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Machine Manual
Safety Summary
Chapter 1
Safety Summary
The Safety Summary describes general requirements and conditions for safe
installation, operation, and maintenance of injection molding equipment. Personnel
must read, understand, and follow all safety precautions listed in the equipment
manuals. Personnel must follow applicable industry and regulatory safety
requirements for safe installation, operation, and maintenance of equipment.
1.1
Manuals
Husky manuals aid in the safe and proper use of the machine, robot, and mold. The
manuals provide instructions on installation, operation, and maintenance. A separate
Drawing Package includes parts lists and drawings.
Personnel should review all manuals thoroughly prior to performing any tasks.
Proceed with tasks only if all instructions are understood. Follow applicable workplace
safety requirements.
Keep manuals in a convenient location for future reference.
Signal words are used in the manuals according to the degree of severity, and
classified as: Danger, Warning, or Caution. Signal words alert the user to hazardous
situations that arise during routine installation, operation, and maintenance.
DANGER!
The term DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING!
The term WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION!
The term CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, can result in property damage.
11
Manuals
1.2
Safety Signs
Safety signs clearly mark potentially hazardous areas in or around equipment. For the
safety of personnel involved in equipment installation, operation, and maintenance,
use the following guidelines:
1. Verify all signs are in the proper locations. Refer to the Drawing Package for
details.
2. Do not alter signs.
3. Keep signs clean and visible.
4. Order replacement signs when necessary. Refer to the Drawing Package for part
numbers.
The table below describes safety symbols appearing on safety signs. Each safety sign
could include a detailed explanation of the potential hazard and associated
consequences.
Safety Symbol
Safety Signs
12
Machine Manual
Safety Summary
Safety Symbol
13
Safety Signs
1.3
Qualified Personnel
Only fully trained personnel should be permitted to operate, maintain, and service
equipment. In addition, make sure:
1. Only one qualified person operates the equipment at a time
2. The area around the equipment is safe at all times.
1.4
Training
Skilled personnel are required to operate and maintain Husky equipment. Contact a
Husky Regional Service and Sales office to arrange training.
1.5
1.6
Lockout/Tagout
The Lockout/Tagout procedure must be performed before maintenance and service
tasks. Lockout/Tagout includes isolation or depletion of stored energy from all
integrated ancillary equipment. For detailed Lockout/Tagout instructions, refer to the
equipment manual and local regulations and codes.
After performing Lockout/Tagout and disconnecting the supply voltage, allow 10
minutes for the extruder servo DC Bus to discharge residual voltage to less than 50
Volts before performing any electrical procedures.
When troubleshooting electronics, Lockout/Tagout may not be possible. In this case,
Service Personnel must secure the work cell by installing a Danger sign at all isolation
points and cordoning off the area around the equipment.
Qualified Personnel
14
Machine Manual
Safety Summary
Hydraulic pressure gauge suitable to 210 bar (3000 psi) with quick-disconnect fitting
DANGER!
Electrocution hazard risk of death or serious injury. Install danger sign at all
isolation points and rope off the area around the machine. When live
troubleshooting is required, do not work alone. Have emergency medical
assistance nearby throughout the procedure.
WARNING!
Hazardous voltages, high pressure fluids, crushing or impact hazards risk of
death or serious injury. Perform Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with
local codes. After performing Lockout/Tagout procedure, allow 10 minutes for
residual voltage to discharge to less than 50 Volts before performing any
electrical procedures.
Only qualified personnel should perform Lockout/Tagout procedure.
1. Turn off the power supply to the machine at the main disconnect switches, Q1M
and Q3M. If your machine is equipped with a Q2M mold heat switch, turn off the
power. Attach a lock and a tag. Then wait 10 minutes for residual voltage to
discharge.
2. Verify that all power to the machine is switched off using an voltmeter that has
been tested on a known source.
3. Lift open the power pack cover and turn the manual dump valve (1) on the power
manifold (2) off to ensure that the accumulators are fully discharged.
4. Tun the manual dump valve (3) on the injection manifold (4) off.
5. Check the pressure gauge on the power manifold to verify the accumulators are
completely discharged.
15
Lockout/Tagout
6. Turn off shutoff lever (5) on the air regulator (6) to turn off the air supply to the
machine refer to Figure 1-2. Attach a lock (7) and a tag (8) on the air regulator.
5
S01-101037.eps
Lockout/Tagout
16
6. Tag
Machine Manual
Safety Summary
WARNING!
Hazardous voltages risk of death or serious injury. Perform Lockout/Tagout
removal procedure in accordance with local codes.
Only qualified personnel should be permitted to perform Lockout/Tagout
procedure.
1. Check all power cables are properly connected.
2. Verify the danger zone around the machine is clear of all personnel before
attempting to remove the lock and tag at the main disconnect switch.
3. The lock and tag should only be removed by the person who installed them.
If the person is unable to personally remove the lock and tag, verbal instructions
can be given to remove the lock and tag. The instructions must also include any
specific measures required to return the machine to safe operating condition.
If the person cannot be contacted, then a supervisor and a qualified technician who
has a thorough understanding of the machine should perform the following checks:
a. Check all isolation points to make sure that hoses, wires, and/ or systems are
set to a safe condition.
b. Verify that the danger zone around the machine is clear of all personnel.
c. Remove the lock and tag only when both the supervisor and the technician
agree that all systems are in order, and there is no potential for injury.
4. Turn on the power supply to the machine at the main disconnect switches.
5. Turn the manual dump valves on the power manifold and the injection manifold to
close the hydraulic circuit.
6. Remove the lock and tag on the air regulator. Use the shutoff lever on the air
regulator to turn on the air supply to the machine. Refer to Figure 1-2.
17
Lockout/Tagout
1.7
Safety Hazards
Some common safety hazards associated with injection molding equipment are:
1. Mechanical (pinching, shearing, crushing)
2. High Pressure Leak
3. Thermal
4. Spray
5. Electrical
6. Noise
7. Gas, Vapor, and Dust Emissions
8. Slipping, Tripping, or Falling
9. Lifting.
Safety Hazards
18
Machine Manual
Safety Summary
19
Safety Hazards
1.8
110
Machine Manual
Safety Summary
1.9
Ancillary Equipment
Husky is only responsible for the interaction of the machine with ancillary equipment
when Husky is the system integrator. If ancillary equipment is removed, proper
safeguards must be installed. For information about integrating non-Husky ancillary
equipment, contact a Husky Regional Service and Sales office.
111
Ancillary Equipment
112
Table of Contents
1 Overview
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2 HyPET Safety
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
13
5.1
5.2
6 Clamp Components
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
49
7 Mold Functions
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
45
65
25
8 Injection Components
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
4 Machine Services
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5 Hydraulic Components
39
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
9 Machine Heats
9.1
9.2
9.3
69
83
Contents
Contents
93
10.1 CoolPik
10.2 CoolPik Cooling Fans / C-Axis Motor
10.3 Tooling Plate
10.4 CoolPik / Tooling Plate Setup Screen
10.5 Diagnostic Screen
10.6 Sequence Screen
10.7 Configuration Screen
10.8 HyPET Mold/Tooling Installation
10.9 Tooling Plate Removal
10.10 CoolPik Sensor Set-up / Adjustment
10.11 Air Picker Maintenance
113
Glossary
135
1 Overview
Objectives
1 Overview
1 Overview
Injection (1)
9
6
3
8
The HyPET injection molding machine consists of a two-stage injection unit (1), and a hydro-mechanical clamp unit (2). Process material
pellets are fed into a heated extruder barrel (3) in the injection unit where a hydraulically driven plasticizing screw (4) rotates and turns
them into a molten mass. When enough material has been plasticized, the screw transfers the mass to the shooting pot (5) and continues to plasticize more pellets.
