1

TRUE OR FALSE (A)

9. Emotional offenders are persons who commit crimes for

financial gain and are usually recidivists or repeaters. FALSE

wound of entry.
10. All types of lesions may be seen in persons injured by
the detonation of high explosives. T
11. An assessment of a transportation accident includes a
thorough evaluation involving the victim only. F
thorough evaluation of the victim, the vehicle and
the circumstances of the accident.
12. When there is no visible bumper injuries, the
pedestrian was probably struck by side-swiping.
T
13. In children the primary impact is usually above the
center of gravity. F
below the center of gravity.
14. Seat belt, due to its restraining effect, causes the body
of the occupant to slow down with the vehicle instead
of moving forward at the same speed as the car.
T
15. Seat belts is correctly put under the arm.
F
over the shoulder.
16. In the Philippines, the motorist caught not wearing a
helmet while driving risks being arrested by the traffic
police. T
17. Safety glass for the wind shield will likely to shutter
into small cubes of glass causing right angled
superficial cuts. T
18. In cars equipped with air bags, children maybe
allowed to sit in front of cars for their safety.
F
children should never be allowed to to sit in front or
they may suffocate when the air bag is inflated.
19. Head rest prevents violent whiplash motion of the
head especially in frontal clashes. T

10. A suspect who admits having sexual intercourse with a

complainant is considered to have made a confession.
FALSE

than the assailant and the victim because these crimes

are usually committed in public view.
F usually committed in private places.

1. Persons suffering from highly contagious, highly infectious

and communicable disease maybe presented in court as
witnesses in Court. TRUE
2. A physician maybe commanded to appear before the court
exclusively as an expert witness. FALSE
3. When a doctor is a witness to a dying declaration as regards
circumstances of a patients impending death, it is
inadmissible because it is a hearsay evidence. FALSE
4. The rationale in the use of Portrait Parle in identification is
that it inhibits the
inhibitor. FALSE
5. The polygraph technique is inadmissible in court because the
technique is in the experimental stage. TRUE
6. Confession made by the subject under the influence of alcohol
is equivalent to an admission. TRUE
7. Hypnosis as a method for extracting facts through alteration
of consciousness. FALSE
8. A rational offender is a mad killer who commits a crime
without knowing the nature and the quality of his acts.
TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE (B):

1. The barrel of the gun is considered a complete firearm.
T
2. In the Philippines it is often easier to have a person arrested
and convicted due to carrying a firearm without a license
than to convict him of more serious crimes.
T
3. An accurate description and location of the wound
sustained in a gunshot incident is important as this my help
indicate the circumstances surrounding the shooting.
T
4. An accurate description and measurement of the entrance
and exit wounds and their number may help indicate the
caliber and type of weapon used and the severity of the
assault.
T
5. The wound of exit is usually slightly smaller than the bullet
due to the elasticity of the human skin. F
The wound of entry
6. The gunshot wound of entrance is usually everted in near
shot or contact shot. T
7. In long range shots or distant shots the products of
combustion such as soiling, tattooing, and singeing are
usually present.
F
are usually absent.
8. In areas where the skin is closely applied to the bone as in
the head, a cruciform or stellate-shaped entrance wound is
observed.
T

9.

An abrasion collar is usually present in gunshot wound of

exit.F

20. In rape cases, there are often no other witnesses other

Define/Explain:
1.
a.

Legal Medicine
branch of medicine which applies medical
knowledge for the purposes of law and the
administration of JUSTICE

b.

A physician as an ordinary witness

when he testifies to facts of his own Personal
knowledge acquired in an physician-patient
relationship.

c.

Difference
between
an
ordinary
physician and a medico-legal expert
OP: Sees injury or illness on the point of treatment
MJ: on the point of cause
OP: Purpose is examining patient is to arrive at a
definite Diagnosis-Rx Rx
MJ: Purpose is to examine patient is to include
those bodily lesions in his report and testify before
the court before an investigation body result:
justice where justice is due-given.
OP: Minor or trivial ignored
MJ:do not require RX

d.

Psycho-physiological Response

2
2.
The natural response of the body to stress which is
governed by the autonomic nervous system.

e.
2.

3.

Is this a confession or an admission?

Would you expect a positive result for
spermatozoa in the vaginal smear of Maria?

When is the result of the following admissible in

evidence:
a.
b.

4.

a.
Fingerprints- positively establish the
identity of the person while bodily marks, like
moles, scars; complexion, shape of nose, etc. are
merely corroborative.
b.
Visual recognition- by relatives,
friends maybe of lesser value as compared with
fingerprints and dental comparison.

Portrait Parle

During an investigation, Pedro was made to drink

large amounts of alcohol until he finally loosenedup. He made a graphic description of his sexual
congress with Maria 2 days ago, for which a complaint
of rape was filed against him.
a.
b.

The value of the different points of identification varies in the

formulation of a conclusion.

Lie Dectector Test

Confession obtained with the use of alcoholic
beverages

2.

The longer the interval between death

and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification,
the greater is the need for experts in establishing identity.

3.

Inasmuch as the object to be

identified is highly perishable, it is necessary for the team to act in
the shortest possible time especially in case of mass disaster.

4.
of identification of persons.

6.

