572

IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-l00, No. 2, February 1981
EFFECTS OF FAULTS AND SHUNT REACTOR PARAMETERS ON PARALLEL RESONANCE

E. E. Colapret, Member, IEEE

Tucson Gas & Electric Co.
Tucson, Arizona

ABSTRACT
It is shown that more shunt reactor values may cause resonance on
paralleled EHV lines than has been reported previously [1, 2, 3, 4] when
faults on the opened circuit are analyzed. This is verified by approximate
electrostatic calculations and detailed system calculations for various
reactor and transformer configurations. The importance of evaluating
reactor zero-sequence currents and secondary-arc currents, as well as the
coupled voltages, is illustrated and a TNA simulation of parallel resonance
is also included.

W. E. Reid, Member, IEEE

McGraw-Edison Company
Canonsburg, Pennsylvania

heating. It is also shown that, for certain shunt-reactor values, the coupling from the adjacent circuit could prolong the secondary-arc current,
thus reducing the effectiveness of high-speed reclosure.

Starting in 1981, Tucson Gas & Electric plans to expand its 345-kV
system. Completion is scheduled for 1985. All configurations for theproposed four-year expansion were evaluated for possible resonance conditions, but only results for the 1981 system (Figure 1) are included in this
paper to illustrate basic study findings.

General electrostatic equations are derived for all fault conditions

and applied to specific transposition schemes and reactor and transformer configurations, making it possible to readily evaluate a potential
parallel resonance problem with minimum effort for typical configurations. Equations for other configurations can be easily derived.

INTRODUCTION
This paper presents some of the results of a comprehensive evaluation of parallel resonance on the Tucson Gas & Electric Company System. In previous work, [3, 4] it has been shown that two values of shunt
compensation may result in resonance on an opened transposed line
when an adjacent circuit is energized whereas three values mayexist foran
opened untransposed line. These resonant conditions can occur for nofault conditions as well as for any fault on the energized circuit. In this
paper, it is shown that faults on the opened circuit can result in resonance
for other shunt-reactor values. When faults on both the opened and the
energized circuits are analyzed, a total of four shunt-reactor values can
cause resonance on a transposed line whereas 19 differentvalues can cause
resonance for an untransposed line. These values can be approximated
from the formulas derived in Appendices I, II, and III.
The effects of reactor design and transformer characteristics on
resonance are illustrated. It is shown that three-legged core-form reactors
exhibit different resonance characteristics from those of five-legged coreform, shell-form, or single-phase reactors. Shunt-compensated lines
exhibit different resonance characteristics when they are terminated with
a transformer that is equipped with a tertiary.- The tertiary often has the
effect of reducing the number of resonant shunt reactor values.

Coupled voltages on the opened shunt-compensated line are generally the parameters of concern. However, when the voltages are below
the reactor rating, the study showed that it is important to evaluate the
reactor zero-sequence current. When the reactor is a single three-phase
unit, a prolonged zero-sequence current can result in excessive reactor

McKINLEY

SAN JUAN

IF

CORONADO 500KV

Fig. 1. Planned 1981 Tucson Gas & Electric Co. 345 k Vsystem.

1200"
21 '2"
i 0

*-*-26'-o-o

.0

90'
1-30'
CIRCUIT NO. 2
954 KCMIL ACSR RAIL
80' PHASE CONDUCTORS
WITH 18" BUNDLE
7 NO. 8 ALUMOWELD
SHIELD WIRES
Vr

/I//I//[

CIRCUIT NO. 1
954 KCMIL ACSR CARDINAL
PHASE CONDUCTORS
WITH 18" BUNDLE
3/8" EHS STEEL
SHIELD WIRES

///////i/ ////////1/////

Fig. 2. Geometric configuration for 1981 circuits looking ftom

McKinley to San Juan.
McKINLEY
C BA

SAN JUAN
BCA

MLE29.96 ,I.
MILES*
B CA

A paper reccamended and approved by the

F 79 717-0
IEEE Transmission and Distribution Ccnrnmittee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the
IEEE PES Sumner Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada July 15-20, 1979. Manuscript submitted February
8, l99; made available for printing April 25, 1979.

ft

60 MVAR

30.27

GREENLEE
C BA

31.65
129.7210.09114.429.725
l
l ,t bI. *E 1 *l 33.58133.58134.73116.561
*< *l
6

C BA

b.

b.

b.

H20.16 MI

I-

35.50 Ml
-

Fig. 3. Rtansposition schemefor the 1981 system.

5) 1981 IEEE

B.1

573
In Figure 2, the conductor arrangement for the 186-mile parallleled
lines for the 1981 system is shown. The corresponding transposition
scheme is illustrated in Figure 3. Additional lines and/or transformers
terminate at all the buses shown in the system diagrams. These were represented by their equivalent short-circuit impedances in the study.
TRANSPOSED LINES WITH THE SHUNT REACTOR X0 =

XI

The San Juan-McKinley circuits (Figure 1) were analyzed to determine the coupled voltages for different fault conditions when one of the
circuits is opened. It is planned to have a shunt reactor on each circuit at
the San Juan station. Circuit No. 2 will have a reactor with Xo = X1 and
= 400. Figures 4 and 5 show the maximum coupled voltages on this reactor when Circuit No. 2 is open for various fault conditions as a function of
the shunt-compensation level. A detailed line and system model was used
for this analysis.

-----_
ENERGIZED CIRCUIT l l 1 __ _ _
_
300
Ill
--L-GFAULTON
_ __
ENERGIZED CIRCUIT t*t _
_ _
WITH ONE BREAKER F . X OPEN ON
I ------ --ENERGIZED CIRCUIT

because the energized circuit zero-sequence voltage increases from a very

small value (nearly zero) to a value near the positive-sequence voltage.
When one of the breakers opens to clear the fault, the steady-state coupled
voltage increases even more due to an increase in Xo/ X1 for the energized
system and, consequently, an increase in the zero-sequence voltage. At the
positive-sequence resonance point, 80.6 Mvar, the three curves come together, with each one having a maximum coupled voltage between 220
kV and 250 kV because the positive-sequence voltage on the energized
circuit is nearly the same in all three cases.
I

-L-G FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT

300

--L-L-L FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT

L-L-G FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT,
.L-L FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT

4X

200 0

-NOFAULT'14

-_L-GFAULT ON

200 0 4~ ~
I

I'.>

I I I I I

> G-

30

20

-%

70

_/X/
80

90

Figure 4 shows the opened circuit voltages for no-fault, a single lineto-ground fault on the energized circuit with the breakers at San Juan and
McKinley closed, and a single line-to-ground fault on the energized circuit with the San Juan breaker opened and the McKinley breaker closed.
All three curves exhibit resonance at the same two levels of shunt compensation, 47.0 Mvar and 80.6 Mvar. As shown in Appendix III and Reference 4, these two resonance values can be approximately determined by
the formulas

and

L1=

30

40
50 60
MVAR (AT 345 KV)

70

80

90

Fig. 5. San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 maximum open-circuit shuntreactor voltage versus total three-phase shunt compensation:
L-Gfault on opened circuit; L-L-Gfault on opened circuit; L-L
fault on opened circuit; L-L-Lfault on opened circuit.

