APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Basic Biology with the tittle Microscopis Observation

of Animal Tissue. Which made by:
Name
: Elsa Sulastri
Reg. Num (ID)
: 131 4441 003
Class
: ICP A of Biology Education
Group
: 2 (Two)
has been checked by Assistant and Assistant coordinator, so this report was
accepted.
Makassar, December 11th 2013
Assistant

Assistant Coordinator

Rahmayani Ardiansyah S.Pd

Mangngemba Daeng Paropo

ID : 111 4040 057
Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Dr. Muhiddin Palennari S.Pd, M.Pd

NIP: 19721231 199903 1 042

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Cell is the most fundamental preformance of daily life. Any living
creature composed of several cells without exception, joint either humans,
plants and animals. Cells having a similar structure and function are bound
and forming a tissue. Tissue in life living creatures is very important because
tissue taht play active in daily life. Is not working directly tissue activities in
all organisms but organ role in this, but were you know that organ was due to
the tissue. Hence the very important role in human experience ranging from
sithe, respiration and ect.
Organs in animals and plants having the difference very prominent we
can see with the naked eye. Because organs of animals and plants different,
then automatic tissue constituent that are inside them also different. Yet
another thing with tissue, not equal to organ direct we can see the difference
to the naked eye but the tissue so not allow for visible with the naked eye
because size is very small.
Along with the development of the times, the many sophisticated tools
created for research especially in the field of biology. One of the tools that
were created to see objects as small as a microorganism is a microscope. The
microscope is very beneficial in the field of research, there have been many
interesting things discovered by experts with a microscope.
With gets its technological forward upon currently, people can know
what does arrange that living thing body, well that macroscopic. Therefore
developed knowledge which study about that thing, so makes easy us
understand that thing through what already at develop by scientists.
Almost every day we see the animals, there are similarities between
animal and human organs. Does the animal constituent tissue will be the same
with the tissue of human, the question will arise when comparing the organ
between animals and humans. Can not be denied that often comes to mind are
we to know how to actually form a tissue of the animal. There have been

many experts who had examined the structure of the tissue of animal
constituents and share them in some sort of network the epithelium, the tissue
of the nervous tissue, tissue, blood and muscle tissue.
In this experiment will be discussed of the structure and various tissues
composing organs of an animal body. What actually the structure and various
tissues of an animal what it is and what function tissue codify it. All the
questions to be answered in the experiment.
B. Purpose
The purpose of the experiment is after completing this activity collegian
should be able to describe the structure and various tissues that make up the
organs body.
C. Benefit
Based on the experiment, student will know about the structure and
various tissue that make up the organs body of animal.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tissue is collection of cells that associated each other structure having the
same function. The study of the structure of the tissue called histology. Various
tissues arrayed and organized in the organ. Body tissues animals differentiated
into four kinds of the primary tissue, as the epithelium, connective tissue / tissue
indorser, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue (Tim Penyusun, 2013).
Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle,
nervous, and epithelial. Multiple tissue types compose organs and body structures.
While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the
manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For
example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ
developmentally for different classifications of animals. The epithelium in all
animals is derived from the ectoderm and endoderm with a small contribution
from the mesoderm, forming the endothelium, a specialized type of epithelium
that composes the vasculature. By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only
in a single layer of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight
junctions, to create a selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all
organismal surfaces that come in contact with the external environment such as
the skin, the airways, and the digestive tract. It serves functions of protection,
secretion, and absorption, and is separated from other tissues below by a basal
lamina (Raven, 1986).
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities. Functions
include lining, protecting, and forming glands. Three types of epithelium occur,
squamous epithelium is flattened cells, cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells
and columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells. Functions of epithelial cells
include, movement materials in, out, or around the body, protection of the internal
environment against the external environment and secretion of a product (Farabee,
2006)