Give five (5) Psycho-physiological signs and symptoms

of guilt and explain each.
Sweating-Sweating accompanied by a flushed face indicate anger,
embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a pallid face
may indicate shock or fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.

7.

Dryness of the Mouth- Swallowing and licking of the lips

Fidgeting-subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling

his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing
and uncrossing his legs, rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, beating
and snapping fingernails, etc. These are indicative of nervous
tension.

Spotless past records-Religious man-The subject may assert that

it is not nor possible for him to do anything like that inasmuch as
he is a religious man and that he has a spotless record.

A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers

because he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of a
male person with the following characteristics and
findings:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Excessive Activity of the Adams Apple

Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion- Usually a guilty

subject frequently utters such expression. I swear to god I am
telling the truth or I hope my mother drops dead of a, lying, I
swear to Godetc. Such expressions are made to make forceful
and convincing his assertion of innocence.

In a case where there was a presentation of a suspected

blood stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene,
what test or tests must be done in order to determine if
the blood is of human origin or not?
Precipitin Test
Blood typing
DNA testing

Color Change--Flushed face: anger, embarrassment and shame

-Pale face: sign of guilt

Peculiar feeling inside- There is a tension of lightness of the head

and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled
conscience.

5.

What are the rules in Personal Identification? Ex.

1.

Laws of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification- the greater the

number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two
persons compared, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.

mole on the left cheek;

shaven head;
earring on the left earlobe;
2 missing front teeth;
fingerprints were found on the scene of the
crime and confirmed on investigation.

Of the above findings, what could positively establish the

identity of the suspect? Explain.
Answer: Fingerprinting because the chances that 2 persons
with exactly the same fingerprint is very rare except in
identical twins.

8.

Pedro with a 20/20 vision testified that he recognized

the suspect Juan as the assailant in the murder case
while he was on his balcony, 120 yards away from the
scene of the crime.
a.

Inability to look at the investigator-subject does not look into the

investigators eyes for the fear that his guilt may be seen in his eyes.
He will rather look at the floor or at the ceiling.
Not that I remember expression- the subject will resort to the use
of not that I remember expression when answering to be evasive
or to avoid committing something prejudicial to him.

No rigid rule observed in the procedure

Is Pedro a credible witness if he knows Juan

even before the incident?
No because a person can only recognize a person
known to him at a distance of 100 yards.

b.

Is Pedro a credible witness if the incident

happened by the clearest moonlight?
No. Because at the clearest moonlight, a person
can recognize another only at a distance of 14 feet.

c.

Is Pedro a credible witness if the incident took

place in broad daylight?

3
No. Because a person can only recognize a person
known to him at a distance of 100 yards.

9.

The remains of an unidentified person was found in a

shallow grave 12 months after his death. What
method(s) may you use in order to identify the
remains?
Answer: Examination of skeletal remains and dental remains and
DNA testing

ESSAY (A):

c.)

What is somatic death and how do you determine it?

9.

Nestor was known to be depressed for one year

because of some marital problems. He was found in
his bedroom dead with the following findings:

a blooded knife was found near his left hand ;

a stab wound was found on his lower back penetrating his kidney;
beginning rigor mortis;
dilated pupils;
Complete postmortem lividity on the anterior (front) of the body.

a.) Is the death of Nestor homicidal, suicidal or accidental?

1.

A garbage collector found a fetus in the garbage can

measuring 25 cm in length. Using the Hesss or
Haases rule, determine the age of the fetus in months.

b.) What are the differences between Cadaveric spasm and

rigor mortis?

2.

Distinguish post-mortem clot from ante-mortem clot .

c.) What is the significance of the location of his post-mortem

lividity?

3.

A male witness was called to testify in court. The court

observed the following:
a.
b.
c.

Excessive activity of the adams apple

Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion
Spotless past record.

Explain the significance of these psychophysiological reactions.

10. A body of a male person was found dead in a sugarcane

plantation. He was partially burned in a pugilistic position. The
medico-legal examiner found blisters all over his body. There
was a blood clot on his forehead. The skeleton of his whole left
arm was intact.
a. What is the significance if dry blisters were found?

4.

What is Portrait parle? Explain.

b. What is the significance if wet blisters were found?

5.

An eyewitness testified that he saw the culprit who

shot Mr. X while he was standing on top of a hill at
9:00 AM looking at the crime scene, which is 60 meters
away from where he was situated. Assess the probative
value of his testimony.

c. Can you determine his height?

6.

7.

What is the best way to identify a person when the

soft tissues of the body have already decomposed?
Why?
In a case of disputed paternity of JR, the following
were the result of blood type examination:
Father, Rolly with Blood Type A
Mother, Marie with Blood Type AB
Child, J.R. with Blood Type O
Is J.R. the child of Father, Rolly? Why? Why not?
Is J.R. the child of Mother, Marie? Why? Why not?
(5pts.)

8.

Lulu lies in a hospital bed, unresponsive and unable to

breathe on her own. Four weeks earlier, she was found
in the garden by her husband slumped on the ground.
She was rushed to the hospital where she was found to
have had a Stroke which reduced her in a permanent
vegetative state requiring a mechanical respirator to
enable her to breathe.
Lulus family not waning to see her suffer, decided to
let her go.

a.) What should be the guidelines of the doctors decision to pull the

plug?

b.) If before Lulus Stroke, she decided to donate her kidney(s) to a sick
relative, when should her kidney(s) be removed for organ transplant?

d. Why is the cadaver found in a pugilistic position?