Fig. 4. San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 maximum open-circuit shuntreactor voltage versus total three-phase shunt compensation: no
fault; L- Gfault on energized circuit; L- Gfault on energized circuit
with one breaker open on energized circuit.

gz~~~~i
20

--

-A

50
60
40
MVAR (AT 345 KV)

10

_ _ \ __

<

1
-

10

1!

10

-co'(Ca'a'+ 2Cab')

(1)

(2)

w2 (Ca'a'- Ca'b')
where L 1 is the positive-sequence inductance of the shunt reactor.

For this line, the capacitance values were calculated to be C aa'

= 1.531 x 10-6 farads and C abt' = -0. 249 x 10-6 farads. Consequently, the
two resonant values would be 6.81 henries and 3.95 henries or 46.4 Mvar
and 79.9 Mvar. These approximate values compare well with those observed from the detailed calculations.
In Figure 4, it is apparent that, forno fault, thecoupledvoltage is very
low at the first or zero-sequence resonance point. When a fault is simulated on the energized circuit, the coupled voltage increases significantly

Figure 5 shows the coupled voltages for a single line-to-ground fault

and a double line-to-ground fault on the opened circuit. The two resonant
values of shunt compensation for a single line-to-ground fault are 58.2
Mvar and 80.6 Mvar. The peak voltages are less than the normal line-toneutral voltage of 199 kV. As shown in Appendix III, these two resonance
values can be approximately determined by Formula 2 and
L (=
co

b
2 (Ca'a+ CaIb)

(3)

Inputing the values for Ca'a' and Catb', the two resonant values are 5.49
henries and 3.95 henries or 57.5 Mvar and 79.9 Mvar. These approximate
values are, again, close to those calculated using the detailed model.
The coupled voltages for a double line-to-ground fault are also
shown in Figure 5. Resonance occurs at 69.4 Mvar with a peak voltage of
230 kV. The approximate formula for determining this resonant point is

Ll=

I2C

(4
(4)

as shown in Appendix III. This calculation indicates a resonant value of

4.60 henries or 68.7 Mvar for this condition. This is also a good comparison between the two calculations.

In Figure 5, the line-to-line and three-phase faults on the opened circuit are summarized. The resonant values for a line-to-line fault are 47.0
and 80.6 Mvar. These are the zero-sequence and positive-sequence resonant points, respectively, and are the same as those observed for no-fault
and energized-circuit fault conditions. Equations 1 and 2 can be used to
approximate the resonant points (Appendix III, Table A-I).

A three-phase fault exhibits only one resonant point and that occurs
Figure 5. This is the zero-sequence resonant
point which can be predicted from Equation 1.

at 47.0 Mvar as shown in

574
In all, there are four different values of shunt compensation which
can result in resonance problems on a transposed line. Equations I
through 4 can be used to determine the approximate values, but a more
detailed system model is necessary to calculate the coupled voltages. The
difference between the two calculations is summarized in Table I for the
above example. The maximum difference observed was 1.3 percent.
TABLE I
San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2
Resonant Values of Shunt Compensation

(Mvar)

Estimation Method
46.4
57.5
68.7
79.9

+
L

300

FV

Difference Between
Two Calculations

Detailed Method
47.0
58.2
69.4
80.6

These values are close to those calculated above by the approximate method. Table II summarizes the differences between the two methods, the
maximum being 1.7 percent.

200__ _ _7

L-L-G FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT

T11 11

I IIILII

>>

(percent)
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9

NO FAULT
L-G
FAULT ON ENERGIZED CIRCUIT

_ L-G FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT

--_
5,>~-_
-~

It is planned for all the TG&E lines to be transposed; however, the

equations for determining the approximate resonant points for an untransposed line are derived in Appendices I and II. These equations indicate that, if the circuit described above were untransposed, it would exhibit resonance at 19 different reactor values compared to fourforatransposed line. However, many of these values would be nearly equal since
the delta-configured phase arrangement of the San Juan-McKinley circuit results in a nearly balanced capacitance matrix for each circuit. A flat
phase arrangement would result in more dispersed resonance values since
the inner-to-outer phase capacitance would be substantially greater than
the outer-to-outer phase capacitance.

TRANSPOSED LINES WITH THE SHUNT REACTOR Xo = kX I

The shunt reactor on San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 1 is a threephase, three-legged, core-form reactor that exhibits the characteristic of
Xo . XI. Based upon the manufacturer's data, it was modeled as Xo=
0.628 X1, Xo/ Ro = 23, and X1/R1 = 400. The approximate equations for
XOX kX1, are derived in Appendix III. They are

LI= -ijLII
LI

LI =

2+k
3k

L12

(5)

(6)

3k * L13

where L I1, L12, L13, and L14 are the four resonant values for k = 1.

Since Ca'a' = 1.527 x 10-6 farads and Ca'b' = .248 x I0-6farads, the
four resonant values for k = 1, using Equations 1 through 4, would be 46.3,
57.4, 68.5, and 79.6 Mvar. If K = 0.628, the resonant points calculated
from Equations 5 through 8 would be 29.1, 41.1, 57.2, and 79.6 Mvar. It
is apparent, then, that the resonant points for three-legged core-form
reactors will be significantly different than for those using other designs
which result in Xo = X1.

Figure 6 shows the four resonant points for San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. I when a reactor with Xo = 0.628X I is used. The four curves, which
were calculated using a detailed system model, illustrate that there are four
unique resonant points which occur at 29.6, 41.5, 57.8, and 80.4 Mvar.

10

30

20

-.-

50 60
40
MVAR (AT 345 KV)

70

80

90

Fig. 6. San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. I maximum open-circuit shuntreactor voltage versus total three-phase shunt compensation; no
fault; L- Gfault on energized circuit; L- Gfault on opened circuit;

L-L-Gfault on opened circuit.