The two halves of a mold are attached to the stationary platen (6) and the moving platen (7). The stationary platen is pinned to the base
(8), and the moving platen is attached to the clamp unit. Additional clamping force is then applied to keep the mold halves from separating during the injection stage.
The injection piston injects a preset amount of plasticized material at very high speed into the mold cavity. This allows the molten material to fill and pack the mold cavity. Pressure is maintained until the molded part has a chance to cool. Pressure is then removed, and the
plasticizing screw transfers more molten material to the shooting pot for the next injection. At the same time, clamping force is removed
from the two platens, and as the two mold halves begin to separate an ejector (9) pushes the molded part off the mold.
1 Overview
1 Overview
Electrical Connections
Manifold
Leader Pins
Valve Gate
Locating Ring
Sprue Bushing
Core
Gate
Heater
Runner
Cavity
1 Overview
1 Overview
Electrical Panel
Hydraulic Power Unit
Clamp
Extruder Motor
User Interface (HMI)
Product Handling
Power Manifold
Hopper
Hylectric Series
Long clamp base (option)
Tonnage
MODEL
MODEL
SERIES
HL120PET
HYD.PRESSURE
P100/110 E120
MODEL
MODEL
MAX
WEIGHT
Machine series
Long clamp base option
Extruder type
Extruder model
Screw diameter
Main supply
Mold heat supply
Kg
THIS EQUIPMENT OR ITS USE MAY BE
COVERED BY ISSUED OR PENDING
PATENTS. SEE INFORMATION SCREEN
AT CONTROL STATION FOR DETAILS
SERIAL#
DATE
Main
Supply
460 V
57 A
14 A
127 A
Mold Heat
Supply
230 V
A
74 A
74 A
MACHINE TYPE
DIAGRAM Number
60 Hz 3P+GND
SHORT-CIRCUIT
INTERRUPTING-CAPACITY
SYSTEM
10 KA
60 Hz 3P+GND
SYSTEM
10 KA
HL 120PET P100/110 E120
SERIAL Number
1 Overview
1 Overview
User Interface
Machine documentation
Husky telephone hotline
Husky technical service representative
Husky Technical Training courses
1 Overview
1 Overview
10
1.7.2 Machine Documentation
All Husky machines are shipped with Operation and Maintenance manuals, assembly diagrams, hydraulic schematics, and electrical
schematics. This documentation may be
printed or provided on a CD (in Adobe Acrobat .pdf format).
1 Overview
11
1 Overview
12
1.8 Test for Understanding
1. Put the steps in the injection molding process into the correct order, beginning with Mix and Melt the resin.
___2___
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
5. Injection
6. Close and Clamp the Mold
7. Open the Mold
8. Nozzle Close / Transfer
_______
_______
_______
1. Electrical Panel
2. Extruder Motor
3. HMI
4. Hopper
5. Product Handling
3. For machine HL120PET P100/110 E120, the plunger diameter is __________ mm.
4. The Husky hotline number is _______________________________________
2 HyPET Safety
Objectives
2 HyPET Safety
13
2 HyPET Safety
14
1LS
(1)
(2)
(3)
646LS
648LS
647LS
649LS
695LS
2 HyPET Safety
15
2 HyPET Safety
16
2.3 Identify the Purge Guard and
Describe the Purge Zone
Key Points:
Injection is restricted unless the nozzle is
within the purge guard (10mm, 0.4 overlap)
Use PPE when clearing the nozzle or sprue
bushing
Limit switch S1LS monitors the purge guard
and triggers an alarm when the purge guard is
opened. If the switch is not made, injection is
not possible
2 HyPET Safety
17
2 HyPET Safety
18
695LS
647LS
Gate
646LS
Open
Gate
Closed
1LS
333LS 352LS
CEN
Gate
Open
WARNING!
Hazardous voltages, high pressure fluids, crushing or impact hazards - risk of death or serious injury. Perform Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with local codes. When testing the machine or
troubleshooting electronics, it may not be possible to perform Lockout/Tagout. In such cases, install a danger sign at all isolation
points, and rope off the area around the machine. Only qualified personnel should perform Lockout/Tagout procedure.
Electrical power
Stored hydraulic pressure
Air supply
Test
1. Turn OFF Q1M Main Power and Q3M Motors Power disconnect switches on
the front of the electrical cabinet. Attach a lock and a tag each switch.
2. Verify all power to the machine is off using an ammeter that has been tested
on a known source.
3. Remove the cap on the gauge port marked PP6G in the power manifold
assembly.
4. Attach a hydraulic pressure gauge to the gauge port PP6G.
5. Turn the manual dump valve counterclockwise to ensure that the accumulator
is completely discharged.
6. Turn OFF the shutoff lever on the air regulator to remove the air supply to the
machine. Lock out the shutoff lever using a lock and tag.
Main Power
Q1M
Motors
Q3M
HyPET Operator Training
2 HyPET Safety
19
2 HyPET Safety
Pressed when
Gate OPEN
Gate
Front Operator Door
=04 / S8LS
20
Alarm Message
Front Door Open
Location: __________________________________________
Reason:
__________________________________________
Location: __________________________________________
Reason:
__________________________________________
Location: __________________________________________
Reason:
__________________________________________
Location: __________________________________________
Reason:
__________________________________________
Location: __________________________________________
Reason:
__________________________________________
2 HyPET Safety
21
2 HyPET Safety
22
3. Locate the accumulator manual dump valve. Open the manual dump valve. Turn on the pump and attempt to close the mold. Is
motion possible with the manual dump valve open (circle correct answer)?
YES
NO
4. List two effects on machine operation if the dump valve is left open:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Locate the C.E.N. indicator on the Clamp Valve Status page on the HMI. Is the indicator on when the C.E.N. valve is open or closed
(circle correct answer)?