ESSAY (B):
1. What are the rules in Personal Identification? Explain.
2. In case where there was a presentation of a suspected blood
stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene, what test or tests
must be done in order to determine if the blood is of human
origin or not?
3. Rolly is in doubt whether his youngest daughter, Shirley is
really his. He had blood typing examination done on himself,
his wife Marie, and Shirley. The examinations revealed that:
Rolly is blood type A, Marie is blood type O, and Shirley is
blood type B. Is Shirley the daughter of Rolly? When is blood
typing conclusive in questions of paternity?
4. The remains of an unidentified person was found in a shallow
grave 12 months after his death. What method(s) may you use
in order to identify the remains?

ESSAY (C):
1. During an investigation, Amporyong was made to drink large
amounts of alcohol until he finally loosened-up. He made a
graphic description of his sexual contact with Donita 2 months
ago, for which a complaint of rape was filed against him.
a.

Is this a confession or an admission? Explain.

ANS: Admission. There was no admission that he used force or

intimidation in the sexual contact.

b.

If a suspect is under the influence of alcohol, when

may a confession be admissible in evidence?

ANS: admissible if the suspect can recall what he said when he is

no longer under the influence of alcohol.

2.

Jason testified that he recognized the suspect Daryl as

the assailant in the murder case while he was on his balcony,
120 yards away from the scene of the crime.
a.

Is Jason a credible witness if he knows the person of

Pedro even before the incident?

ANS: No. According to studies, a person can be recognized only if he

is 100 yards away from the person to be identified.
b.

Is Jason a credible witness if the incident happened at

night by the clearest moonlight? Explain.
ANS: No, 25 yards away.

c.

Is Jason a credible witness if the incident took place in

broad daylight? Explain.
ANS: No, 100 yards away.

3.

The upper and lower jaw with teeth and the skeleton of his
whole left arm (measuring 2.5 feet) were the only part found
after a person was completely burned.
a.

What medico-legal examinations should be done to

determine the identity of this person?
ANS: Dental examination , compared with
antemortem dental records;
DNA examination using bone tissue;
Anthropometry measurements

b.

Why is the identity of a person important?

ANS: In the prosecution of the criminal offense, the identity of the

offender and that of the victim, must be established, otherwise it will be
a ground for the dismissal of the charge of acquittal of the accused.
The identification of a person missing or presumed dead will facilitate
settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance and other social benefits.
It vests on the heirs the right over the properties of the identified
person.
If the identity cannot be established, then the law on presumption of
death (Art. 390, Civil Code) must be applied which requires the lapse
of seven years before a person can be presume dead. In special
instances, the seven years period may be reduced to four years. (Art.
391, Civil Code)
Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-kin, other relatives
and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing person or victim of
calamity or criminal act.
Identification may be needed in some transactions, like cashing of
check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels of registered mail in post
office, sale of property, release of dead bodies to relatives, parties to
contact, etc.
c.

What is the approximate height of this person?

ANS: approximately 74 inches or 6.15 feet.

Computation:
2.5ft. x 2= 5 x 12 inches = 60 inches
+ 12.5 inches
+ 1.5 inches
TOTAL
74 inches divided by 12 inches
Approximate height 6 ft. .15 inches

4. A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers because

he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of a male person with
the following characteristics and findings:

He has a mole on the left cheek;

He has a beard and mustache;

He has an earring on the left earlobe;

He had 2 missing front teeth;

Latent fingerprints were found on the scene

of the incident.
a.

Of the above findings, what would positively establish the

identity of the suspect? Explain.
ANS: FINGERPRINTS because, the possibility that two
persons will have the same fingerprint is nil. 10 fingers x the
population of the world.
b. What characteristic(s) are applicable to both living and
dead?
ANS:

He has a mole on the left cheek;

He has a beard and mustache;
He has an earring on the left earlobe;
He had 2 missing front teeth;
Fingerprints

c. What characteristics could be easily changed?

ANS: Growth of hair, beard and mustache
Clothing, Frequent place of visit, Grade of profession ,Body
ornamentations
d. What is portrait parle? How is it done?
ANS: (Spoken Pictures)- Is a verbal, accurate and picturesque
description of the person identified.
In many instances the investigator does not have a picture of the
wanted or missing person. The only way to have an idea of the
prominent physical features is for the witnesses or someone who has
knowledge of the identity to tell him.
If a skilled investigative illustrator is available, a picture of the person
to be identified may be drawn or sketched. As a check to the sketch or
drawing made, it must be shown to the person(s) who gave the
information to see wethwer it tallies wioth the person to be identified.
5. What is the medical/scientific basis in Polygraph testing which
determines whether the subject is telling a lie or not.
ANS: Polygraph: it is appropriate to call it a lie detector. A lie
detector records physiological changes that occur in
association with lying in a polygraph. It is the fear of the
subject that allows the determination. The fear of the subject
when not telling the truth activates the sympathetic nervous
system to a series of automatic and involuntary
physiological changes, which are recorded by the instrument.

6. What is the best way to identify a person when the soft

tissues of the body have already decomposed? Why?

6.

b. What are the types of Physical Evidence, explain

and give examples for each type.