TABLE II
San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 1
Resonant Values of Shunt Compensation
(Mvar)
~~~Difference Between

(Mvar)

Estimation Method
29.1
41.1
57.2
79.6

Detailed Method
29.6
41.5
57.8
80.4

Calculation Methods

(percent)
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.0

Since both San Juan-McKinley circuits have very nearly the same
electrical characteristics, some comparison can be made between the calculations for the two circuits. The maximum voltages observed near the
first three resonant points are significantly lower in Figure 6 than they are
in Figures 4 and 5 because of the much higher zero-sequence resistance
that was modeled for the core-form reactor. Since the fourth resonant
point, 80.4 Mvar, is a positive-sequence phenomenon, the voltages calculated near that point are nearly the same in Figure 6as they are in Figures 4
and 5.
TRANSPOSED SHUNT-COMPENSATED LINES SWITCHED
WITH A TRANSFORMER
In the early stages of the development of a voltage class, transmission
lines are sometimes switched with transformers rather than by a separate
breaker. (This practice defers the buying of a circuit breaker, thus saving
the cost of the breaker carrying charges for a period of time.) The McKinley-Coronado line was investigated assuming this type of configuration.
This 345-kV circuit provides an interconnection between Tucson Gas &
Electric and the Salt River Project at Coronado where the line is to be connected to a 345/ 500-kV autotransformer with a tertiary. This line was analyzed to determine the values of shunt compensation which could lead to
resonance problems, assuming Xo = X1 for the reactors.

575
The formulas to estimate the resonant points for this case are derived in Appendix HI and shown in Table A-I, Appendix Ill. They are

,2 (Ca'a' + 2Ca'b') - L

LL

LI=

(10)

1
3LL 3LM

L =

w2Caa

(11)

a3LL3LM

W2 LI=1
(Ca'a'Cab')-

1(12)
(

LM

TRANSIENT PHENOMENA
In examining Figres 4and 5, it is evidentthatthe highestvoltages on
San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 will occur for a fault on the energized
circuit when the shunt-compensation level is near 47.0 Mvar, the zerosequence or first resonant point. The transient voltages associated with
this event were simulated on the TNA assuminga46.5 Mvarshuntreactor
with Q = 220.
Faults would normally be cleared in approximately thtee to four
cycles by the breakers at San Juan and McKinley. The purpose of the TNA
simulation was to investigate the transient voltages on the opened circuit
for normal fault clearing and for delayed breaker opening. The results of
the three cases analyzed are described in Table 111. In each case, a fault was
initiated on Circuit No. 1. The breaker opening operations for each case
were:

where LL is the 345-kV-to-tertiary leakage or zero-sequence inductance

and LM is the magnetizing or positive sequence inductance. Similar formulas are included in Appendix Ill for shunt reactors with X = XI.
For this analysis, it was assumed that XL = 45 ohms and XM =
66 x 103 ohms as seen from the 345-kV terminal of the transformer. The
McKinley-Coronado circuit is not completely transposed but, for Equations 9 throuth 12, it can be assumed that C aa'= 2.23 x 10-6 farads and
Ca%b' = -0.367 x 10-6 farads. Solving Equations 9 through II with these
values, L I is a negative number. This implies that the transformer tertiary
effectively moved the first three resonant pbints to the capacitive region.
Solving Equation 12 for LI results in a value of 114.7 Mvar for the positive-sequence resonance points.

A. San Juan breaker at three cycles and McKinley breaker at four cycles;
B. San Juan breaker at three cycles;
C. None.

When the fault was cleared normally, the maximum voltage observed on the opened circuit was 0.85 per unit (Case A). Thebreakerclearing times were much faster than the time constant of the circuit; therefore,
excessive coupled voltages did not develop.

The detailed results for this line are given in Figure 7 which verifies
that the fourth, or positive-sequence resonant point, is the only one which
exisis for this shunt-compensated line. In Figure 7, it is apparent that
double peaking occurs at the resonant point because of the slight unbalance of the line since it is not completely transposed. If this line was not
transposed at all, the two peaks would occur at significantly different
values of shunt compensation. The peaks observed in Figure 7 occur at
114.4 and 115.4 Mvar and are very close to the 114.7 Mvar predicted by

the approximate calculations.

The single line-to-ground fault case exhibits a resonant point of 114.4

Mvar. Faults on the other phases will exhibit slightly different resonant
points since the line is not completely balanced. A double line-to-ground
fault shows no resonant point for this line as shown in Figure 7.

0A/0B/0C
OA/j0B /0C
995.9 KV/DIV
199.2 KV/DIV
199.2 KV/DIV
200 MS/DIV
20 MS/DIV
20 MS/DIV
8.
Fig. Simulation of parallel resonance (Table III, Case B) following
an SLGFon San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. I and subsequent
clearing of the San Juan breaker.

0A/0B/0C
- NO FAULT
300__ L-G FAULT ON ENERGIZED CIRCUIT- _ _ _ _ _ _
._L-L-G FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT - _ _ _ _ _ _

The failure of the McKinley breaker to open resulted in very high

trainsient voltages (Case B) as shown in Figure 8. The maximum transient recorded was 7.07 per unit which occurred approximately 0.6 seconds after the fault was initiated. Normally, back-up breakers would have
acted to clear the line well before this time; however, even after ten cycles,
the voltage had reached 2.69 per unit. Corona would act to reduce these
voltages on the real system, but this simulation does indicate the severity
of the situation should it occur.

200.

100---

-' 40_iL
Fig.

7.

50

60

70

80 90 100
MVAR (AT 345 KV)

110

120

130

McKinley-Coronado circuit maximum open-circuit shuntvoltage versus total three-phase shunt compensation:
no fault; L-Gfault on energized circuit; L-L-Gfault on opened circuit. NOTE: L-G fault on opened circuit is similar to no fault.

reactor

With both breakers closed (Case C), the voltages were lower than
with one breaker open (Case B), as observed in Figure 2, due to the lower
Xo/XI ratio of the system.

576
For the no-fault case in Figure 9, I reaches a maximum of approximately 2 percent at 47.0 Mvar. This parallels the very low voltages observed at this point in Figure 4. The 'o curves in Figure 9 do not exhibit the
fourth or positive-sequence resonance point as would be expected.

TABLE III
Initiation And Clearing of Single Line-To-Ground Fault
on San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 1
with San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 Deenergized
Per-Unit Voltage at San Juan on
Circuit No. 2
Maximum Maximum
Description
Case Steady Transient Transient Maximum
State After 3 After 10 Transient
Cycles
Cycles
0.29
0.85
t = 0; San Juan0.85
A 0.00
McKinley No. 1;
Phase A faulted at
San Juan.
t = 3 cycles; San Juan
breakers open.
t = 4 cycles; McKinley
breakers open.
2.69
0.29
7.07
t = 0; San JuanB 4.95
McKinley No. 1;
Phase A faulted at
San Juan.
t = 3 cycles; San Juan
breakers open.
0.29
1.20
2.97
t = 0; San JuanC 2.12
McKinley No. 1;
Phase A faulted at
San Juan.

SHUNT-REACTOR ZERO-SEQUENCE CURRENTS

Three-phase shunt-reactor banks may be subject to excessive heating
if significant amounts of zero-sequence current are allowed to flow for a
prolonged period of time. It has been observed here that the coupled voltages at the first three resonant points for a transposed line contain zerosequence components. Figures 9 summarizes the zero-sequence currents
associated with the coupled voltages shown in Figures 4 and 5. The zerosequence currents are given as percent of reactor-rated current at 345 kV.
In Figure 9, the zero-sequence currents are seen to be quite large
for a single line-to-ground fault on the energized circuit. But, even for
clearing by back-up breakers forprimary.breakerfailure, theclearingtime
involved is so short that the coupled voltages would typically be more significant in this case.

For the single line-to-ground fault on the opened circuit summarized

in Figure 9, Io reaches a maximum of 42.5 percent at 58.2 Mvar. Even
though the coupled voltages near this point are less than the reactor rating
(Figure 5), the zero-sequence currents would appear to be quite high,
especially if the reactor was subject to them indefinitely.

Similar results are observed for a double line-to-ground fault. The

coupled voltages shown in Figure 5 are less than the reactor rating, but I o
reaches a maximum of 38.5 percent, which may be significant, in Figure 9.