OPEN
CLOSED
6. List 4 locations that hot plastic can suddenly explode out of:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
7. Which of the following safety mechanisms are used on the injection molding machine: electrical, hydraulic, mechanical?
a) electrical and hydraulic
8. Observe the clamp valves status screen and observe the C.E.N. valve indicator. If the indicator is off (i.e. not white) it means:
9. Will the moving platen close if the air supply to the machine is turned off?
a) yes
b) no
10. If the electricity supply to the machine is turned off, there are times when it is safe to unbolt and remove a hydraulic valve, or loosen
a hydraulic line fitting without first opening the accumulator manual dump valves.
a) true
b) false
2 HyPET Safety
23
2 HyPET Safety
24
Objectives
Identify and explain the function of the 7 areas on the HMI
Manage User IDs
Use the Alarms screens to diagnose machine issues
25
26
3.1
Key Points
Cycle Start
Auto
Semi
Manual
Robot Enable
Robot Home
Pump Motor On
Pump Motor Off
Mold Open/Close
Unclamp/Clamp
Ejector Auto/Backward
Ejector Forward
Inject
Screw Rotate
Carriage Forward/Back
Mold Cooling
Valve Gate Open
27
28
3.1.3 Message Bar
Inactive
Red
Gray
Yellow
Gray
Key Points
Most recent Alarm message
Machine Stop Alarm Active/Inactive
Machine Warning Alarm Active/Inactive
60 - 140
58 - 136
Pump off
Key Points
55 - 130
High Oil Temperature alarm
53 - 127
Normal operating temperature
47 - 116
Low Oil Temperature alarm
45 - 113
5 - 41
3.1.5 Toolbar
Key Points
Normal
Dry Cycle
Screen Capture
Administration Utility
Calibration
Machine Function Mode
Alarm horn On/Off
HMI Configuration
User Log On/Off
Datakey (HPN 2280038)
Help (not available)
Auto Purge
Mold Set
Unload Pumps
Screw Change
29
30
3.1.5.1 HMI Configuration
Key Points
Password
Units
Language
Shifts
Others
Key Points
Function Group / Status
Area of machine
Process Value
User Groups
31
Alarm - Alarms M
- Events History M
- Reports Selection M
- Report View M
- Log Transfer P
Overview - Machine Specifications M
- CycleTime Breakdown M
- Graph M
Setup - Production Setup P
- Mold Setup P
- Mold Installation P
Clamp - Overview O
- Setup P
- Graph M
- Valves Status M
Options - Ejector/Core P
- Ejector Setup P
- Air P
- Valve Gates M
Extruder - Overview O
- Injection P
- Injection Graph M
- Recovery P
- Recovery Graph M
- Valves Status M
Heats - Barrel P
- Mold P
Robot - Production M
- Program Manager P
- Sequence Editor P
- Diagnostic M
- Settings M
SPC - Summary M
- Details P
- History M
- Group M
- Setup P
32
3.1.7Information Screens
Key Points
Key Points
Users
Groups
Rights
Others
33
34
Operator
Processor
Maintenance
Administrator
Key Points
Alarms
Events
Reports Select
Reports View
Log Transfer
3.3.1Alarms
3.3.2Events
35
36
3.3.3Reports Select
3.3.4Reports View
3.3.5Log Transfer
Toolbar
Manual Function Keys
Message Bar
Information Screens
Sidebar Functions
Status Bar
Cycle Mode Keys
Sidebar Functions
37
38
4 Machine Services
Objectives
Identify the services supplied to the machine
Describe the function of each machine service
Locate the control and monitoring devices for each service
4 Machine Services
39
4 Machine Services
40
4.1
Key Points
4.2
Electricity
Key Points
4 Machine Services
Lockout
Process or machine monitor devices
- Limit/Proximity Switches
- Temposonic Rods
- Pressure Transducers
- Thermocouples
Machine control devices
- Pump Motor
- Variable Displacement Pumps
- Valves
- Screw Motor
- Barrel Heats
- Mold Heat
41
4 Machine Services
42
4.3
Supply
(70-150psi)
Auxiliary Functions
(Robot)
Air
Key Points
Regulator / Lockout
Filter
Pressure Switch
Water Saver valve
Hopper Open valve
Air Ejection or Valve Gates (optional)
Mechanical Safety Device
4.4
Process Water
Key Points
4 Machine Services
Feed Throat
Hydraulic Oil
Robot
Extruder Motor
Pump Motor
Electrical Panel / Servo Drive cooling (large
systems)
Required Temperature/Flow/Pressure
Quality
Adverse effects from improper process
water supply
43
4 Machine Services
Hydraulic Oil
Process Water
B D -
Electricity
Chilled Water
2. When the machine has 3 main electrical disconnect switches, what do they control? (Circle 2 answers)
A C E -
Mold heating
Clamp functions
Machine functions
B D F -
Machine heating
Injection functions
Pump Functions
B D -
70psi
150psi
0psi
90psi
4. Circle all of the following qualities which are important to cooling water.
A C E -
Inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
Flow
B D F -
Pressure drop
Outlet temperature
Amount of scale
B D -
Flow switch
Not possible
44
4.5
5 Hydraulic Components
Objectives
Explain the hydraulic oil conditioning circuit
Explain hydraulic oil distribution
5 Hydraulic Components
45
5 Hydraulic Components
46
5.1
Key Points
Hydraulic Oil
Oil Tank
Filter Pump
Oil Filter
Water Saver Valve
Heat Exchanger
5.2
Key Points
Pumps
Accumulator
C.E.N.
- closes when an operator door opens to
block all oil used for mold stroke motion
Clamp
- Clamp Piston
- Stroke
- Ejector/Cores
Injection
- Shutoff Nozzle
- Injection Piston
- Carriage
C.E.N
Carriage
5 Hydraulic Components
47
5 Hydraulic Components
48
6 Clamp Components
Objectives
6 Clamp Components
49
6 Clamp Components
50
6.1 Identify and Describe the Function of Clamp Components
Key Points
column
the column
(1) Mold opens and clamp piston resets
6 Clamp Components
51
6 Clamp Components
530.8
52
6.2 Explain How Clamp Positions are
Measured and Monitored
mm
Key Points
300
600
to
mm
10.0 mm
Stroke Position
0.0 mm
203.0 mm
Stroke Pressure
0.0 psi
Magnetic field
Excitation
field
Twisting pulse
Protective
tube
Waveguide
Position
magnet
Sensor head
Shutheight
Mold Stroke
Clamp Piston
Temposonic Rod
- Excitation field forms along entire
waveguide for 1-3 microseconds
- Interaction of magnet field and excitation
field causes a twisting strain pulse to form
on the waveguide. The pulse travels along
the waveguide at a known speed.