ANS: Skeletal remains- because the bones does not decompose

easily;DNA- material may be taken from the skeleton or teeth,
7.

Dental examination- because the enamel of the teeth is the hardest

part of the body.
7.

Determine the type of object evidence:

Blood stained knife found at the crime scene;

Ans: CORPUS DELICTI
Red paint on the fender of a hit and run car?
Ans: ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE

1. Autopsy shall be performed in the following cases,

except?

Blood stains leading to the location of the

suspect? ANS: TRACING EVIDENCE

b.
c.

Fingerprints found on the crime scene? ASNS:

ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE OR TRACING
EVIDENCE

d.

Dead body of the victim? ANS: CORPUS

DELICTI

a.

3.

Give at least five (5) Physiological and Psychological

Signs and Symptoms of Guilt and explain.

4.

A dead body was found dumped along Kennon Road.

The body was burned beyond recognition; however,
the skeletal structure of the cadaver remains intact. The
police authorities found no traces of clothing and no
other pieces of evidence to determine the identity of
the victim.
a.
b.
c.

5.

b.
c.

What cases are deemed Medicolegal Cases? (give at

least five cases).
What is Locards Exchange Principle?

What possible methods could be used in

determining the identity of the cadaver?
How can the authorities identify the gender of
the victim?
Why is the identity of a person important?

Mitch, a single 18 year college student, came to a

medical clinic complaining that she has been raped.
The medical examination yielded the following result:

Recently healed hymeneal lacerations at 1 and 3 oclock; No

signs of recent application of force at the perineal area; Positive
for spermatozoa, no gram negative cocci; non-virgin state.
a.

What is the implication of a positive finding for

spermatozoa?

b.

What is the effect of a positive finding of an accuseds

semen in the victims vaginal canal in an alleged rape
case?

Upon order of a competent court, mayor and a provincial or city

fiscal.
Upon written request by police authorities.
Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal deem it
necessary to dissenter and take possession of the remains for
examination to determine cause of death.
Whenever barangay officials shall request in writing the authorities
concerned to ascertain the cause of death.

2. Which statement is correct?

ESSAY (D):

2.

A mutilated decomposed body of a person was found

in Irisan dumpsite. Investigation reveals that the soft
tissues of the body have already decomposed. What is
the best way to identify the victim? Explain.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

a.

1.

a. What is Medical evidence?

d.

3.

Under Philippine laws, medicolegal deaths should undergo

mandatory autopsy if the deceaseds next of kin will give his
consent.
The signed consent of the deceaseds next of kin is required.
The cause of death in the Death Certificate may be stated even
without the autopsy.
No consent is required for the autopsy although the next of kin is
informed of this requirement; the signed consent is obtained only as
a matter of courtesy.

If the Hospital has the authority to conduct autopsy

but the relatives refuse to cooperate, what will be the
effect of such refusal?
a.
b.
c.
d.

4.

The body may not be released until the relatives

cooperate.
The death certificate is merely filled up by putting
as the cause of death undetermined.
No death certificate will be issued until the
relatives cooperate.
The body may not be released and no death
certificate will be issued.

Garri testified that he recognized the suspect

Cooper (his childhood friend) as the assailant
in the murder case while he was on his
balcony, 120 yards way from the scene of the
crime. The crime allegedly took place in
broad daylight. Is Garri a credible witness to
testify on the identity of the assailant?
a.

b.

c.

Yes, according to studies, a person can identify

another within the range of 150 yards, provided he
knows or has seen that person before.
Yes, studies show that a person can identify
another in broad daylight within the range of 122
yards if personally known to him.
No, studies reveal that a person can only identify
another in broad daylight at a distance of no more
than 25 yards.

6
d.

5.

b.
c.
d.

5 feet, two inches

5 feet, four inches
5 feet, nine inches
6 feet, one inch

An extrajudicial confession made by an

accused while intoxicated is admissible if:
a.
b.

c.
d.

9.

The result is deemed conclusive as to nonpaternity.

A 99.9 % match is deemed conclusive as to
paternity.
A positive match to the alleged father is conclusive
evidence that he is the father of the child.
A positive match to the mother is conclusive
evidence that he is the father of the child.

The skeleton of a whole left arm measuring 2

feet was the only part after a person was
badly burned. What is the approximate
height of the accused?
a.
b.
c.
d.

8.

Circumstancial evidence
Corpus delicti
Associative Evidence
Corroborative evidence

In cases involving paternity, when is the

result of the DNA analysis deemed
conclusive?
a.

7.

a.
b.

A blood stained bolo was found near the

body of the victim, what type of object
evidence is it?
a.
b.
c.
d.

6.

No, studies show that a person can hardly

recognize another person at a distance farther than
100 yards even if he knows that person.

The accuseds lawyer was present when he made

such statement.
The accused is physically capable to recollect the
facts that he uttered after the effects of alcohol have
disappeared.
The accused made a vivid and graphic account of
what he did while intoxicated.
The accused acknowledged his guilt and is willing
to be incarcerated.

The following statements are correct, except?

a.

b.

c.
d.

The greater the number of points of similarities and

dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater
is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.
The longer the interval between death and the
examination of the remains for purposes of
identification, the greater is the need for experts in
establishing identity
There is a standard rule observed in the procedure
of identification of persons
The polygraph is capable of a high degree of
accuracy only when conducted under controlled
condition by an examiner who is highly qualified
due to his stability, experience, education and
integrity.

