Language Reference

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants),
and functions.

Structure

Variables

Functions

Constants

Digital I/O

setup()

loop()

HIGH | LOW

pinMode()

Control Structures

INPUT | OUTPUT|
INPUT_PULLUP

digitalWrite()

digitalRead()

true | false

if

if...else

for

switch case

while

do... while

void

break

boolean

analogReadResolution()

continue

char

analogWriteResolution()

return

unsigned char

goto

byte

tone()

int

noTone()

Further Syntax

Analog I/O

integer constants

floating point
constants

Data Types

analogReference()

analogRead()

analogWrite() - PWM

Due only

Advanced I/O

; (semicolon)

unsigned int

shiftOut()

{} (curly braces)

word

shiftIn()

// (single line

comment)

long

/* */ (multi-line
comment)

unsigned long

short

millis()

float

micros()

double

delay()

string - char array

delayMicroseconds()

String - object

array

min()

Conversion

max()

#define

#include

Arithmetic Operators

= (assignment
operator)

pulseIn()

Time

Math

+ (addition)

- (subtraction)

* (multiplication)

char()

abs()

/ (division)

byte()

constrain()

% (modulo)

int()

map()

word()

pow()

sqrt()

Comparison Operators

== (equal to)

long()

!= (not equal to)

float()

< (less than)

> (greater than)

<= (less than or

equal to)

>= (greater than or

equal to)

Boolean Operators

Variable Scope &

Qualifiers

variable scope

static

volatile

const

Trigonometry

sin()

cos()

tan()

Random Numbers

randomSeed()

random()

&& (and)

|| (or)

! (not)

Utilities

Bits and Bytes

sizeof()

Pointer Access Operators

* dereference
operator

& reference operator

Bitwise Operators

& (bitwise and)

| (bitwise or)

^ (bitwise xor)

lowByte()

highByte()

bitRead()

bitWrite()

bitSet()

bitClear()

bit()

External Interrupts

~ (bitwise not)

attachInterrupt()

detachInterrupt()

Interrupts

<< (bitshift left)

>> (bitshift right)

interrupts()

noInterrupts()

Compound Operators
Communication

++ (increment)

-- (decrement)

+= (compound
addition)

-= (compound
subtraction)

*= (compound
multiplication)

Serial

Stream

USB (Leonardo and Due only)

Keyboard

Mouse

/= (compound
division)

&= (compound
bitwise and)

|= (compound
bitwise or)