- Strain gauges in the sensor head detect the
twisting pulse when it reaches the end of the
rod
- The elapsed time between the formation of
the waveguide and the time that the pulse
reaches the sensor head indicates position
Start
Inje
c
(no tion U
t in
Dry nit
Cyc
le)
6 Clamp Components
53
6 Clamp Components
54
6.3.1 Mold Close
Key Points
Begins when Cycle Start is pressed (first
cycle) or when Mold Open timer is complete
(subsequent Auto Cycle)
Center Actuator (piston/cylinder)
High Speed, Low Force
Speed Controlled
Multiple Stages (if necessary)
Pressure controlled at end for Part Interference
1
2
2000 400 mm/s
340.0 170.0
0.0 mm
6.3.2 Clamp Up
Key Points
Tonnage
0.0
Mold Break
Clamp Piston Position
Shutheight Position
212 T
3.6 mm
10.0 mm
203.0 mm
6 Clamp Components
55
6 Clamp Components
56
6.3.3 Wait for Hold Complete
Key Points
Bypassed in Dry Cycle
Injection occurs in two stages - Inject (speed/
position-controlled) then Hold (pressure/timecontrolled)
Cooling Time
0.00 1.00 s
6 Clamp Components
57
6 Clamp Components
58
6.4 Clamp Setup Screens
Key Points:
Overview
Setup
6.4.1 Overview
Key Points
5000 mm/s2
Low Pressure
20 mm/s
1300 psi
5.0 mm
1.00 s
Part Interference
0.6 mm
Speed
Pressure
6 Clamp Components
59
6 Clamp Components
60
6.5.2 Mold Open Theory
Key Points
4200 mm/s2
Mold Break
Mold Open Final Speed
Speed
0.0 mm
15 mm/s
6 Clamp Components
61
6 Clamp Components
62
6.6 Identify the Valves Which Control
the Clamp
Key Points
Mold Stroke
Ejector
Clamp Lock
- holds oil on the clamp side of the clamp piston when in auto to help maintain position
- holds tonnage on the clamp when clamped
in manual
Clamp
Stationary Platen
Clamp Column
B G -
Clamp Lock
Tiebars
C H -
Moving Platen
Mold Core
D J -
Clamp Piston
Ejector rod
E K -
Clamp Cylinder
Linear Bearing
6 Clamp Components
63
6 Clamp Components
64
1
3. If a higher mold is installed in the machine (requiring greater shutheight) the maximum mold open position will
A -
increase
B -
decrease
C -
4. On the machine used for this class, how many stages are used for Mold Close?
Why?
5. If a heavier mold is installed in the machine, the operator will probably have to:
A -
B -
C -
B -
7 Mold Functions
Objectives
7 Mold Functions
65
7 Mold Functions
66
Cylinder
Piston
Rods
Plate
Temposonic Rod
7 Mold Functions
Open Trigger
Mold Open End
Mold Close Start
Open Delay
Neutral During
Close Delay
Valve
Status
67
7 Mold Functions
68
7.5 Test for Understanding
1. On the Ejector Setup screen, if the Number of Strokes is set to 3, the Forward Dwell time applies each time the ejector move foward.
A - True
B - False
2. To turn on Air Ejection before the mold has started to open, select the trigger:
A - Mold Position
B - End of Cooling
C - Start of Cooling
D - It is not possible
3. When using Valve Gates, the following conditions could cause drool at the mold gate:
A - Open Delay too long
E - A or C
F - B or D
G - B or C
8 Injection Components
Objectives
8 Injection Components
69
8 Injection Components
70
8.1 Identify and Describe the Function of Injection Components
Key Points:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nozzle
Shooting Pot
Barrel
Plasticizing Screw
Feed Throat
Hopper Shutoff
Injection Piston
Transfer Cylinder
Gear Box
Extruder Motor
Extruder Motor
Injection Manifold
8 Injection Components
71
8 Injection Components
Forward
72
8.3 Explain How Carriage Position is
Measured and Monitored
Key Points:
Carriage Position
41.2
mm
Forward
43.0
mm
39.0
mm
Injection Pos.
Temposonic Rod
Carriage magnet
Injection magnet
Position display
0.4 mm
8 Injection Components
73
8 Injection Components
74
8.5 List the Steps in the Injection
Cycle
8.5.1 Recovery
Key Points
Nozzle closed
RPM
Back Pressure
Shot Size
Mixing and Compression
Process Heat
1
50 rpm
0.0
53.0 mm
45 psi
8 Injection Components
75
8 Injection Components
76
8.5.2 Injection
Key Points
Shutoff Nozzle Open
Check Valve Closed
Speed/Position Controlled
37.0
113.0 mm/s
21.0
53.0 mm
8.5.3 Hold
Key Points
Shutoff Nozzle Open
Check Valve Closed
Pressure/Time Controlled
2600
0.5
780 psi
1.5 s
Key Points
Overview
Injection
Recovery
8.6.1 Overview
Key Points
8 Injection Components
Shot Size
Fill Speed
Transition
Hold Time, Hold Pressure
Pre- and Post-Pullback Distance
Screw Speed
Back Pressure
77
8 Injection Components
78
8.6.2 Injection Profile
Key Points
Screen design follows screw orientation (left
to right motion)
Injection Profile (graph)
Injection Profile (fields)
Hold Profile (graph)
Hold Profile (fields)
8 Injection Components
Screw RPM
Back Pressure
Profile Graph
Profile Fields
Pre-Pullback (decompress mold and manifold
before Recovery)
Post-Pullback (use Back Pressure during
Recovery as additional Hold time/pressure)
Hopper Open
Screw Rotation Delay (after Pullback)
Auto Purge Cycles
Nozzle Shutoff Enable (maintain Nozzle
Open)
Nozzle Open Delay (after the start of Mold
Close)
Carriage Forward
- At Mold Close
- At 10% Tonnage
- At Tonnage
- Maintain
Sprue Break (Sprue Break will be automatically 0mm with Maintain Carriage Forward)
79
8 Injection Components
80
8.7
Key Points:
Injection servo valve
Carriage Forward/Back digital valves
Nozzle Shutoff digital valve
8.8
A - Feed Throat
F - Plasticizing Screw
B - Shooting Pot
G - Injection Piston
C - Hopper Shutoff
H - Transfer cylinder
D - Barrel
I - Extruder Motor
E - Gear Box
J - Nozzle
2. The carriage position when it is contacting the sprue bushing on a particular machine is 36.2 mm. Fill in the fields shown with appropriate values.
Carriage Position
mm
Forward
mm
mm
8 Injection Components
81
8 Injection Components
___ Hold
1 Recovery
___ Injection
5. For the mold shown, the injection speed when the plastic is flowing through section 1 should be:
A - faster than section 2
6. Changing the transition point so that it occurs earlier in the cycle will tend to:
A - Increase part weight
82
9 Machine Heats
Objectives
Identify and describe the function of Machine Heat components
Identify and locate all Machine Heat zones
Use the HMI setup screens to control the Machine Heats
9 Machine Heats
83
9 Machine Heats
84
9.1 Identify and Describe the Function of Machine Heat Components
Key Points:
Barrel
Heater Band
Thermocouple
9 Machine Heats
85
9 Machine Heats
86
9.2.2 Mold Setup Screen
Key Points:
Mold Heat Zones
Mold Heats Enable
Global Control
9 Machine Heats
87
9 Machine Heats
88
9.2.4 Heats Setup Screen
Key Points:
Machine Heats
- Machine Heats Enable
- Soft Start
- Self Tune
- Use Heat Scheduler
- Soak Time
- Standby
- M/C Idle Standby Delay
Mold Heats
- Mold Heats Enable
- Soft Start
- Self Tune
- Use Heats Scheduler
- Soak Time
- Standby
- M/C Idle Standby Delay
Nozzle Tip Heats
- Nozzle Heats Enable
- Soak Time
Global alarms
click
High Deviation
Setpoint (target)
Low Deviation
k
clic
Min/Max Value
550
0
Thermometer
Display
Range
9 Machine Heats
89
Mon
Tue
9 Machine Heats
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
90
9.2.6 Heats Scheduler Popup Screen
Barrel
Key Points:
Mold
Use
ON
OFF
Setting 1
Monday
Monday
20
Setting 2
Tuesday
Tuesday
20
Setting 3
Wednesday
Wednesday
20
Setting 4
Thursday
Thursday
20
Setting 5
Friday
Friday
20
Setting 6
Saturday
30
Saturday
30
Setting 7
Sunday
30
Sunday
30
Week-at-a-Glance
Current date/time indicator
7 programmable zones
Program the machine heats based on production shifts and process requirements
6
9
8
2
1
10
1. In order to open the Soft Start Control settings window, select item ________
2. If the heat zones are not able to maintain precise temperatures, try selecting item ________
9 Machine Heats
91
9 Machine Heats
92
3. To limit the minimum temperature for extruder operation for a specific zone, select item ________
4. The main heat contactor will turn off if the High Alarm is triggered.
True
False
5. The main heat contactor will turn off if the high deviation for a specific zone is triggered.
True
False
10. If Extr.1 is set too low, Extr. 2 may run too high
b) to 175oF
True
False
Objectives
93
94
10.1 CoolPik
Key Points:
(1)
Fiber-optic Connections
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
95
96
(1)
97
98
99
100
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
101
102
16. Measure the horizontal distance from the tooling plate mounting surface of the carriage to the CoolPik plate mounting surface of the
plenum casting at the locations of the two dowels. Measure dimensions A and B.
WARNING!
Inadequate lifting equipment can fail and cause injury or death. Make sure the lifting eye bolts, chains/slings and
lifting device are rated for the load and in safe operating condition.
WARNING!
Crushing hazard - risk of death or serious injury. Do not work under suspended loads. To prevent injury, install
safety blocks.
21. Use a crane of sufficient capacity to lift and lower the tooling plate/CoolPik plate assembly into the machine.
NOTE: The following procedures on mold installation require the use of a crane, make sure the lifting eyebolt, lifting chain and crane can
support the weight of the plate(s).
NOTE: In some cases, it could be necessary to remove the dehumidification tent/top guard or other components that might interfere
with the crane or mold being hoisted.
22. Position the tooling plate/CoolPik plate assembly (dowel/pinned together) and install entire assembly onto the z-carriage. Torque all
mounting screws to the required specification. Refer to Recommended Torques.
23. Install the coolant hose assembly to the manifold. Torque all mounting screws to the required specification. Refer to Recommended
Torques.
24. Remove the lifting chain and crane.
25. Move/jog the tooling plate carriage to the approximate outer position where the 14 mounting holes in the CoolPik plate are aligned
with the plenum casting. More adjustments can be made later when
the plenum is brought closer to the tooling plate CoolPik plate
assembly.
26. Remove Lockout / Tagout.
27. Check that the machine is in Mold Set mode.
28. Close the mold slowly until there is a 15mm gap between the mold
parting lines.
REMINDER: The CoolPik plate is still doweled/attached to the tooling
plate.
103
104
29. Check that the CoolPik plate holes are aligned with the plenum casting. If adjustments are required, the entire tooling plate carriage
with attached tooling plate/CoolPik plate assembly can be moved by hand for adjustments.
30. The HMI software set-up procedure will then request the operator to release the C-Axis/ CoolPik servo brake.
31. The HMI software set-up procedure will then allow the operator to close the mold the remaining 15mm, while the c-axis/CoolPik servo
brake is still released. This will re-align the plenum casting to some degree.
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
32. Lockout / Tagout the machine.
33. Open non-operators side conveyor bi-fold door.
34. Loosen the 4 mounting screws on the back of the tooling plate to the spacer blocks by roughly 5mm to allow the tooling plate and
CoolPik plate to separate (by 5mm).
35. Install the M10 mounting screws through CoolPik plate to the plenum casting along the non-operators vertical edge. Since the servo
brake is released, the plenum will be able to rotate to an angle which is perfectly parallel to the tooling plate. As these M10 screws are
tightened, the CoolPik plate will slide 2mm along the 4x spacer block screws towards the plenum casting.
36. Torque CoolPik mounting screws to required specifications. Refer to Recommended Torques.
37. Remove completely the 4 mounting screws securing the Coolpik plate to the tooling plate.
38. Install the air connection to the side of the CoolPik plate. (1)
39. Save this CoolPik servo angle into the software/program. This is the exact repeatable
angular position for every cycle. The calibration is only accurate to within 2 degrees. This
procedure improve the angular accuracy to less than 0.1 degrees.
40. Close the gate.
41. Remove Lockout / Tagout.
42. Reactivate the C-axis servo brake according to the HMI software set-up procedure.
43. Open the mold/moving platen to allow access to the CoolPik plate.
(1)
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
IN position for stage 1 (same for all molds), for transfer of preforms from mold to EOAT (tolerance +/- 0.1mm)
OUT position for stage 1 (varies according to the mold & cavitation), for transfer from the tooling plate to the CoolPik (tolerance +/0.2mm)
ANGLE for optimal part transfer from tooling plate to CoolPik (tolerance +/-0.1 degrees to achieve locational tolerance of +/- 0.2mm)
NOTE: ANGLE for preform drop off from CoolPik is not important except possibly with singulator applications. A 90 degree rotation is
usually prescribed.
46. Remove Lockout / Tagout.
47. Move the tooling plate into the molding area.
48. Insert the tooling plate alignment pin into the cavity plate locating hole. This check can be performed in all 3 positions, if the pin fails
to locate in position 1, repeat in positions 2 or 3.
NOTE: If the pin fails to align with the cavity plate in any position, contact your nearest Husky Service Center.
105
106
10.9 Tooling Plate Removal
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
1. Lockout / Tagout the machine.
WARNING!
Inadequate lifting equipment can fail and cause injury or death. Make sure the lifting eye bolts, chains/slings and
lifting device are rated for the load and in safe operating condition.
WARNING!
Crushing hazard - risk of death or serious injury. Do not work under suspended loads. To prevent injury, install
safety blocks.
NOTE: The following procedures on mold installation require the use of a crane, make sure the lifting eyebolt, lifting chain and crane can
support the weight of the plate.
NOTE: In some cases, it could be necessary to remove the dehumidification tent/top guard or other components that might interfere
with the crane or mold being hoisted.
2. Use a crane of sufficient capacity to remove the tooling plate from the machine.
3. Shutoff the coolant supply line.
4. Remove the coolant supply hose assembly from the tooling plate manifold.
5. Remove mounting screws from the tooling plate.
6. Insert one of the mounting screws into each dowel hole, these holes are threaded,
and will act as a jacking hole on the top of the hardened dowel. Any other method
of pulling the tooling plate off the carriage is not recommended.
7. Remove the tooling plate from the machine.
3. Based on the horizontal pitch of the desired mold and tooling plate.
a. Remove the mounting screws and relocate the individual sensor plates (which hold the fiber optic lenses) to the matching horizontal pitch locations.
107
108
b. A label is provided to identify the different horizontal pitches 'A' through 'F'. The gray plastic wire duct can be removed to re-route
the fiber optic cables.
c. When changing the number of columns being used, only move the inner sensors, instead of the outer sensors i.e. when going from a
6-column mold to a 4-column mold, relocate sensors #2, 3, 4 and 5, and ignore sensors #1 and #6 in the software. The location of the
bladders on the CoolPik plate should be used as reference.