The zero-sequence current rating of a reactor is a function of time.
Since the continuous 10 rating may be less than 100 percent of rated current, it is possible to exceed the I 0 rating and not the voltage rating.

SECONDARY-ARC CURRENTS
The secondary-arc current for a fault on the opened circuit could
jeopardize successful high-speed reclosure on that circuit. Single line-toground faults are often transitory in nature and, if sufficient dead time is
allowed, ihe arc current often dissipates. However, ifthe arccurrent is supplied by a nearby circuit during the dead time, it may not extinguish.
In Figure 5, the coupled voltages for a single line-to-ground fault on
San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 are summarized. The corresponding
secondary-arc current is shown in Figure 10. While the voltage plot exhibits two resonant points, the secondary-arc current shows only one, with
the current being less than one ampere at the point of positive-sequence
resonance. At the 58.2 Mvar resonant point, the equivalent network is a
combination of the zero- and positive-sequence networks. Although the
zero-sequence driving voltage is small in this case, it isenoughto result ina
secondary-arc current of 23.4 amperes. A fault impedance of 100 ohms in
this case reduces the magnitude nearly 50 percent to 12.2 amperes at the
peak. Also, it can be said that the value of the fault impedance up to 100
ohms does not significantly change the secondary-arc current for shuntcompensation levels removed from the resonant value.

-cc

I1 1
I CIRCUIT
ITAI-L-G FAULTI ON OPENED

40----

5
2
a.
C'I)

ON

40-

30

LU

.
_

20----.
CU
-N

-NO FAULTL-G FAULT

L-L-G FAULT
ON OPENED CIRCUIT

....L-G
FAULT4-CIRCUIT
1 0.
ON OPENED

10

20

30

40 50 60
MVAR (AT 345 KV)

..r

10----

0~

--

30

LO

WITH 1 -OHM FAULT IMPEDANCE

L FAULT ON OPENED CIRCUIT
--L-G
WITH 1 00-OHM FAULT IMPEDANCE

70

80

90

Fig. 9. San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 percent shunt-reactor zerosequence current versus total three-phase shunt compensation:
no fault; L-Gfault on energized circuit; L-Gfault on opened circuit; L-L- Gfault oh opened circuit.

10

20

30

.40

bt

OU

MVAR (AT 345 KV)

/I

OU

JU

Fig. 10. San Juan-McKinley Circuit No. 2 secondary-arc current versus

total three-phase shunt compensation: L-Gfault on opened circuit with 1-ohm fault impedance; L-G fault on opened circuit
with 100-ohmfault impedance,
In the limiting case where the fault impedance approaches infinity,
this point of resonance will move to the zero-sequence or no-fault resonance point, 47.0 Mvar. As seen in Figure 6, however, for values of fault
impedance which will result in significant secondary-arc currents, it can
be assumed that the point of resonance does not change.

DESIGN AND OPERATING OPTIONS FOR PARALLEL

RESONANCE PROBLEMS ON THE TG&E SYSTEM
The resonant studies performed on the planned Tucson Gas & Electric system through 1985 indicate possible overvoltages and/or extensive
zero-sequence currents on reactor equipment as designed. These high
voltages and currents occur in one or more of the initiated modes; i.e., no
fault, line-to-ground fault on energized lines with parallel line open, etc.
The options available to avoid these resonance problems are:

(1) Change reactor sizes, creating a non-interchangeability and a nonlinear compensation for varying outages.
(2) Relocate the reactors electrically to the station buses (as opposed to
being switched with line sections). This would have a rather severe
economic impact on existing installations and present certain operating difficulties since compensation will not be lost with its associated
line.
(3) Install neutral reactors or resistors with switching equipment to
change the resonant point or reduce the voltages and currents during
resonant conditions. The primary drawback of this option is its high
initial cost.

(4) Set operating policies directing that reactors be automatically disconnected from line sections that are removed from service. This option would require very minor additional expense since existing reactors and planned reactors are installed with circuit-switching devices
and supervisory control. This alleviates all but a few of the perceptible
resonant conditions and those which it does not absolutely cover
appear to be highly improbable.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the analyses performed in this study, the following conclusions concerning resonance on paralleled shunt-compensated EHV lines can be made:

(1) When all fault conditions on the energized and opened circuits are
considered, four distinct shunt-reactor values may cause resonance
on an open-circuited transposed line. For an untransposed line, 19
different reactor values may result in resonance.
(2) The design of the reactor can significantly effect the resonance characteristics due to the Xo/ X1 of the reactor and its associated losses.
(3) Transformer termination, when the transformer is equipped with a
tertiary, may act to eliminate the resonance problems associated with
the zero-sequence mode. For a transposed line, this would leave only

577
(4) TNA results illustrated the high transient voltages that could occur if
resonant conditions are not alleviated in a rather short time frame.
(5) Reactor zero-sequence currents and, consequently, reactor heating
could be significant even though the voltages may not exceed the
rating.

(6) Secondary-arc currents resulting from the coupling of a nearbycircuit

could be significant enough to jeopardize successful high-speed
reclosure.
(7) The analysis of study information and system requirements and configurations indicates that the choice of a purely operative solution to
the possible resonant difficulties on the TG&E system is acceptable
from both an economic and reliability standpoint.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper describes a portion of the engineering studies performed
on the planned Tucson Gas & Electric Company 345-kV system. Other
participants in this work included R. G. Rocamora of McGraw-Edison
Company and J. Weaver formerly of Tucson. Gas & Electric Company.
The authors wish to express their appreciation to them for their productive discussions and comments throughout the study.
REFERENCES

[1] M. J. Pickett, H. L. Manning, and H. N. VanGeem, "Near Resonant

Coupling on EHV Circuits: I-Field Investigations", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS 87, pp 322-325,
February 1968.

[2] M. H. Hesse and D. D. Wilson, "Near Resonant Coupling on EHV

Circuits: Il-Methods of Analysis", IEEE iansactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS 87, pp 326-334, February 1968.
[3] A. N. Chaston, "EHV AC Parallel Transmission Line Calculations
With Application To The Near Resonance Problem", IEEE Pansactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS 88, pp 627-635,
May 1969.

[4] J. J. LaForest, K. W. Priest, A. Ramirez, and H. Nowak, "Resonant

Voltages on Reactor Compensated Extra-High-Voltage Lines",
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS 91,
pp 2528-2536, November 1971.

one resonant point.

APPENDIX I
SOLUTION OF THE GENERAL PARALLEL RESONANCE
PROBLEM BY A PURE ELECTROSTATIC METHOD
This method of analysis is performed using only the transmission line
capacitance and the shunt inductive admittance matrices. This method
was first presented by M. H. Hesse and D. D. Wilson [1] in the initial analysis performed on the parallel-resonance problem. It has been shown by
LaForest, et al, [4] and confirmed in this paper, that this method provides
a very good approximation of values of shunt inductance which cause
resonance.
The previous analysis [4] assumed a diagonal matrix for the shuntinductance matrix and was performed for no-fault and energized-circuitfault conditions. The following analysis is performed with a full-shuntinductance matrix for no-fault, energized-circuit-fault, and opened-circuit-fault conditions.

The voltages on the opened circuit were defined in Reference 1 by

[ell]

=~

CII-1

JwyluYI-I

I[C11_1] [e1]

(Al)

Where
[eab

[e 11]

e bj

are the voltages on the opened circuit;

(A2)

578

[C11-1I]

Ca'b'

rCa'a'

Ca b

For c'-G fault on the opened circuit (ec' = 0), this matrix is

"C

C.,'C']"

C b'b'
C b'c'

a'c

Ca

(A3)

C b'

Ca'a'-

LCatb -

is the partition of the capacitance Y bus matrix for the opened circuit;

Ca'a' Ca'b' Ca'c]

[c11-1]

Cb'a'

LCI Cc'a'

b'b'

(A4)

b'c'

I
jwLB

LLA

I
juL'L

Cb'b'.

jwLB jwLA
jLB

JWLA

jjwLB

LjwLB

jwLB

jwLA

(A6)

Ca"bCaw
Ca'c

21

1
W2LB

C ab
Cb'b-

Ca''

Cb'c'-

21

Cc

21

(A7)

1-

tC b't

I
Ca'c'

Cal

Ca'c'
Cc'c'Ca'a'

LB

LO2

LA

_
(A9)

Ca`c`+ Cb'c

U LB

