
f a u l t,
isolation
occurs.
The
for
the
arc
n i n t . h c ~ m a t i c a l model.
with>;t,and v o l t a g e
has
an
initial
value of
jvr)*lo.
I t h o l d s this
value
for
0.1
seconds
and
then
The s i m u l a t i o n
increases with t i m e .
a n d m:il,hcmatic:al
m o d e l s f o r t,he a r c
wi thstiind v o l t a g e c o i n c i d e f o r t >
ISO'I'IM t 0 . 1 s e c o n d .

The underJ y i n q r e a s o n f o r t . h e s r d i f f e r e n c e s
i s t h a t , EMTP i s a somewhat r i g i d t o o l w h i c h
a
l a c k s many o f
the useful features of
modern p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e , s u c h as FORTRAN
77.
H o w e v e r , t h e s i n i u l a t i o n model ajrpc~ars
to
represent
the
mathematical
model
adequate1.y i n a l l import.ant a s p e c t s .
Comparison
of
siniulut.ion
results
with
published
simulation
results
show
close
correlation.
I n addition a reasonably close
correlation
is
Sound
with
results
from
staged tests.
Conclusion
S i m u l . a t i o r i o f SI-TAtt proc:edures arc made morr
re a 1 i s t i c
if
the
secondary
arc
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e i n c l u d e d as part o f t h e
paiwr
dcssc-1-i b e s
a
simulation.
This
sjmulation
model
of
the
secondary
arc
u t . i l i . z i n g EM'L'P,
ii
widely
used
computer
p r o g r a m f o r power s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s .
Through
t h i s paper., t. he modc.1 b e c o m e s a v a j 1 a b I e to A
I.arge segment of t h e i n d u s t r s - .
.

-100-

8
0

-1%-

TIME I N SECONDS

. 0.2 - 0 - 3
TIME I N SECOND'S

0-1

OF FAULT ON SHORT UNCOMPENSATED L I N E

IS REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE C71

FIGURE 11: SIMULATION

T H I S FIGURE

Appendix A
LISTING OF EMTP SPAR MODEL

c
C

c
C
C
C
C
C
C

..........................................................................
* MODEL E IS THE NOMINAL MODEL
..........................................................................
* THIS MODEL DEVELOPED BY POWER SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS (805)544-2154
* 3220 FLORA STREET SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA 93401
** ON
PG&E CONTRACT 210-5-295-85
AND MODEL IS BASED ON JOHNS IEEE PAPER
RUN
2/19/87
MODEL E
* USES EMTP TACS CAPABILITY
.*. . .SIMULATION
. . . . . . . . . . .BASED
. . . . . .ON
. . . FOUR
. . . . . .SECTION
. . . . . . . .PI
. . .MODEL
.................................

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE

C
FIRST MISCELLANEOUS DATA CARD
COPT**
C **DELTAT** **TMAX** **XOPT**
0.5E-4 400.E-3 6 0 . 0
0.0
C
SECOND MISCELLANEOUS DATA CARD (PRINT EVERY Kth POINT)
C 1 IN COLUMN 64 GENERATES AUTOMATIC VAX PLOT FILE
C **IOUT** **IPLOT**
99
01
1
C
TACS SECTION OF SIMULATION
TACS HYBRID
C
EMTP VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS BROUGHT INTO TACS
C
TYPE 90 IS VOLTAGE AT TBlA (VOLTAGE ACROSS THE ARC)
C
9OTBlA
TYPE 91 IS CURRENT THRU BREAKER TBlA TO TB2A (FAULT CURRENT)
C
91TB2A
C
C
INPUT CONSTANTS FOR TACS

*****

*
*

*
**
*
*

**

*****

*****

*****
*****
*****

.......................
...........................
C ** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE XIP ........................
C ** XIP = PEAK VALUE OF FAULT CURRENT ASSUMING BOLTED.FAULT - IN AMPS *******
99XIP
= 35.0
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE GAPLEN **************
C ** GAPLEN = INITIAL ARC LENGTH - IN CENTIMETERS
99GAPLEN = 400.
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE ISOTIM
C ** ISOTIM = TIME OF ISOLATION OF FAULTED PHASE - IN SECONDS *****
G

99ISOTIM
C

= .05

.........................................................................