10. The presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal

canal of an alleged victim is an indication
that:

c.
d.

11.

Indeed, rape was committed.

The victim and the accused engaged in sex
voluntarily.
The victim engaged in sexual contact within the
last 72 hours.
The victim is of age to engage in sexual
intercourse.

The following are the different types of

physical evidence, EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Corpus delicti
Documentary evidence
Associative
Tracing

12. The following are to be done in performing

autopsies and post-mortem exam, EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.

External and internal examinations are done in

autopsy.
External examination without incision in postmortem examination.
Removal of tissues for further examination in
autopsy.
Blood and other body fluids should not be collected
for examination during post-mortem examination.

13. Which of the following statements is VALID?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Any licensed medical practitioner may legally

perform autopsy.
All patients who died in a government training
hospital must be autopsied.
A non-official autopsy can be performed without
the consent of the next of kin.
Consent of the next of kin to perform a medicolegal autopsy is not necessary.

14. If the body is exhumed for the purpose of

performing post-mortem examination, which
of the following is NOT correct?
a.
b.

c.
d.

After the body has been disinterred, it must be

identified by the relatives or friends.
A deodorant and disinfectant must be applied to
the body to allow those performing the examination
to be more comfortable and safe.
The body may be identified by marks on it.
Physician must describe the coffin, clothing and
degree of decomposition before stating the actual
disease or violence in his report.

15. The art and study of recording fingerprints as

a means of identification.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Dactylography
Dactyloscopy
Poroscopy
Polydactyly

16. The following characteristics of a living

person may easily be changed, EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Clothing
Body ornamentation
Growth of hair (beard)
Speech

17. When the doctor testifies as to the dying

declaration of his patient, he is:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Expert witness
An ordinary witness
A medico-legal officer
Competent witness

a.
b.
c.
d.

18. DOA means:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Dying on arrival
Death on arrival
Died within 24 hours after admission to the
hospital
All of the above

19. Res Ipsa Loquitor doctrine may be applied

when:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Thing speaks for itself

When a sponge was left in the abdomen of the
patient after surgery
When there is no need for the testimony of an
expert witness
All of the above

20. Which of the following Presidential Decree

requires practitioner of dentistry to keep
records of their patients?
a.
b.
c.
d.

P.D 1575
P.D 1755
P.D 541
P.D 996

a.
b.
c.
d.

forgery

is

Traced
Simulated
Spurious
Freehand

Heman crystals test

Schombeins test
Takayama test
Precipitin test

24. Photographic file of wanted or missing

persons.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Portrait parle
Spoken oicture
Rougues galary
Anthropometry

a.
b.
c.
d.

Confession made under the influence of parental

sentiment
Scientific interrogation
Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor
Use of devices which record the psychophysiological response

27. One of the missing passengers of the plane

which flew into the Twin Towers in NY
whose name was on the airplane manifest
but body was never recovered, is legally
presumed dead after a period of :
a.
b.
c.
d.

Seven years
Ten years
Five years
Four years

c.
d.

The same as autopsy examination

Includes determination of the
approximate time of death
Examination of the crime scene
B and C

position

of

29. The following are physiological and

psychological signs and symptoms of guilt,
EXCEPT:

23. Which of the following tests is used to

determine whether the blood is of human
origin or not?
a.
b.
c.
d.

26. The following are allowable methods of

Deception Detection, EXCEPT:

a.
b.

Inconsistent slant
Natural starts and stops
Lack of rhythm
Change of capital letters

22. Which of the following

accomplished without outline?

Through hypnotic induction

Administration of truth serum
Use of word association test
Administration of sodium penthotal

28. Post-mortem examination is:

21. The following are characteristics of disguised

writing, EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.

25. The device used as a method of Deception

Detection to record the Psycho-physiologic
response of the subject is:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Sweating
Excessive salivation
Color change
Fidgeting

30. A defendant accused of rape confessed that

he had carnal knowledge with the
complainant at the time and place
mentioned. The defendant made a:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Involuntary confession
Admission
Voluntary confession
Extra-judicial confession

1. This is a condition which is a reliable basis to determine

virginity.
A. lacerated hymen
B. sharp vaginal rugosities
C. labia majora/minora
D. breasts

2. A condition of a female who has not experienced sexual

intercourse and whose genital organs have not been altered by
carnal connection.
A.Virgo Intacta
B. Physical virginity
C. Moral Virgin
D. All of the above

D. Contused Head Injury

10. What is the range of the gun when it was fired to the mans
knee?
A. Near Fire
B. Short Range Fire
C. Medium Range Fire
D. Long range

3. If the victim is hit by a bus or truck, the impact is usually:

11. How would you characterize the infliction of the slashes?
A. Below the center of gravity
B. Above the center of gravity
C. At the center of gravity

4. Which among the statements is true?

A. In a head-on collision, more than 50% of the accident result in death of the
driver;
B. Side-sweeping can be fatal if due to the impact, the pedestrian hits his head
on the ground;
C. Due to sudden deceleration, whiplash injury does not occur.