~~~~(A14)

2L A

For a'-c' fault on the opened circuit (ea'= ec'), this matrix is

C a2a' + C c'c' + 2 C a"C'

22

C a'b' + C b'c' Lor b'c'fulnhoeedcriw2LB

b'-c' fault

Ca'

on

the

opened circuit

(2LA

W2LA w2LB

C ab'+ C b'c

(AIS)

C 1bb
(

t2LA

(eb'= ec'),

this matrix is

Cab'+Ca'c

W2

LB
Cb'b'+Cc'c'+2Cb'c'-

(A 16)
2
wLA

For a'-b'-c' fault on the opened circuit (ea'= eb' ec'), this matrix is
(A8)

For b'-G fault on the opened circuit (eb' = 0), this matrix is

, LALB
@

c'c'-1-B

Ca'b'+Ca'c- (02ULB

W2

ccCCTZ 21

(A 13)

Ca'c'+Cb'c'

For a'-G fault on the opened circuit (ea'= 0), this matrix is

2LB

t l-

For a'-b' fault on the opened circuit (e a'= e b'), this matrix is

For

(O2LB

W2LB

Cb'bb-c WL2LA bc '-T 2L1

kCb b ~ 2LAC c

(A 12)

1]

Ca a+ Cb'b' + 2 Cabb'

j,

It has been shown [4] that the resonant points can be found by deterY1111]. This
mining the roots of the determinant (A) of [C11_11
matrix changes for different fault conditions. For no fault or any fault on
the energized circuit, this matrix is
LO2LA

(AI 1)

For b'-c'-G fault on the opened circuit (e b' = e c'= 0), this matrix is

is defined here as the shunt-inductive-admittance matrix. It has been defined as a full matrix so that various shunt reactor designs, neutral reactors, transformers, and combinations of these elements can be analyzed.
LA and LB must be determined for the appropriate configuration.

C a''a

21

[C ccc'

(A5)

the voltages on the energized circuit.

[YII 11]

(A 10)

Cb'b'-

For a'-c'-G fault on the opened circuit (ea' = e c' = 0), this matrix is

ebi

For a'-b'-G fault on the opened circuit (ea'= e b' = 0). this matrix is

Leci

(02LB

cc?,,

Cc'b'

Feal

are

Ca'b'

is the partition of the capacitance Y bus matrix between the energized and
opened circuits:
[ei]

Ca'b'

2L

2L

LCa'a' + Cb'b' + Cc'c' + 2 Ca'b'+ 2 Ca'c + 2 Cb'c

2L

Solving for the roots of the determinates of the matrices in Equations

A7 to A 17 results in a large number of different resonant points. If -0,
a total of 19 values of LA may cause resonance when all the different fault
conditions are included. In a practical system, some of these resonant
points will be very nearly equal to each other.

579
APPENDIX II
PARALLEL RESONANCE ON AN UNTRANSPOSED LINE
For a symmetrical conductor configuration, it is often adequate to
assume that C a'a' = C b'b' = Cc'c' and C ab' = C b'c'. Using these assumptions and solving for the roots of the determinants of the matrices defined
by Equations A7 through A 17 results in ten equations which define resonant conditions as given below:

For no fault, any fault on the energized circuit, or a'-c' fault:

"

2LB

(A23)

21-=
w2LA

For no fault, any fault on the energized circuit, or b'-G fault:

IL

(A24)

For a'-b' or b'-c' fault:

1C'bl
@ L

2+2(Cab'2

Ca'a'-

Ca'a'-Ca'c' (2

1
1
Ca'aa+ Ca'c'
2 9W2LA
2w2LB

VV4(C ac2-

For a'-b'-G, a'-c-G, or b'-c'-G fault:

(A 18)

2 =0

Ca'a'+

1I

C a'b'

2LA 2(2LB

For a'-b' of b'-c fault:

Ca,.,

ab

,//4(Ca'b'-

//4(Cab
2)
o LB

,,,2LA 2w2LB

-1

1l

w2LB

__Cb

+
+/(C''+CC
a

2
)
L
LB

=0 (A25)

For a'-G or c'-G fault:

)2+/2 (Cab'b

Ca'c'-

22

LB

)2 =0 (A19)

For a'-b'-c' fault:

Ca'a' Ca'b'

(A26)

w2LB

For no fault, any fault on the energized circuit, or a'-c' fault:

2/3 Ca
Ca'c'Ca'a' + 4/3 Ca'b'+ 42

1~

2
-2LB

=0

(A20)

Ca'a'+

1I

Ca'C'

2LA 202LB

For a'-G or c'-G fault:

\//i(Ca'ct
Caa'+Ca'b' w2LA

L)2

+ 2 (Catb'-

(A21)

w2LB

)2 = O

w2L=0LB

(A27)

For b'-G fault:

Ca'a'+Ca'c'

W2LA
2

W2LB

(A22)

APPENDIX III
PARALLEL RESONANCE ON A TRANSPOSED LINE
For a transposed line, Ca'a' = Cb'b' = Cc'c' and Ca'b' = Cb'c' =
C a'c'. When these conditions are applied to the ten equations given in
Appendix III, four unique equations result for a tranposed line as summarized below:

For L-L-G fault on opened circuit:

For any fault on energized circuit, no fault, L-L fault on opened circuit, or
L-L-L fault on opened circuit:

For any fault on energized circuit, no fault, L-G fault on opened circuit, or
L-L fault on opened circuit:

Ca'a'+ 2Ca'b'-

LA

w2LB

(A28)

For L-G fault on opened circuit:

C a'-a + C a'b'

l
(, LA

2LB
2l

= 0

(A29)

Ca'a' -

Ca'a'a-Caab-

w2LA
2

(A30)

=0

I2LB

w2,LA w2LB

(A31)

Equations A28 through A31 have been derived for seven specific
reactor-transformer configurations. The four values of L 1, the positivesequence inductance of the shunt reactor, which may cause resonance are
listed for each configuration in Table A- 1 in the order of Equations A28
through A3 1.