C
C

*****

FORTRAN STATEMENT TO SCALE ARC1

592

APPENDlX A CONTINUED
99ARCIA
= (lOO.O/XIP)*TBZA
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO TRUNCATE ARC1 (ARCT = FAULT CURRENT)
Y9ARCIT
= TRUNC(ARCIA1
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE INPUT SIGNAL DELTAT IN MILLISECS
99INPUT
= DELTAT*1000
TACS TRANSFER FUNCTION DEVICE TO GENERATE PULSE SIGNAL (DIFFERENTIATOR)
C
C
0 1LEAD
+ARCZRO
.001
0 .o
1 .0
1 .o
.0002

*****

C
C

*****

TYPE 60 INPUT IF DEVICE

99ARCZR060tZERO

+PLUS1

+ZERO

0.0

ARCIT

C *****FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE FLAG SIGNAL FOR SWITCH DRIVE

C
= ARCZRO - DVARQ
99DRVFL
C
C ***** TYPE 60 IF DEVTCE TO GENERATE SWITCH DRIVER SIGNAL
C
0.0
98SWDRV 6O+PLUS1 +PLUS1 +MINUS1
DRVFL
C
C *****RELAY OPERATED SWITCH TYPE 51
C
SWOUT IS TIME FROM PHASE ISOLATION - IN MILLISECONDS
C
99SWOUT 51tINPUT
1.0
0.0
0.0
ISOTIMTIMEX
C
C ***** TYPE 65 ACCUMULATOR AND COUNTER
C ***** RUNTIM IS TIME FROM INITIATION OF SECONDARY ARC CURRENT IN MILLISECONDS
98RUNTIMG5+SWOUT
C
FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE RESET SIGNAL FOR RAMP
C

**

*****

99RAMRST = +LEAD - 4 . 0
C ***** TYPE 65 ACCUMULATOR AND COUNTER
C
RAMP 1s TIME FROM LAST CURRENT ZERO IN MILLlSECONDS
98RAMP 65+INPUT
0.0
C
C ***** TYPE 60 IF DEVICE TO GENERATE INTERMEDIATE SlGNAL DVARQ
C
99DVARQ 6OtTWOV
+ZERO
+ZERO
0.0

*****

RAMRST

DVARC

C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE ARC WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

C
98VARCW
= (5.0 + 1.62*RUNTlM/(Z.15+ XIP/SQRT(2) ))*.Ol*GAPLEN*RUNTIM*RAMP
C
C
FORTRAN STATEMENTS TO CALCULATE VARlOUS CONSTANTS AND CONTROL SIGNALS

*****

99DVARC
= -ABS(TBlA) t VARCW
= P.O*PLUSl
99TWOV
99MINUS2 = 2.0*MINUS1
C

............................................................................

C
C

OUTPUT VARIOUS TACS SIGNALS A "1" IN COL 2 OU'PPUTS ALL TACS SIGNALS

C
1

............................................................................

C
BLANK CARD ENDING TACS OUTPUT REQUESTS

593

APPENDIX A CONTINUED
C ***** EMTP SIMULATION FOLLOWS
C **********BRANCH DATA IN EMTP SECTION OF SIMULATION

**********

****

C ****FOLLOWING IS FOUR PI SECTION MODEL OF THE TRANSMISSION LlNE

C ****SECTION 1***
1RM A BUSl A
2.421 25.145.372
1.857 10.269-.05172.421 25.145.372
2RM B BUSl B
1.857 10.269-.05171.857 10.269-.05172.421 25.145.372
3RM C BUSl C
C ***SECTION 2***
lBUSl ABUSZ ARM A BUSl A
2BUSl BBUS2 B
3BUS1 CBUS2 C
C ***SECTION 3***
lBUS2 ABUS3 ARM A BUSl A
2BUS2 BBUS3 B
3BUS2 CBUSJ C
C ***SECTION 4***
1BUS3 AMAL A RM A BUSl A
2BUS3 BMAL B
3BUS3 CMAL C
MAL A BKR 3A
.05
BKR 4AGENlA
0.0
48.04 0.0
MAL B GENlB
0.0
48.04 0.0
MAL C GENlC
0.0
48.04 0.0
RM A BKR 1A
.05
BKR 2ATBlA
200
B1A
B2A
.05
TB2A B1A
1.0
TB2A
5168.
C
6