4. After the sensor plates are mounted in the correct pitch locations, inspect the location of the sensor vertical line-of-sight with the bladder/cooling pins.
5. Adjust/slide the entire aluminum mounting plate so that:
a. the sensor line-of-sight is not blocked by the cooling pins,
b. at the same time the line of sight is blocked by the presence of
that particular perform on the bladder/cooling pin. The sensing
diameter is approximately 5mm, varying with distance (machine
size).
6. Open the translucent cover (1) of each sensor amplifier unit (mounted on the rear lower side of the plenum casting) to access the dial
(2).
(1)
(2)
7. Adjust the sensor sensitivity/range by turning the orange dial counter-clockwise to decrease sensitivity (full range is 1 to 8).
8. Remove any performs on the bladder/cooling pins.
9. Reduce the sensitivity/range (3) of each sensor amplifier until the LED bars
(4) diminish to the last green bar, then turn up the sensitivity/range one half
rotation until the LED bars return to maximum.
10. Insert a single preform only on any bladder in that sensor column.
11. Confirm that the LED bars have diminished to the last green bar.
12. Remove the preform and confirm that the LED bars have returned to maximum.
13. Repeat steps 7 to 12 for each sensor amplifier.
(4)
(3)
109
110
10.11Air Picker Maintenance
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Start up the mold, do not engage the tooling plate/CoolJet at this time.
Run machine until part quality is achieved.
Allow process to start transfer of parts into the tooling plate.
Confirm that all preforms have transferred to the tooling plate, by making a visual observation.
If intentionally a specific cavity is not being shot, the corresponding picker pin with air picker should be removed and plugged with appropriate M(X) bolt.
If unintentionally a preform has not transferred, the corresponding picker pin with air picker should be removed and plugged with appropriate M(X) bolt.
Run the mold for 20-30 cycles.
Adjust the air pressure for the air picker, turn the cap until air pressure has reached 45 - 50 psi.
Run the mold for 150 cycles.
Adjust the air pressure for the air picker, turn the cap until air pressure has reached 40-45 psi.
Run the mold for 200 cycles.
Adjust the air pressure for the air picker, turn the cap until air pressure has reached 35-40 psi.
Production can now be started.
Check that during steps 2 to 12, air pickers are not inflating without a preform.
If preform removal is not affected, lower pressure by 2-3 psi every 3000-5000 cycles.
NOTE:
Air pressure must be set to run as low as possible (below 30psi) to prevent the air picker from bursting, if not supported by preforms.
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
1. Lockout / Tagout the machine.
2. Locate worn air picker (1).
3. Unscrew the picker pin from Cooljet plate.
4. Remove the existing air picker from the picker pin (2).
5. Install new air picker.
6. Reinstall Picker pin to CoolJet plate.
7. Remove Lockout / Tagout.
(2)
(1)
111
112
Objectives
Perform the required steps to safely startup the machine
Monitor machine conditions during operation
Perform the required steps to safely shutdown the machine
113
114
6. Turn the Mold Heats ON (manifolds and sprue bushing) to the specified start up set points as indicated in the setup guide, approximately 45 minutes before running the system.
115
116
WARNING!
Do not look directly into the cavity. When working in the molding area ensure personnel are wearing the correct personnel protection equipment. Unexpected release of resins may cause serious burns.
12. Check that all mold cavities and surfaces are clean and free of plastic debris.
13. Allow all the Machine Heats to reach their operating temperature.
14. When the Mold Heats have reached their setpoint, enable the valve gate air selection.
15. Allow the mold heats to remain at the start up temperature for 15 minutes before running the system.
16. Start the HYDRAULIC PUMP.
Hopper Open
117
118
18. Start the SCREW and make sure it fully recovers to the Extruder Back Setpoint.
WARNING!
Explosion hazard - risk of serious injury. Molten material at high pressure can be present. Wear PPE. Clear the
area of all non-essential personnel. Never purge the barrel when the nozzle tip is outside the purge guard.
20. Purge the shooting pot. Immediately afterward, start the screw as the screw begins the transfer motion.
21. When the screw has recovered again, repeat the purging procedure until the purged melt quality is visually acceptable and free of
bubbles and degradation.
CAUTION!
If the hot runner is equipped with 268W heaters, (identified by label on hot runner backing plate) the machine heats should be
set according to the Set-Up Guide. Failure to do so will cause severe damage to the hot runner.
22. Start the Mold Nozzle Tip Heats at set point and time referenced in the SET UP GUIDE - "Mold Start up Parameters". Allow the mold
nozzle tip heats to soak for a minimum of 5 - 7 minutes.
WARNING!
Burn hazard - risk of serious injury. While purging plastic, there is a danger of hot plastic spraying from the
nozzle and causing burns. Make sure the injection area is clear of personnel and wear PPE to guard
against burns.
23. During Nozzle Tip Heat up time, remove purged plastic from the machine and ensure the mold sprue bushing is free of plastic buildup.
24. Close the MOLD and CLAMP-UP.
25. Select MAINTAIN CARRIAGE FORWARD.
26. Press CARRIAGE FORWARD until the machine nozzle tip contacts the mold sprue bushing.
27. Check the VALVE STEMS are energized closed. Manually INJECT into the hot runner to "pre charge". Immediately after the injection piston stalls, release INJECT and start the SCREW.
119
120
31. After the Nozzle Tip heat up time has expired, perform the following:
A. Press SEMI. Make sure Ejector is disabled (light off). Press CYCLE START.
B. After cycle is complete, switch to MANUAL and ensure all preforms have been properly molded (If not, clean cavities as necessary).
C. Eject preforms off cores. Ensure all preforms have been ejected (If not, clean cores as necessary).
D. Repeat Steps A to C until all preforms have been properly molded and ejected.
Robot Engagement
1. Check that the tool plate and CoolPik are clear of preforms.
2. Select, Robot Engage on the HMI.
3. Confirm ejector is in Auto mode.
4. Select, Core Air Blow Automatic mode.
5. Select, Semi Automatic Cycle mode.
6. Press cycle start two times.
Cycle Start process:
a. Press once, CoolPik goes to home position.
b. Press second time, mold closes.
