Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Yunlong Liu
Stephen Grubits & Associates
Overview
Introduction
Concept design example
Introduction
Ventilation for normal traffic condition
Ventilation for congested condition
Ventilation for fire emergency condition
Fire
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Exit
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Direction of traffic
Upstream
Downstream
ghQ
Vc = (k g K )
c p AT f
3
Airport Link
Tunnel:
- 5.7km twin tube
- Jet fan system
- 3 portals
- XP 120m
Ventilation System
ventilation shafts
3. Railway Tunnels
Open system
Closed system
PSD system
Partial PSD system
Hybrid system (Blend of closed
system/PSD system)
Open system
Ventilation shafts open & station open
Hot air from the tunnel enters the station
Suitable for the cold weather area, such as
New York Subway System.
Station #1
Station #2
Open System
Closed system
Ventilation shafts closed & station open
Air from outside is cooled at the concourse then
enter the tunnel
Was widely used for hot weather area, such as
South East Asia, but its expensive
Station #1
Station #2
Closed System
Station #1
Station #2
PSD System
Inlets
Exhaust Duct
Ceiling
Baffles
Handrail
Stairs
Train
Smoke
Curtains
Platform
Jet fans
Saccardo nozzles
Impulse fans
Axial fans
Smoke ducts/dampers
Down-stands
Egress/cross passages
5. Risk Assessment
Design Objective
The objective of the fire life safety design is:
Design fires
Based on hazard analysis:
Base case reasonable fire scenario
High challenge case sensitivity analysis
Extreme events not for design
Design fires
Base case scenarios design fire scenarios:
Scenarios expected to occur more often than once in
100 years;
Reasonable fire growth rate;
Reasonable peak fire HRR (50MW for road tunnels);
Assuming all fire protection systems working
Design fires
High challenge case sensitivity analysis:
Design fires
Extreme events not for design:
Timeline assessment
Time since fire initiation - sec
Time
1200
1000
600
400
200
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
Frequency
Descriptor
Frequency
Frequent
Likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
IV
Consequences Type
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Life safety of
occupants
Fatality or multiple
fatalities,
or severe irreversible
disability (>30%) to one
or more persons
Incapacitation,
or moderate irreversible
disability or impairment
(<30%) to one or more
persons
III
Partial Incapacitation
Objective but reversible
disability requiring
hospitalisation
II
Discomfort or low
visibility
or
tunnel cannot be operated for a short period
Significant localised damage of equipment generally not requiring
major repair or
Tunnel operates at a reduced capacity for a short period
II
III
IV
Med
High
High
V High
V High
Med
Med
High
V High
V High
Low
Med
High
High
V High
Low
Low
Med
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Med
High
Risk Assessment
If the risk level of the trial design is accessed as:
(i)LOW, or
(ii) the risk level is medium and the risk level is
consistent with the Benchmark risk level or
further risk reduction is impractical, or
(iii) the risk level of the trial design is as low as
reasonably practical (ALARP), then the
performance of the trial design is acceptable for
the design fire scenario being analysed.