c ............................................................................

C
BLANK CARD TERMINATING BRANCH CARDS
C
SWITCH CARDS
C ***** TIME VARYING (DlODE SWITCH) NONLINEAR RESISTOR TO CLAMP ARC VOLTAGE
llBlA
Rl
llD2
B2A
C
END OF NONLINEAR RESISTOR
C *********************ISOTIM***
BKR 3ABKR 4A -1.0
.050

*****

*****

..............................
*****

BKR lABKR 2A .02

.500
TACS OPERATED SWITCH
C
13TBlA TBZA
SWDRV
11
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SWITCH CARDS
C
SOIJRCE CARDS
THREE PHASE GENERATION LOCATED AT MALIN
C
14GENlA
428661.
60.0
0.0
0.
-1.
14GENlB
428661.
60.0
-120.
0.
-1.
14GENlC
426661.
60.
-240.
0.
-1.
C ***** BACK TO BACK DIODES SOURCE VOLTAGES FOR NONLINEAR RESISTOR SIMULATION
C
D10 =(75*XIPA-.4)*GAPLEN IN VOLTS AT ISOTIM
C
D2 = -D1 IN VOLTS
C **********NUMl****h*****
C
D10
To
D11
T1
TSTART
TSTOP

*****
*****

*****
*****
*******
c **

*************

******

13D1
t7235.
0.
t7235.
0.
t72350.
13D1
+1235.
0.
-7235.
13D2
-7235.
0.
-72350.
13D2
-7235.
C ***** END OF SOURCE DEFINITIONS
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SOURCE CARDS
NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
C
TBlA D1
BLANK CARD TERMINATING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
BLANK CARD TERMINATING THE CASE

*****

**

***

15
.90
* 15
.90

***

* 05
.15
,05
.15

15
1.05
15
1.05
e

594

References

I11

Single-Pole Switching f o r Stability and

Reliability, Panel Discussion Report,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems VOL
PWRS-1, No. 2 , May 1986.

r21

Hasibar, Legate, Brunke and Peterson,

The Application of High-speed Grounding
Switches For Single-Pole Reclosing on
500 kV Power Systems, IEEE Transactions
on Power Apparatus and Systems VOL PAS100, No. 2, April 1981.
Haun, R. K., 13 Years Experience with
Single-phase Reclosing at 345 kV, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems VOI, PAS-97, No. 2 , March/April
1978.
Kapperman,
Sweezy,
Koschik
and
Mustaphj, Staged
Fault
Tests
With
Single-phase Reclosing on the WinnipegTwin Cities 500 kV Interconnection,
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems VOL PAS-101, No. 3, March
1982.
Shperling, Fakheri, Shin and Ware,
Analysis
of Single-phase
Switching
Field Tests on the AEP 765 kV System,
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, VOL PAS-100, No. 4 , April
1981.
Johns, A. T. and Al-Rawi, A. M.
Developments in the Simulation of longdistance
single-pole-swi tched
EHV
Systems, IEE Proceedings Vol 131, Part
C , No 2 , March 1984.
Johns, A. T. and Ritchie, W.
M.,
Applications of an Improved Technique
for
Assessing
the
Performance
of
Single-Pole Reclosing Schemes, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol PAS-103, No 12, December
1984.

181

EMTP
Rule
Book,
Bonneville
Power
Administration,
Portland,
Oregon,
Revised June 1984.