5. It is a human factor commonly responsible in an automotive

crash.
A. Chemical factor
B. Pedestrian
C. Poor brake
D. Atmosphere

6. This is usually a single vehicle and single occupant crash.

A. Roll over crash
B. Side impact crash
C. Front impact crash
D. Suicidal crash

7. It is the first violent contact between the pedestrian and the

motor vehicle.

A. Suicidal
B. Accidental
C. Homicidal
D. all of the above

12. What kind of wound is inflicted at the back of the mans

head?
A. Lacerated wound
B. Incised Wound
C. Closed wound
D. Open wound

13. What kind of wound are the slashes found in his body?
A. Lacerated wound
B. Incised Wound
C. Closed wound
D. Open wound

14. The recovered firearm should be subjected to:

A. Ballistic examination
B. Paraffin test
C. Microscopic Examination
D. all of the above

15. The gunshot wound on the knee is:

A. Run-over injuries
B. Primary impact
C. Secondary impact
D. None of the above

A. Gun shot wound of exit

B. Gunshot wound of entry
C. Shored gunshot wound
D. Muzzle imprint

8. A condition when the bullet travels the whole length of a

tight fitting barrel, it is rotated by the lands and the scraping is
ejected from the barrel and strikes the target, causing small
abrasions or superficial lacerations on the skin around the main
wound.

16. The following are the characteristics of a Gun shot wound

of entry except:

A. Shoring of the bullet

B. Muzzle imprint
C. Powder burns
D. Metal fouling

An unidentified body of a naked man was discovered at Irisan

Dumpsite. There was a rope around his neck, his tongue was
protruding from his mouth, a gunshot wound on his right knee
where the edges of the entrance are inverted. A bullet was
recovered in his right thigh. The back of his head is covered
with blood where the wound is already contused and swollen,
and his body bore superficial multiple slashes. A suspected gun
was found among the garbage far from the body.

A. Usually smaller than the missle

B. Usually oval or round depending on the angle of approach
C.Absence of tattooing or smudging
D. paraffin test is always negative.

17. Instances when the number of gunshot wounds of entrance

is less than the number of gunshot wound of exit except:
A. Bullet entered the body, split into several fragments, each of which made a
separate exit.
B. Bullet entered the natural orifice of the body and produce wound of exit.
C. Two or more bullets entering the body through a common entrance and later
making
individual exit wounds.
D. One or more bullets lodged in the body.

9. What is the cause of death of the man?

18. Instances when there is no gunshot wound of exit but the

bullet is not found in the `
body of the victim except:

A. Gunshot wound
B. Asphyxia
C. Multiple Slashes

A. Bullet entered into the gastro-intestinal tract and expelled through the
mouth by coughing
B. Near fire with blank cartridge

9
C. Bullet may enter a common wound of entrance and upon hitting the bone,
the course is
deflected and goes back to the wound of entrance as the wound of exit.

D. Near shot the bullet splinters and make a separate exit.

19. Evidences to prove that the gunshot wound is suicidal
except:
A. The presence of usually but one gunshot wound.
B. Presence of defense wounds
C. Wounding weapon usually held tightly by the palm of the hand.
D. Presence of suicide note.

A six year old child suddenly run across the street and was
bumped by a speeding vehicle with a 40 kph speed.
20. The primary impact is:

B. In oral sex, the penis may totally block the air passages, causing asphyxia.
C. Ejaculation of seminal fluid may occlude respiratory tract.
D. Cunnillingus, in pregnant women may cause multiple orgasm causing
heart attack.

27. The following are true in DNA fingerprinting except:

A. Identical twins or clones will have a different DNA fingerprint.
B. In rape cases, there would be no need for the rape victim to testify as to
whether the sexual act took place if the suspects DNA matches with the DNA
taken from the semen of the victims vagina.
C. The chance that any two individuals would have the same DNA fingerprint
is one in several billion.
D. Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) is the most effective for identification.

28. In human sexual excitation, there are several identified

stages;

A. Below the center of gravity

B. Above the center of gravity
C. At the center of gravity
D. None of the above.

A. Excitatory phase;
B. Plateau;
C. Orgasm;
D Resolution
E. All of the above

21. In the above problem, if the brake was applied during or

immediately before the crash, the following will be expected
except:

29-30. Give two distinctions between a gunshot wound of entry

and a gunshot wound of exit.

A. The child will continue to move forward and land on the road
B. The primary impact will be much lower than the center of gravity because of
the dipping of the bumper of the car
C. The child will pass over the top of the hood, windshield and windshield
frame
D. The length of skid or tire marks will be appreciated before the point of
primary impact.

MATCHING TYPE:
A. ORDINARY PHYSICIAN
B.

MEDICAL JURIST

22. In hit and run injuries:

A. A fast moving vehicle may run over, hit, or side-swipe a pedestrian
B. Collide with another vehicle or fixed object.
C. Get away from the scene without regard to the victim
D. Usually happens when the driver is drunk or high.
E. All of the above

23. In drunk driving, the driver should have at least:

A. 0.30% alcohol in the blood
B. 0.40% alcohol in the blood
C. 0.15% alcohol in the blood
D. 0.05% alcohol in the blood

24. The reasons why there is a high percentage of motorcycle

crash are:
A. A motorcycle can attain a high speed compared with other ordinary record
vehicle
B. It has a small profile that the driver of the other vehicles may fail to see it
C. At high speed and frequently at high curves, the cyclist may lose control of
the bike.
D. All of the above

25. The following are the criminal characteristics of rape except:

A. It is one of the ancient and universal crimes.
B. Many sex crimes are committed but not reported.
C. There is close physical contact between the offender and the victim.
D. It is usually a crime committed by one sex against the opposite sex.
E. It is a crime committed in public.