7. Perform 3 semi automatic shots.
8. Select Auto.
9. Press Cycle Start.
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122
CycleTime Breakdown
Start
Mold Closing
Shutter In
Clamp Up
Unclamp
Shutter Out
Mold Opening
Ejector Forward
Ejector Back
Mold Open
Cooling
0.00
0.27
0.38
4.34
4.57
4.67
5.00
5.96
5.22
3.34
Carriage Forward 0.46
Nozzle Open
0.92
Injection Fill
1.02
Injection Hold 2.23
Pre-Pullback
0.00
Screw Run
5.94
Post-Pullback 0.82
Cycle Time
0.00
0.27
0.10
0.22
0.23
0.10
0.54
0.76
0.31
1.06
1.00
1.52
0.10
1.20
1.10
0.00
117
0.09
6.28
0.27
0.10
0.21
0.24
0.10
0.54
0.76
0.31
1.06
1.00
1.52
0.10
1.21
1.10
0.00
1.17
0.10
6.28
0
4.0
Current
Saved
Key Points
Duration
0.00
0.27
0.38
4.34
4.58
4.68
5.01
5.97
5.23
3.34
0.46
0.92
1.03
2.23
0.00
5.94
0.82
0.00
Graph
10/19/00 10:48:46 PM
8.0
Part
Removal Process Clamp
1.06
3.74
1.48
Process
59.6%
Clamp
23.2%
123
124
Stroke Pressure
Injection Pressure
Stroke Velocity
Injection Velocity
Stroke Position
Injection Position
Clamp Tonnage
Screw RPM
Mold Closing
Mold Opening
Clamp
Current Cycle
Saved Cycle
Current Values
Display Legend
125
Hold Curves
Inject Curves
Current Cycle
Saved Cycle
126
127
128
11.5 Shutdown
1. If system downtime is expected to be more than half an hour, decrease the Dryer temperature to approximately 120C/250F.
If system downtime is expected to be more than 3 hours, decrease the Dryer temperature to approximately 80C/175F. Consult with
your resin supplier for recommended settings.
2. Immediately after completing step 1, close the feed throat of the hopper.
3. Allow the machine to run 2 cycles, then perform the following:
A. Switch to SEMI mode.
5. If system downtime is expected to be less than one half hour, Enable Mold Heats Stand-By to 180C/350F. If system downtime is
expected to be more than half an hour, turn Mold Heats OFF.
WARNING!
Burn hazard - risk of serious injury. While purging plastic, there is a danger of hot plastic spraying from the
nozzle and causing burns. Make sure the injection area is clear of personnel and wear PPE to guard
against burns.
6. Press CARRIAGE RETRACT until sufficient clearance for purging has been reached, then purge any remaining material from the
Shooting Pot/Screw.
7. If system downtime is expected to be less than half an hour, Enable Machine Heats Stand-by to 180C/350F. If system downtime is
expected to be more than half an hour, turn Machine Heats Off.
129
130
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
16. Leave the mold open with the dehumidification system running. Continue to circulate cooling through the mold and machine with
gates closed.
17. When the hot runner temperature is below 100C/212F, turn OFF mold cooling and/or chiller.
18. When the mold reaches room temperature, and no condensation appears on mold, close the mold (do not apply clamp tonnage).
131
132
20. Turn OFF tower water supply and air compressor as necessary.
21. Turn OFF mold enclosure dehumidifier when the mold reaches room temperature.
WARNING!
Complete the Lockout/Tagout procedure in accordance with applicable local codes before performing maintenance
activities. Failure to do so can result in injury or death.
Same
Better
133
134
Glossary
Absorb
Acetaldehyde
A gaseous byproduct generated in extremely small quantities during the manufacture of PET chips and extrusion of
PET bottles and films. Acetaldehyde levels in PET containers are important for product taste integrity only and not a
product safety or health concern.
Alkyl
A general term for monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals which have been derived from an alkane by dropping
one hydrogen from the formula.
Amorphous
Noncrystalline, having no determinable form or crystalline structure. Amorphous polyester (PET) is clear in appearance.
Anneal
The process of inducing crystallinity by the prolonged application of heat. Subjection of formed object to heat followed by slow cooling to toughen.
Biaxial Orientation The process of stretching a hot plastic film or other articles in two directions under conditions that result in molecular
realignment.
Birefringence
A change in index of refraction with direction. Birefringence is evidenced by the ability of a material to rotate the
plane of polarized light. In crystalline polymers birefringence is made up of contributions from the crystalline and
amorphous regions plus a contribution due to the shape of the crystals or the presence of voids.
Blow-up Ratio
The ratio between the diameter of a blow molding preform and the maximum diameter of the cavity in which it is
blown.
British Thermal Unit (BTU)The amount of heat required to raise one pound of water at maximum density through 1oF
Burst Strength
A measure of the force necessary to cause a container such as a bottle to burst. Burst strength is related to the tensile strength of the polymer.
Carboxyl
COOH substituent characteristic of all organic acids. In PET, the end of the polymer chain can be terminated by
either a hydroxyl or a carboxyl high temperature and moisture conditions.
Glossary
135
Glossary
136
Compression RatioIn an extruder screw, the ratio of the volume of material held in the first flight at the hopper end to the volume held in
the last flight in the metering section. This ratio is an indication of the compaction performed on the material, and of
the amount of work done on the material by the screw. Sometimes called channel volume ratio or, in the case of a
screw of constant pitch, channel depth ratio.
Copolymer (copolyester) A substance formed by the polymerization of three or more monomers.
Creep
The adjustment that a polymeric material makes when a stress is applied. In a bottle under carbonation, creep is evidenced when the volume of the container increases.
Crystalline
Formed of crystals, a solid with shape and cleavage formed by atoms, ions or molecules in a definite pattern or lattice.
Density
Dibasic Acid
Dihydric Alcohol
Diffusion
The gradual permeation of any region by a fluid, owing to the thermal agitation of its particles or molecules.
Ethylene Glycol
A diol formed by heating ethylene chlorohydrin with a solution of alkali carbonate or bicarbonate; oxidation of ethylene with air followed by hydration; or the reaction of formaldehyde, water and carbon monoxide followed by hydrogenation. One of two raw materials, the other being terephthalic acid, used to synthesize PET.
Flash
A protrusion of plastic formed on the surface of the part caused by molten material seeping into poorly mating mold
parts.
Gaylord
A large cardboard box used for storage and transportation of materials such as resin or preforms.
Glass Transition Temperature Also referred to as the Tg, gamma transition, second order transition or rubbery transition. A reversible
change that occurs in an amorphous polymer when it is heated to a certain temperature range, characterized by a
rather sudden transition from a hard, glassy or brittle condition to a flexible or elastomeric condition. Other properties
such as coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat and density usually undergo changes at the same time. The
transition occurs when the polymer molecular chains, normally coiled, tangled and motionless at temperatures
below the glass transition range, become free to rotate and slip past each other.
Heat Capacity
A measure of the amount of heat necessary to raise a unit mass of a material one degree.
Hopper Dryer
A combination feeding and drying device for extrusion and injection molding of thermoplastics. Hot air flows upward
through the hopper containing the feed pellets.
Hopper Loader
A device for automatically feeding molding powder to hoppers of extruders, injection molding machines and the like.
The functions of drying and blending colors with the molding powders are also sometimes accomplished by loaders.
There are two general types of hopper loaders: mechanical and pneumatic. The mechanical systems use a rotating
screw in a tube, or a conveyor belt on which are fastened small containers which dump their contents into the hopper.
Hot-Runner Mold A mold in which the runners and secondary sprues are kept hot and fluid during the entire cycle and are not ejected
with the molded part. This avoids the need for handling and reprocessing scrap normally generated from runners
and sprues.
Hot-Runner System
The runner is the channel that carries molten polymer from the extruder to the mold. In a hot runner system
this channel is heated and only the molded part is ejected after each shot. The hot polymer in the runner system is
incorporated in the next part to be molded rather than as scrap to be removed.