191

PGandE Report, Secondary Arc Tests on

the Ma.Zin-Round Mountain #2, 500 kV
Line, October 5 and 6, 1986, Test
Report by Demetrios A. Tziouvaras.

Saul Gpldberg (M) was born in New York and

received the B.S.E.E. degree from Fairleigh
Dickinson University, and the M.E. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Florida. He
joined the faculty of the Electronic and
Electrical
Engineering
Department,
California Polytechnic State University in
1970.
He currently holds the rank of
Professor of
Electronic and Electrical
He is a principal of Power
Engineering
Systems Consultants, a consulting company.

W$Jliam . F . Korton ( S M ) was born in North

Carolina and received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees from the California Institute of
Technology and the Ph.D. degree from UCLA.
He joined the faculty of the Electronic and
Engineering
Department,
E1ect, r ica1
California Polytechnic State University in
1968.
He currently holds the rank of
Professor of Electronic and
Electrical
Engineering.
He is a principal of Power
Systems Consultants, a consulting company.

( M 1 was born in Greece

and immigrated to the U.S.A. in 1977.
He
received the B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees
from the University of New Mexico and Santa
Clara University, respectively.
He joined
Pacific Gas and Electric Company in 1980 and
is currently a Senior Protection Engineer.
He is responsible for the protection of
generators,
transformers,
HV
and
EHV
transmission lines.

J)g.?e.t;rjosJkiouvaras

Discussion

B. R. Shperling (New York Power Authority, New York, NY): A

h n d a r y arc model based on experimental results by T. E.Browne and A.
P. Strom, and further modificationsby A. T. Johns and W.M. Ritchie, was
implemented in the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) by the
authors. To validate. the model, the authors calculatedsecondary arc current
and voltage in single-phase switching operations for a line without shunt
compensation and compared their results with the calculationspublished by
A. T. Johns and W.M. Ritchie. It should be noted that there was no reason
to expect any noticeable difference between these two sets of calculations
since both of them utilized the same data base, including the arc model. The
real validation of the arc model requires adirect unnparison with field
measurements. Therefore, the authors should compare their calculations
with the secondary arc current and voltage oscillograms from the singlephase switching tests performed by the PG&E Company on a 5WkV line,
and referred to in the paper. A comparison presented in the paper between

595

the extinction times for PG&E tests (5.5 to 17 cycles) with the calculations
(16 cycles) cannot be considered convincing because of the relatively small
secondary arc currents and large statistical deviation of the field test arc
extinction times. Also, it would be useful to test the validity of the
secondary arc model for secondary arc currents greater than 50 A which
result in much longer extinction times. Finally, it i s quite important to
compare the arc model and the arc gap voltage withstand characteristics
used by the authors, with the arc and gap characteristics measured during
staged fault tests on 765-kV transmission lines. These parameters,
summarized in [l], include a full spectrum of arc characteristics, namely,
volt-ampere characteristic as a function of time, dynamic arc resistance,
secondary arc energy, as well as the arc gap withstand voltage characteristic
after the secondary arc extinction.
Reference
[l] A. J. Fakheri, et al., Single Phase Switching Tests on the AEP 765 kV

System-Extinction Time for Large Secondary Arc Currents, ZEEE

Trans., PAS-102, No. 8, 1983, pp. 2775-2783.
Manuscript received February 24, 1988.

W. F. Horton, and D. Tziouvnms: We agree with Mr.

Shperling that there is no reason to expect any noticeable difference
between our results and those published by A. T. Johns and W. M. Ritchie.
In fact our objective was to develop an Electtomagnetic Transients Program
(EMTP) model based on the Johns model of the secondary arc.
Our next objective is to utilize the EMTP secondary arc model in
conjunction with PGandEs simulation of a 500-kV transmission line. The
results of this study can then be compand with those from staged tests
performed on this line. We expect to publish our results in a later paper.
We thank Mr. Shperliig for his comments and his suggestions with
regard to the Fakheri paper.
Manuscript received April 6, 1988.
S. Goldberg,