580
TABLE A-1

LI

Configuration

One reactor bank on line

with X2 = XI

Configuration

I_=_L___

(02(Ca'+ 2Ca b )
w2(Ca'a' + Ca'b')
092C a'a8

12

One reactor bank on line

with Xo = X1, but with wyewye-delta transformer on
line (LM is transformer
magnetizing inductance; LL
is high-to-tertiary leakage
inductance)

LL

One reactor bank on line

.1

w2(Ca'a'- Ca'b)

L 14

2(l + k) 1
1
2k

One reactor bank on line

with Xo = k* X 1. but with
wye-wye-delta transformer
on line (LM is transformer
magnetizing inductance; LL
is high to tertiary leakage
inductance)

21 +5k) L
6k

R
R+3
R+ I
R+3

R+2L
R+3

12

13

I
k

41

2+ k
3k

42

I + 2k
3k 3k

L43

L44

2(1+ 2k) L
3k

2L14
One reactor bank on line
with Xo = XI, but with a
neutral reactor (LN), assuming R L/ LN

LM

L12

3kLl3

Two reactor banks on line of

equal shunt compensation
with Xo = X 1 for one and
Xo = k XX1 for the other (Lj
is positive-sequence inductance of each reactor bank)

w2aa-3LL 3LM

k . L
2+k
-

Ca,

2
1
2
u2(Ca'a'+Ca'b') 3LL3LM

w2(Ca a' Ca b')

withX0=k.XI

=L

2(Ca'a' + 2CatbI)I

Two reactor banks on line of

equal shunt compensation
with Xo = X I for one and
Xo =kk X1 for the other (LI
21
is positive-sequence inductance of each reactor bank),
but with wye-wye-delta
transformer on line (LM is
transformer magnetizing inductance; (LL is high-to-

tertiary leakage inductance)

2(1 + k)
3k
+ 2k)

L41

L42

3k
2(1 + 5k)
L43
6k

2L

44

L43

42

581
Discussion

J. J. La Forest & S. A. Miske, Jr. (General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY): The authors have presented an interesting paper introducing additional facets of the parallel-line resonance phenomena.
We would like to comment ori a number of items in the paper that need
further clarification.
The authors illustrate the effect of faults on resonant voltages.
Presumably, the authors have assumed zero resistance faults. In the case
of the faults on the opened circuit, our analysis indicates that fault
resistance significantly reduces resonant overvoltages. Is it to be assumed that the opened circuit fault contingencies postulated by the
authors would involve direct and prolonged metallic connection:
The faults on the energized line considered by the authors increase
the zero sequence voltage available to excite the opened circuit. Such a
condition is a temporary one, and the resultant overvoltage would
likely be limited by the reactor saturation and/or by the opened circuits' arresters. It would appear that energy dissipation required of
these arresters would be within practical limits provided the fault is
removed in a reasonable number of cycles. This would be especially
true if the arresters were of zinc oxide design. Do the authors agree?
The authors calculated voltages (Figure 6) for Circuit No. 1 with
the three-legged, core-form reactor are-quite interesting. Our calculations confirm that the zero-sequence resistance of the reactor greatly
reduced zero-sequence resonant voltages. It would appear then that this
reactor type is of advantage for Circuit No. 1.
The authors discussion on shunt reactor zero-sequence currents
appears to be misleading and self-contradictory. In Figure 9 of the
paper, the zero-sequence currents for the Circuit No. 2 reactor are
shown. For the single line-to-ground fault on that circuit, a current of
42.5% is indicated for a 58.2 MVAR reactor. The authors point out
that such zero-sequence currents, if prolonged, are of concern as they
may subject three-phase reactors to excessive heating. However, the reactor in question was modeled by the authors assuming Xo = Xl
and X/R = 400. By implication then Ro = Rl, thus there would be no
heating to the reactor that is unique to zero-sequence current flow. In
addition, the 42.5% current is obviously less than rated current for
the reactor. Therefore, it would appear the reactor could easily withstand this condition indefinitely. Is this conclusion correct?
In the case of the three-legged, core-form reactor on Circuit No. 1,
Ro is greater than R1, indicating that zero-sequence current flow will
cause more reactor. heating than would the same amount of positive
sequence current. Unfortunately, the authors did not display the zerosequence currents for this reactor type. Therefore, we have taken the

L-G FAULT ON
OPENED CIRCUIT

____L-L-G FAULT
--

ON

OPENED CIRCUIT

La

50

40
_-

30
z

us.I 20

liberty of calculating them based on the circuit information given in

the paper. The results of these calculations are shown in our Figure A
for a single line-to-ground fault and line to line to ground fault on the
opened circuit. It is of interest to note that the currents shown are
considerably lower than for the circuit #2 reactor. These low current magnitudes go hand-in-hand with the low resonant voltages for this
reactor type shown in the authors' Figure 6. These currents are obviously very dependent upon the parameters of the shunt reactor.
This point must be taken into account when specifying reactor zerosequence current capabilities where analysis shows that a problem
exists.
Manuscript received August 13, 1979.

H. A. Maddox, (Public Service Company of New Mexico, Albuquerque,

New Mexico): This paper is of special interest to us because we are
planning the construction of a SOOkV line on a right-of-way adjacent
to an existing 230kV line. We have made some parallel resonance
studies of our own, but have not included faults in the studies.
From a practical standpoint, the no-fault and L-G fault are the
only cases of real concern. In this discusser's opinion, the probability
of everything happening just right is very low. L-L-G faults are not
common, and to experience a breaker failure at the time is highly
improbable. Furthermore, breaker failure time currently in use at San
Juan is 12 cycles and will probably be reduced to less than 10 cycles
in the near future. Zero sequence current cannot be allowed to flow
indefinitely, but this short period of time should cause no damage.
Discussion of the following items would be of interest:
1. The oscillograms in fig. 8 seem to indicate a resonant frequency sufficiently close to 60 hz. to allow use of the 60 hz.
sparkover value for lightning arresters. Were any arresters
modeled in the TNA? If so, when the resonant voltage exceeded the lightning arrester 60 hz. sparkover, how much
damping was experienced? What would be the affect of zinc
oxide arresters?
2. It seems that the location of the fault, that is, where on the
line as well as which phase would be critical to the point of
resonance because some elements are being shorted out.
Did the authors choose worst case or might some fault locations be worse than others?
3. The greatest concern that this paper has pointed out to us
is the secondary arc current problem. Under different conditions, voltages might not be a problem but secondary arc
current might be sustained indefinitely. Under these conditions, reclosing, at any time after a fault trip, might be impaired. Figure 1 indicates a preference for 60 MVAR reactors. Just a slight change in parameters could make the
current shown on figure 10 coincide with that reactor value.
These values seem to be undesirably close. Do you still intend
to use all 60 MVAR reactors? Inspection of virtually all figures indicates that 65 MVAR would likely be a better choice.
4. An "operative solution" suggests that the reactors would
have to be disconnected immediately following a fault trip.
Trip by remote control would likely be too slow for any type
of automatic reclosing. Do you intend to automate reactor
tripping? If automatic tripping and high speed reclosing are
employed, reclosing is accomplished without benefit of a
reactor. Higher switching surges will result as well as higher
post-switched voltages. The reactor would have to be put
back on before reclosing to the San Juan Bus. High speed
reclosing seems to be ruled out. Please comment.
Manuscript received July 30,1979.

10

10

20

30

40

50

MVAR (AT 345

A-

60

__

70

80

90

kV)

Fig. A. San Juan McKinley Circuit 1; Percent Shunt Reactor Zero Sequence Current Versus Total Three Phase Shunt Compensation.

A. S. Rao and C. S. Cook, (Montreal Engineering Company, Limited,

Montreal, Canada): We compliment the authors for a useful paper on
resonance on paralleled EHV lines. The main results of the paper can
be summarized as (a) considering the matrix [YII-II] full, rather than
diagonal, and (b) analyzing the cases for faults on the open circuited
line.