Hydrolysis
A chemical process in which water acts upon another substance to form one or more entirely new substances.
Hydrolytic
Hydrolytic Degradation The reaction between a polyester and moisture which results in the cleavage of ester bonds and the loss of
molecular weight and physical properties.
Hygroscopic
Injection Blow Molding A blow molding process in which the preform is formed over a mandrel by injection molding, after which the
mandrel and preform are shifted to a blow mold where the remainder of the cycle is completed. While the part is
being blown, cooled and ejected, another preform is being injection molded. Advantages of the process are that a
completely finished part is formed requiring no post finishing operations, closer tolerances are possible, and preform
wall thickness can be varied at desired areas.
Injection Mold
A mold used in the process of injection molding. The mold usually comprises two sections held together by a clamping device with sufficient strength to withstand the pressure of the molten plastic when injected, and is provided with
channels for heating, cooling and venting.
Glossary
137
Glossary
138
Injection Molding The method of forming objects from granular or powdered plastics, most often of the thermoplastic type. The material is fed from a hopper to a heated chamber where it is softened. A ram or screw then forces the material into a
mold. Pressure is maintained until the mass has hardened sufficiently for removal from the mold. In a variation called
flow molding, additional molten material is forced into the mold during cooling of the initial charge to overcome
shrinkage. When a screw is used rather than a ram for applying injection pressure by forward movement of the
screw, the term reciprocating screw injection molding is applied. In another variation called the screw-piston type of
injection molding, the screw does not reciprocate but delivers the molten material to an accumulator chamber
through a check valve, then a piston forces the material from the chamber into the mold.
Injection Molding Pressure The pressure applied to the cross-sectional area of the material cylinder, expressed in pounds per square
inch (ASTM D 883-65T).
Intrinsic Viscosity An index of polymer molecular weight as determined by measuring the viscosity of a polymer solution.
L/D Ratio
In an extruder screw, the ratio of the screw length to the screw diameter. Two definitions of L/D ratio have been
established. TOTAL L/D RATIO is the distance from the rear edge of the feed opening to the forward end of the barrel bore divided by the bore diameter and expressed as a ratio wherein the diameter is reduced to unity, such as
15:1 or 20:1. EFFECTIVE (ENCLOSED) L/D RATIO is defined as the distance from the forward edge of the feed
opening to the forward end of the barrel bore and expressed as a ratio wherein the diameter is reduced to unity,
such as 15:1.
Melt Viscosity
A measure of the "thickness" of a polymer melt. It is obtained by measuring the force needed to push molten polymer through a small capillary.
Mn (Number average molecular weight) The total weight of all molecules divided by the number of molecules.
Molecular Weight The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule. In high polymers, the molecular weights of the individual
molecules vary widely so that they must be expressed as an average (See Mw and Mn).
Monomer
Molecule or compound usually containing carbon and of low molecular weight. A simple structure which can be converted into polymer by polymerization.
Mw /Weight average molecular weight) The sum of the total weights of molecules of each size multiplied by their respective weights
divided by the total weight of all molecules.
Necking
A condition of uneven orientational development, accompanied by thinning of portions of the sample, which occurs
during drawing, spinning or blowing.
Low molecular weight molecules composed of several monomer units. Smaller in size than a polymer.
Organoleptic
Orientation
Molecular chains of a polymer arranged relative to one another. Parallel orientation of polymer chains gives
improved strength to materials such as polyester (PET).
Oxygen Permeability
The measure of the rate that oxygen will flow through (permeate) a film.
Parison
The initial extruded form produced in extrusion blow molding. Sometimes used interchangeably with preform.
Paraxylene
The aromatic stream extracted from crude oil which is used to synthesize terephthalic acid.
PCO Thread Finish(Plastic Closures Only) That portion of the top of a PET preform that constitutes the threads for the cap to screw
onto. Typically for beverage bottles, this will be defined as a 28mm or 38mm PCO finish depicting the diameter of
the opening. The PCO thread finish is lighter in weight than its corresponding size Alcoa thread finigh, and the PCO
finish can be delineated by observing discontinuities in the threads which act as vents for CO2 escape through when a
carbonated beverage bottle cap is removed, as opposed to vent slots as seen on Alcoa finishes such as the 1716
or the 1820 series finishes.
PCR
(Post Consumer Regrind) Polymer reclaimed as recycled post consumer materials (typically bottles or containers)
that is ground up and re-used in the extruder.
Pearlescent
Permeability
The measure of the rate that a gas will diffuse through a polymer film or any other membrane.
Permeant
PET
Plasticizer
Polyester
Generic name for a large group of synthetic resins produced by reacting dibasic acids with dihydric alcohols.
Polyethylene Terephthalate
PET, polyester resin formed from the polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
Polymer
A substance, usually synthetic, composed of many monomers linked together (polymerized) in a long chain.
Polymerization
Formation of large molecules (polymer) by union of a number of simple molecules (monomer). Polyester (PET) production occurs by the condensation polymerization of reactive monomers with the elimination of by-product or
excess monomer.
Preform
As pertaining to PET containers, a form produced by injection molding. Preforms are further processed by either
stretch blow molding (reheat blow molding) or injection blow molding to form the finished container. Also see parison.
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Quench
Ram Travel
The distance the injection ram moves in filling the mold in injection or transfer molding.
Refractive Index
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray of light passing through
the surface separating two media.
Regrind
Polymer scrap created during processing that is ground up and reused in the extruder.
Study of the deformation and flow of matter under conditions of stress, strain and time.
Screen Pack
A filter added to a line carrying a polymer melt for the purpose of removing particulate contamination. (As pertaining
to the processing of PET containers, a force which can, during extrusion, promote the degradation of polyester.)
Shot Capacity
Specific Heat
Spherulite
Sprue
The first part of the runner system. The first section after the extruder that takes hot polymer from the extruder to the
mold.
Terephthalic Acid A dibasic acid in the form of white crystals or powder. It is formed by oxidation of paraxylene or other alkyl aromatics
using metal salts and bromine as catalysts, or by the reaction of benzene and potassium carbonate over a cadmium
catalyst. A raw material used in the manufacture of PET.
Tc
Temperature of crystallization.
Tg
Thermoplastics
Usually synthetic resins that may be softened with heat but then regain original property (form) on cooling.
Take-Off Equipment
Equipment used to hold or convey sheeting for secondary processing, such as thermoforming.
Tensile Strength
The strength of a material when a stretching stress is applied to a test sample. The material may show a yield or a
break.
Tensile Modulus
Thermoelastic
A material which will flow at temperatures above the glass transition temperature.
Thermoplastic
Soft and pliable whenever heated without any change in inherent properties.
Tm
Melting Temperature. The temperature at which the polymer melts. Usually the maximum of the temperature range
over which a polymer exhibits melting behavior.
Ultimate Elongation
Uniaxial
Unoriented
refers to a sheet or fiber which has not been stretched or drawn in any direction.
Viscosity
The "thickness" of a material. A measure of how readily a material (usually a liquid) flows.
Virgin Resin
X-ray Diffraction
A method of studying a material's crystal structure by studying the pattern of X-rays scattered from the material
when exposed to the X-ray radiation.
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