26. Death of the female partner related to the sexual act are the
following except:
A. Accidental strangulation or suffocation of the female partner.

_________1. When there is an injury, he is more interested in

finding out what possible treatment could be
done.
_________2. He gives importance to all injuries, whether major
or minor.
_________3. He does not give importance to minor wounds in
his examination because they heal without
treatment.
_________4. The purpose of his examination is to arrive at a
proper diagnosis for treatment.
_________5. He performs an examination in order to determine
the cause of the injury.

ESSAY (E)
1.
a.

Crime Scene is anywhere evidence may be located

that will help explain the events

b.

Forensic Entomology-a branch of Forensic Medicine

which use insect evidence to help reconstruct the
circumstances (e.g. time of death, movement of the
body) surrounding human death.

c.

Medical Evidence- Medical Evidence means

sanctioned by the Rules of Court of ascertaining in a

10

judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of

fact.
d.

e.

2.

6.

Psycho-physiological Response Psycho-physiological

response one mode of deception detection which is
currently being used or applied by law enforcement
agencies.
Forensic Odontology- science used to identify
people
from
dental
structures
and
analysis/comparisons of bitemarks, etc.

During an investigation, Pedro was made to drink

large amounts of alcohol until he finally loosenedup. He made a graphic description of his sexual
contact with Maria two months ago, for which a
complaint of rape was filed against him.
a.

Is this a confession or an admission?

ANS: Admission.
It is an admission to the fact that a sexual
intercourse occurred but NOT a confession to the crime of rape.
b.
If a suspect is under the influence of alcohol
during an extrajudicial confession, when may
confessions be admissible in evidence?

a.

b.

4.

5.

May sex of the person be determined by

dental features?

Answer: No, dental features cannot determine sex, but cells available
may be used in order to locate Barr bodies which are present only in
female cells.
Sex determination may be done through the skeletal remains based on
the appearance of the pelvis, skull, sternum, long bones.l
7.

Rolly is questioning the paternity of J. R., his alleged

son with Marie. The following are the results of blood
type examination:
Rolly:
Marie:
J. R.:

What is Locards Exchange Principle.(5%)

Answer:
Every contact leaves a trace. Since physical contact is involved
in almost every crime, the analysis of trace evidence plays a
crucial role in crime investigation. No one can enter an
environment without leaving some trace of his or her presence
and without carrying away some trace of that environment (e.g.
crime scene)

Give the possible methods in identifying the

cadaver.

Answer: Skeletal identification & Dental examination and DNA

Fingerprinting because of the deterioration of the soft tissues, these are
remaining means of identification.

ANS: If Pedro can recall what he said when he was under the
influence of alcohol and under investigation.
3.

A cadaver of a person was found under the bed in one

of the rooms at Nova Lodge. The body was totally
burned, and no identification whatsoever was found
inside the room. The body was found after one week.

Blood type O
Blood type O
Blood type B

a. When is blood typing examination conclusive as to

paternity?
Answer: When the blood typing results does not match the father,
it is conclusive. NEGATIVE result is conclusive that Rolly is not
the father.

In a case where there was a presentation of a suspected

blood stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene,
what test or tests must be done in order to determine if
the blood is of human origin or not? (10%)

b. Is Rolly the father of J. R.?

Answer:
Prescipitin Test,
Blood typing test
DNA

c. Is Marie the mother of J. R.?

A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers

because he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of
a male person with the following characteristics and
findings:

d. What other methods of determining paternity studies

maybe undertaken?

a.
b.
c.
d.

He has a shaven head;

He has an earring on the left earlobe;
He had 2 missing front teeth;
His latent fingerprints were found on the
crime scene and confirmed on investigation.

Of the above findings, what would positively establish the

identity of the suspect? Explain.(10%)
Answer: His latent fingerprints which were found on the crime scene
will definitely identify the suspect. Fingerprint examination is 99.9%
reliable and is conclusive as to the presence of the suspect in the crime
scene. Fingerprints never change, no two fingerprints are alike

Answer: No. If both parents are type O only Type O

children can be produced.

Answer: Marie is the mother of Jr. She knows this as a

fact.

Answer: DNA fingerprinting.

8.

DNA is an organic substance found

in a persons cells which contains his
or her genetic code. Each persons
DNA profile is distinct or unique.
What is the exception? Why?

Answer:
Identical twins, they have identical DNA components because the
identical twins came from a single fertilized egg.

Define/Explain:
1. Importance of IDENTIFICATION

11

a. In the prosecution of criminal offense, the identity of the offender and the
victim must be established;

11. Ecchymosis or love bites blood is accumulates

underneath the skin caused by sucking of the skin.

b. to facilitate the settlement of estate of a person missing or presumed dead;

12. Dislocation- displacement of the articular surface of

bones entering into a formation of a joint.

c. Identification resolves the anxiety of the next of kin, other relatives and
friends as to true whereabouts of the missing person;
d. Identification is needed in certain commercial transaction such as
encashment of check, delivery of parcels of registered mail, sale of property,
release of dead bodies to the relatives etc.