582
We encountered a similar case of line compensated by a reactor
bank having phase reactors and neutral reactor; the [YII-ll matrix
for the reactor bank is given by:

-2p

2y 2 +y y n
p
p
[Y

II-II I

Y2

3Yp

2+y

2
p

+ y
n

p n

-2

-Yp

-yp
where

yp

1
juLp

1
jwLn

-Y2p2
Y2p

(B6)

+a2

wL + -

wL

WL

wL

Ln

wLp

wL+-L
p
2o( =

a
a3

2w(C,al

Catc)

+a

2w(C

Ca,)

+ -UL

2 /2

2wl(Calat + calbf)

2wC,,l

aIaIwCa,b

wL,)

WL,

w3 )2b2 +

(B29b)

(B30a)

, )5
a

(B30b)

a1 5

a w(C,a, + 8

b
2

a3=

(B31)

WLn)

Ca,b,)

+w

2
+
(_ alc
C__
,b_)
C2

3 Ca'b + C lbl C
w(4C8ac, + 5 Ca,,b) + w2 (Cav
~~~~~~~~2
4 C2
+

Ca

_L
n1
2w(C , +

~~~~~aa

w)
2'(C

alb

ab

a c

Ln

1(

a4

a5

2w(C

(B2 I b)

L) 2

+ CaYcI+
a
a

2u(C,,

a aaa

(2

CIa

(B22a)

(B22b)

(B23a)

(B23b)

a5

alai

(B29a)

a3

a}2
(

(C

a'a'

C,

C,

2 C

C2

a4

+13+a

(B2 I-a)

(B28)

2w(Ca,aI + Ca ,

(B27)

a1

where

a2

Caib)

2w C ,

Cbl)

2w(C,a,

1 wLn

(B24)

u(C

WL

+ 2C a

wL + -22 Ln = 2w
p
Calai

a,,)

Cbt +3

2w(C, +

WL n

=1+

wL

w(Cala

a1

ab2i%)

pn
(Ca,a,

(B20)

-wL
2

wL +
p

(B 18)

3C,

3wL

wL+-3wL
Lp

+ a2
((Ct I +
3
=2)
aa),

+-uL

Cat)

a=

admittance of the neutral reactor.

3 (C

wL + 3WL=
p
n

2y p +yy
pn

(For the sake of easy reference we have given numbers to our equations which correspond to those used by the authors in their Appendix.)
We have analysed equation (Al) with [YiI-II of (B6). The roots
of the resulting determinant (A) are given below. It may be noted that
equations (B 18) to (B3 1) correspond to (Al 8) to (A3 1) in their significance and both these methods are equivalent.
L

3
uL + -L
2 n
p

, admittance of the phase reactor

,

2
ca)

(C,, +

Now several comments are in order:

(I) We have found out this form of expressing the roots is

quite effective in locating the roots for a given capacitance
matrix and variable neutral reactor, and also the movement
of the roots as a function of the neutral reactor is seen quite
easily.
(2) All the quantities are expressed as either reactances or admittances. If they are in per unit, the value of the resulting

shunt reactor size in MVAr is obtained directly.

(3) The case of shunt reactor with XO K.XI can be analyzed
by this method by substituting 3wLn = oLp(k-l) in the
above given formulae. If k < 1, the resulting cLn will be
=

32 Ln
uL + -

Cab)
2

' )+

wL

w(Ca

a'a

-abi

negative.

a2

(B25)

(B26)

(4) Equations with subscript a and b

are conjugates and for the

given capitance matrix and the neutral reactor cLp will
have only one positive value. Thus for the completely transposed line (from B28 to B3 1), coLp has only four realistic
values. Also equations B 18, B27 and B1 9, B25 are conjugates
but for these cases both the roots can be positive.

583
In Tables I and II the authors have shown the close agreement between the electrostatic (estimation) method and the detailed method as
regards the locations of the roots. Would the authors comment on the
"magnitude of the voltages" at resonance as calculated by these two

methods?

Manuscript received August 9, 1979.

B. C. Huntzinger, (Consumers Power Company, Jackson, Michigan):

The authors have provided a useful addition of new material to existing
literature on shunt reactor resonance.
Relative to the transient analysis simulation described, was any
consideration given to evaluating the effects of arrester action on the
de-energized circuit voltages? In addition, were core saturation effects
included in the simulation reactor model? It would be useful to know
what effects arrester action and reactor excitation nonlinearity have
on your results.
Equations are given in the paper for resonant mode locations for
unfaulted and faulted conditions on the de-energized circuit. Only the
condition of all phases open on the de-energized circuit is addressed.
Resonance can also occur for hung breaker pole conditions on the deenergized circuit. For example, with only pne phase energized on the
de-energized circuit, resonance will occur at the time shunt-reactor
values as predicted for a SLGF on the de-energized circuit. The voltage
magnitudes will be higher for the hung pole condition than for a
SLGF condition on the same phase. Similarly, a two phase energized
condition on the de-energized circuit has a resonant mode location at
the same shunt reactor value as predicted for the DLGF condition involving the same phases. Again the voltage magnitudes will be higher.
The single hung pole condition can be viewed as a single contingency
during a breaker opening operation. The double hung pole condition
can be viewed as a single contingency during a breaker closing operation. Hung pole conditions have occurred on Consumers Power Company's 345 kV transmission system. These conditions, together with
those discussed by the authors warrant careful consideration in developing a system design philosophy for shunt reactor resonance.
On page 6, it is indicated that installing switched neutral reactors
or resistors to modify resonant points was a high initial cost alternative.
The necessity for switching these neutral devices is unclear. If automatic switching of the neutral device is not a requirement the cost of
this alternative may be quite acceptable.
Manuscript received July 27, 1979.

George N. Lester (Chas. T. Main, Inc., Boston, MA): The authors

have presented an interesting and concise account of their investigation of parallel resonance phenomena on the system lines considered.
The paper extends the knowledge of this phenomena and shows the
desirability of also investigating the effects of faults on the de-energized
circuit. These faults could be actual system short circuits, either transient or permanent, or they might result from the application of grounding means to the de-energized circuit for maintenance purposes.
It is noted that for the cases studied, a reactance value of about
80 MVAR is associated with a significant resonant voltage peak for L-G
faults on either circuit, as well as for no faults. The significant resonant
voltage peaks in Figure 5 at about 58 MVAR and 69 MVAR for L-G and
L-L-G faults respectively on the de-energized circuit are not otherwise
revealed, however.
The consideration of the effect of this phenomena on secondary,
or residual, arc current is interesting. The other significant parameter in
the prospective clearing, or interruption, of this secondary arc current
is, of course, the recovery voltage across the fault path at each current
zero. Seemingly, this recovery voltage would be generally of a 1-Cos
shape typical of capacitance current switching operations since the
source of the current is the capacitance coupling to the energized circuit, but other distortions could occur. Have the authors made any
TNA observations of this recovery voltage?
One of the listed operating procedure options to avoid problems
from this resonant voltage phenomena is to automatically disconnect
reactors from line sections removed from service. In many instances
the shunt compensation on a line is applied partially at each end.
Unless the disconnecting means are operated simultaneously, the fractions of the total compensating MVAR, which might be present on the
line during this disconnecting procedure, should be checked when

critical MVAR magnitudes are being evaluated for resonant voltage

effects.
Manuscript received August 14, 1979.

