VIRUS

Meiriza Djohari
Mata Kuliah Mikrobiologi
STIFAR

Introduction
A Virus is :

a set of genes
composed of either DNA or RNA
packages in a protein containing coat
The resulting partikel Virion

Viruses can only reproduce in living cells

Viruses that infected human the general class of
animal viruses
Viruses that infected bacteria bacteriophages

Virus reproduction requires that virus particle infect a

cell & program the cellular machinery to synthesize the
constituents required for the assembly of new virions
considered an intracellular parasite

Introduction
The biological & genetics bases for viruses
phenomena are presented :
Different viruses can have very different
genetics structures reflected in their
replicative strategies
Viruses depend to great extent on host cell
functions difficult to combat medically
They do exhibit unique steps in their replicative
cycles that are potential targets for antiviral
therapy

Virion Size and Design

Viruses are approx. 100-1000 fold smaller than
the cells they infect.
The smallest : Parvoviruses diameter + 20 nm
The largest : Poxviruses diameter + 300 nm

The basic design of all viruses places the nucleic

acid genome on the inside of a protein shell
A capsid
Two basic types of virions :
1. Enveloped viruses
have a nucleocapsid of nucleic acid
complexed to protein
2. Naked capsid viruses
have a nucleic acid genome within a
protein shell

Functions of capsid or envelope of

viruses :
1. To protect the NA genome from damage
during extra-celullar passage of the virus
from one cell to another
2. To aid in the process of entry into the cell
3. To package enzymes essential for the early
steps ofthe infection process

Structure of Virus

The Components of Viruses. (A) Naked viruses consist of a nucleic acid genome (either DNA or
RNA) and a protein capsid. Capsomere units are shown on one face of the capsids. Spikes may be
present on the capsid. (B) Enveloped viruses have an envelope that surrounds the nucleocapsid.
Again spikes usually are present.
Tugas : What important role do
spikes play in the infective behavior of viruses?

Viral Structure
1. Viral Nucleic Acid

Viral Structure
2. Capsid and Envelope

Virus Genomes

Linear and circular viral genomes.

ss: single-stranded
ds: double-stranded
There are no viruses known with
circular dsRNA genomes

Various of Viral Shape

The nucleocapsid may have helical symmetry (A) in the tobacco mosaic and rabies viruses or
(B) icosahedral symmetry typical of the herpesviruses and polioviruses. In other viruses (C) a
complex symmetry exists. The smallpox virus has a series of rod-like filaments embedded
within the membranous envelope at its surface

Structure of Bacteriophage

(A) The structure of a bacteriophage consists of the head, inside of which is

the nucleic acid, and the tail. The tail sheath is hollow to allow transfer of nucleic acid during
infection. The tail fibers attach the phage to the host cell surface. (B) A false-color
transmission electron micrograph of a T-even bacteriophage
(Bar = 70 m.)
What is the purpose of the tail fibers?

Replication of Bacteriophage

Classification of Viruses
The criteria were:
1.The type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
2.The symmetry of the virus
3.The presence or absence of an envelope
4.The diameter of the nucleocapsid for helical
viruses or the number of capsomeres for cubic
viruses

The basic steps for replicating the

virus include:
1. Recognition and attachment
2. Entry into the cell
3. Uncoating
4. Synthesis of the macromolecular components,
including the genome and the structural parts of
the virion particle
5. Assembly of the new virion particles
6. Exit from the cell

(1) Binding,
(2) Fusion and entry,
(3) Delivery of genome to
nucleus,
(4) Immediate early and early
mRNA and protein synthesis,
(5) Replication of the genome,
(6) Late protein synthesis,
(7) Capsid assembly and filling,
(8) Envelopment of genomefilled capsid, and
(9) Exit of cell by exocytosis or
cell lysis.

(1)Binding,
(2) Entry and uncoating,
(3) Protein synthesis,
(4) Production of an RNA template,
(5) Genome replication,
(6) Capsid assembly,
(7) Filling capsid with genome,
(8) Cell lysis and release.

Tugas
Kelompok 1 : Virus SS DNA
Kelompok 2 : Virus DS DNA
Kelompok 3 : Virus SS RNA
Kelompok 4 : Virus DS RNA
Contoh virus, , bentuk icosahedral atau helical, penyakit yang
diakibatkan, gejalanya, jenis terapinya

Thank You

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