13. Sprain- partial or complete disruption in the continuity

of the muscular or ligamentous support of a joint. It is
usually caused by a blow, kick or torsion force.
14. Subluxation- incomplete or partial dislocation.

2. Rules in Personal Identification;

Laws of Multiplicity of evidence in identification- the greater
the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two
persons compared, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.
a.
b.

c.

d.

3.

The value of the different points of identification varies in the

formulation of the conclusion;
The longer the interval between death and the examination of
the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the need
for experts in establishing identity;
Inasmuch as the object to be identified is highly perishable, it is
necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time
especially in cases of mass disaster;
There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of
identification of persons.

ESSAY (F):
1.

DNA Finger Printing: is a recent method of

identification through a persons DNA. It is so reliable
because of its irrefutable way of identifying a person,
much like a fingerprint.

4.

Physics of Wound Production:

Wound is equals to kinetic energy x time
x area x other factors
Kinetic Energy =MV2
2
Velocity component is more important;
Time- the longer the time of impact, the lesser the injury;
The larger the area of transfer, the lesser the injury;
Other factors, skin elasticity, location of bones in area injured,
etc.
5.

15. Cerebral Contusion/ concussion- is the jarring or

stunning of the brain characterized by more or less
complete suspension of its functions, as a result of
injury to the head, which leads to some commotion of
the cerebral substance.

Nestor was known to be depressed for one year

because of some marital problems. He was found lying
on his back in his bedroom with the following findings
on autopsy:
a. A blooded knife was found near his left hand;
b. A stab wound was found on his lower back
penetrating his left kidney;
c. Beginning rigor mortis and algor mortis ;
d. Dilated pupils;
e. Complete postmortem lividity on the anterior
(front) of his body.

QUESTIONS:
1.

ANS: The death of Nestor is Homicidal because:

Locus Minoris Resistencia- Physical injury located not

at the site nor opposite the site of the application of
force but in some areas offering the least resistance.

6.

Defense wound- is the result of the persons instinctive

reaction of self-protection or preservation.

7.

Patterned wound- wound in the nature /shape of an

object or instrument and which infers the object or
instrument causing it.

8.

Portrait Parle- is the verbal, accurate and picturesque

description of the person to be identified which is
reduced into a cartographic sketch.

9.

Mayhem is the unlawful and violent deprivation of

another of the use of a part of the body so as to render
him unable to fight either to defend himself or annoy
his adversary.

10. Closed wounds are wounds where there is no breach

in the continuity of the skin or mucous membrane.

Is the death of Nestor homicidal, suicidal or

accidental?

2.

the stab would was found on the lower back which

is inaccessible to the hands of Nestor if it is
suicide;
The postmortem lividity was found on the anterior
portion of the body of Nestor which indicates that
the body was moved by another person before the
completion of the postmortem lividity;
The blooded knife was found was not found
grasped in cadaveric spasm which would rule out
suicide.

What is the significance of the postmortem lividity

found on the anterior part of his body?
ANS: The postmortem lividity found on the anterior
portion of the body of Nestor which indicates that the
body was moved by another person before the
completion of the postmortem lividity considering that
he was found lying on his back;

3.

2.

Distinguish between Cadaveric spasm and rigor

mortis? (5 points)

Bobby was a victim of a kidnap for ransom. After his

kidnappers killed him, he was totally burned. The

12

Police Investigators found on the crime scene a

partially burned upper and lower jaw with teeth. An
eyewitness testified that he saw the persons who killed
Bobby while he was standing on top of the hill 100
meters away at 9:00 oclock AM.
QUESTIONS:
a.
b.

What is the best way to determine the identity of

Bobby? (5 points)
Assess the probative value of the testimony of the
witness. (5 points)

3.

A garbage Collector found a fetus in a garbage can

measuring 25 cm in length. Using the Hesss or
Haases rule, determine the age of the fetus in months.
(5 points)

4.

Marie and Rolly has a case of disputed paternity over

Junior. The following are the results of the blood type
examinations.
Rolly Blood type A
Marie Blood type AB
Junior Blood type O

QUESTIONS:
a)
b)
c)

5.

Jose was mauled by Pedro and suffered physical

injuries which without medications healed for 28 days
but incapacitated him for 5 days. During the trial, he
did not present any medical certificate.

QUESTION:

6.

Is Junior the child of Rolly? (5 points)

Is Junior the child of Marie? (5 points)
When is blood typing conclusive in cases
of paternity disputes? (5 points)

a)

Can Jose file a case of less serious

physical injuries against Pedro? (5
points)

A male suspect was apprehended by the Police officer

because he look exactly like a cartographic sketch of a
wanted person. With the following characteristic and
findings:
a. Mole on the left cheek;
b. Earring on the left earlobe;
c. Two missing front teeth;
d. Positive finger prints of the male suspect in
the scene of the crime;
e. Blood stained knife in the crime scene;
f. Positive DNA fingerprinting.

QUESTIONS:
2.
3.

Of the above findings, which would positively

identify the suspect? (5 points)
What test or tests should be make on the blood
stained knife if the blood is of human origin or
not? (5 points)

How will you present an expert witness who is a physician?