E. E. Colapret and W. E. Reid: We are grateful to all of the discussors

for their contributions to this work. Several of the discussions were
concerned with the effects of arresters and reactor saturation on the
results. An example of arrester action is illustrated in Figure 11 for a
parallel-resonant situation when one phase of a three-phase circuit
breaker fails to close upon energizing a shunt-compensated line (a
hung-pole condition). The top oscillorgram illustrates the open-phase
voltage reaching a maximum of 6.2 pu within 20 cycles after breaker
closing without modeling arrester action, reactor saturation, or corona
effects. The use of a zinc-oxide arrester limits the voltage to approximately 2.00 pu as shown in the bottom oscillogram. However, the arrester will dissipate considerable energy in each half cycle as long as
this condition is allowed to persist and the thermal limit of the arrester is not exceeded. The use of any arrester - zinc-oxide or siliconcarbide - should not be considered as a cure-all for parallel resonance.
If one chooses to operate near a high-overvoltage resonant region,
arrester energy requirements and expected overvoltages should be
coordinated with equipment ratings. Reactor saturation typically
occurs for voltage levels in the range of 125 to 175 percent; consequenly, it will tend to reduce the magnitudes of overvoltages in and above - this range.
As Messrs LaForest and Miske point out and as illustrated in
Figure 10, fault resistance will reduce the severity of the parallelresonant problem. All the results presented here assumed a fault
resistance of one ohm except as noted in Figure 10.
Messrs La Forest's and Miske's discussion on zero-sequence currents is appreciated. Their calculations of the reactor zero-sequence currents (Io) for the three-legged, core-form reactor agree very closely
with our calculations which were not included in this paper due to
space limitations. While it is true that this reactor design, due to its
higher zero-sequence resistance, will reduce the coupled voltages and
currents, it is also true that its Io rating is much lower than for other
reactor designs where Ro = Rl. In fact, we have found that the continuous Io ratings for this type of reactor design are less than 10 percent of the positive-sequence rating in many instances. These ratings,
however, are a function of time and there is generally sufficient time to
disconnect such a reactor from the deenergized line if an overheating
problem is anticipated and provisions have been made for doing so. This
added dimension of zero-sequence currents to the parallel-resonance
problem indicates that, even if coupled voltages are quite low, the Io
rating may be exceeded. In fact, in other studies, we have calculated
reactor zero-sequence currents for three-legged, core-form reactors in
excess of their ratings when the shunt-compensated line was coupled
to an adjacent circuit for less than 10 percent of its distance.
To clear up one point in Mr Maddox's comments, the only fault
conditions which need a breaker failure to result in a prolonged resonance condition are faults on the energized circuit. All resonance
conditions for faults on the open circuit, including L-L-G, will result
during normal fault-clearing operations if the fault is sustained.
Mr Maddox's first question was discussed above. To answer his
second question: For a transposed line, the resonant shunt-reactor
value is virtually unchanged for faults on different phases while the
magnitude may change significantly. The worst combination was given
in the results of this paper. Moving the fault along the line changes
the value of resonance and the magnitude of the overvoltage a small
amount. We have found that it is generally sufficient to perform the
calculations for one fault location and to determine the combination
of faulted phases which gives the highest overvoltage at that location.
For interchangeability, reactors rated 60 MVAR at 362 kV will
be used. In all cases studied, switching reactors with their associated
lines proved to be an adequate solution and was best economically.
Delayed reclosing will be used and the reactors will not be
switched off until there has been an unsuccessful automatic reclosing
attempt. It will be an operating procedure to switch the reactor back
on the line just prior to energizing.
Messrs Rao and Cook have derived the expressions for determining the resonant values for a shunt-reactor bank with a neutral
reactor. We would like to point out that the expressions given in
Table A-1 for the fourth configuration are equivalent to Equations B28
through B31. Since it is assumed that the neutral device is a reactor
and that the reactor resistance values can be neglected, the expressions

584

for the resonance conditions are actually simpler than given in Equations B28 through B3 1. In fact, we have found all the simple expressions given in Table A-i to be invaluable in determining potential
resonance problems prior to performing detailed system voltage and
current calculations. It should be pointed out that the magnitudes of
voltages and currents near a resonance condition are very much dependent on reactor and system losses. Consequently, Equation Al
should not be used to determine the coupled voltages on the open
circuit.
Mr Huntzinger's comments on hung-pole conditions are well
taken. We have since investigated this phenomenon and concur that the
coupled voltage values under these conditions are considerably higher
than under the open-circuit fault conditions which were presented
in this paper. As mentioned previously, an example of a hung-pole
condition is given in Figure 11. The main point to be made is that this
condition can occur on single-circuit, three-phase lines without coupling
from another circuit. In fact, the field tests given in Reference I included measurements of voltages on open phases when only one or two

and the third equation for each configuration given in Table A-i. For
two phases open, the applicable equations are A8, A9, A10, A21, A22,
A24, A26, A29, A31, and the second and fourth equations in each
configuration in Table A-l.
The switching equipment mentioned in conjunction with a neutral
device - a bypass switch around the reactor or resistor - is not absolutely necessary. While this solution is fairly inexpensive, it is not as
economical as the one chosen. It should be noted that at least one other
utility has chosen the neutral-reactor solution.
Mr Lester's comments on the initialization of a resonant condition from the closing of a grounding switch are well taken.
The recovery voltage across the arc path which results from the
extinction of the arc current generally takes the form of the voltage
wave shown in Figure 11; i.e., a slowly building 60-Hz waveform.
The envelope effect of the waveform results from the shunt-reactor
inductive reactance being nearly equal to the line capacitance. This
is similar to the nature of the voltage waveform which results upon
the deenergization of a shunt-compensated transmission line as discussed in Reference 1.
REFERENCE

[I] T. F. Garrity, J. C. Haahr, L. Knudsen, M. C. Raezer, "Experience

with the AEP 765-kV System, Part V - Overvoltage and Staged

Fault Tests: Analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol PAS 92, pp. 1074-1084, May/June 1973.
Manuscript received June 27, 1979.
~i~4 /V~

Edward E. Colapret was born in El Paso, Texas,

on March 22, 1943. He attended the University
of Arizona in Tucson and received a BS in electrical engineering in 1970.
Mr. Colapret joined Tucson Gas & Electric
in 1970 and was employed in the Substation
Department. He is presently Senior Substation

Engineer concerned almost exclusively with

EHV projects.
Mr. Colapret is a member of IEEE and a
registered engineer in the State of Arizona.

Top Oscillogram:
1.54 pu/Div.
50 ms/Div.

Bottom Oscillogram:
.62 pu/Div.
50 ms/Div.

Fig. 11. Simulation of Parallel Resonance Upon Energization of

Shunt-Compensated Transmission Line When One Phase of
the Circuit Breaker Fails to Close Without - and With an Arrester Operation.

phases were energized. Steady-state voltages as high as 1.36 pu were

observed in these tests. As indicated in Figure 11, much higher voltages
are also possible under these conditions at other shunt compensation
levels. For the sake of completeness, the resonant conditions associated
with one open phase apply to Equations All, A12, Al3, A23, A30,

Edward Reid was born in Martinsburg, West

Virginia, on October 19, 1950. He received the
BSEE and MSEE degrees from West Virginia
University in 1972 and 1974, respectively.
Q His thesis dealt with the design and construction of a transient network analyzer.
In 1974, he joined the American Electric
Power Service Corporation in the System Planning Department where he was involved in
steady-state and transient overvoltage, singlepole switching, and other system studies. In
1978, he joined the McGraw-Edison Company in the Systems Engineering Department. His work there has involved a variety of system
studies including overvoltage, parallel resonance, and transmission line
loss analyses.
Mr. Reid is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and IEEE and is a registered engineer in the state of New York.