According to (Campbell, 2010), We can classify tissue into four categories,

the main epithelium, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and muscle tissue. Fourth
kind of tissue was found in all animals except for animals the simplest, reviews
following this going to focus on tissues of vertebrates.
a. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissues is in the form of layers of cells that are formulated with the
tissue density, protect the outside of the body and lines the cavities and organs
in the body. Ephitelium cells fused with tightly, with a little bit of the cells
between the soldering process is done into one by junction (an extension) tight
(tight junction). Packaging strictly allows epithelium serves as an obstacle
which protect from mechanical damage, the attack of the microorganism that
intruded, and loss of fluids. The free surface of the epithelial tissue was
exposed to the air or liquid, while cells that are the basis of the inherent
obstacles kesuatu slab of dense extracellular matrix (basal membrane).
b. Connective Tissue
Connective tissue mainly serves to bind and support other tissues. Contrary to
the epithelium tissue formulated their cells, connective tissue has a collection
of cells that rarely, scattered in an extracellular matrix. The matrix is generally
composed of a woven fibers that are embedded in a given base (Foundation)
that is uniform and can be either liquids or solids, such as agar. In most cases,
the materials the matrix secreted by the cells of the connective tissue itself.
c. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue felt the presence of a stimulus or stimuli and convey signals
from one part of the animal's body to another body fails. the functional unit of
the nervous tissue are neurons, or nerve cells, that is uniquely devoted to
delivering signals called nerve impulses. Neuron consists of a cell body and
two or more range, or process, which is called a dendrite and an axon, which
reached one meter bias in length in humans. Dendrite delivers impulses from
one end to the other neuron. Axons conduct impulses to other neurons or
effector.
d. Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers which are able to
contract when stimulated by nerve impulses. Arrayed in parallel arrangement

within the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers, is a large number of microfilament

is made of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. muscle tissue is the most
widely found in most animals, and muscle contraction is a big part of a cell
that requires work energy in an animal that is active.

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Time

Day, Date: Wednesday, December 4th 2013
Time

: At 02.00 p.m until 04.00 p.m

Place

: Green House Biology FMIPA UNM

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Microscope
b. Coarse cloth and fine cloth
2. Materials
Preparations preserved epithelial layer of the cube in the renal
medulla, solid preparations of bone rubbing on bone pipe, preparations
preserved blood smear with Giemsa dye preparations, preserves smooth
muscle, striated muscle, and cardiac muscle preparations, preservation of
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum
C. Work Procedure
a. Epithelial tissue
1. Observed preparation preserved epithelial layer of the cube in the
renal medulla.
2. Used the 10x

objective magnification to look at the overall

preparations and then replaced it with 40x objective magnification to

observe a part of the more obvious.
3. Considered a cube shaped epithelial cells, the cell nucleus are
rounded and located in the center of the cell. Picture and give
information.
4. Compared your observations with the following picture.
b. Connective Tissue
1. Observed preparations solid bone rubbing on bone pipes.
2. Pictured and gave information visible parts.
3. Noticed the structure from the outside
a) Periosteum, form a dense tissue
b) Harvest system consist of:
1) Channel harverst
2) Harvest lamella arranged concentrically surrounds harvest
channels.

3) Each lamella contains osteocytes in lacuna having

kanalikuli.
c) Endosteum
4. Compare your observations eith the picture.
c. Nerve Tissue
1. Observed the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum preparations
preserved.
2. Pictured and gave information visible parts.
3. Asked your assistant to looked at the instructions the cell in question.
In the ganglion layer consisting of a layer of Purkinje cells shaped
bottle, is pale and large, small and dark nucleoli.
4. Compared your observations with the images that have been
provided.
d. Blood Tissue
1. Observed

preparations

preserved

blood

smear

with

strong

magnification.
2. Watched and drew all kinds of blood cells (erythrocytes,
lymphocytes, monocytes, leukocytes, neutrophils, and basophils) are
present in the blood.
3. Compared your observations with the picture.
e. Muscle tissue
1. observed preparations preserved smooth muscle tissue, striated
muscle, and cardiac muscle with powerful magnification.
2. Watched and drew all kinds of muscle cells, shape, and location of
the point and the direction of fibers.
3. Compared your observation with drawings provided.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
1. Nerve Tissue
a. Neurons Astrocyt Cerebrum
Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison
b.

Neuron Astrocyt cerebrum

Accessed on http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text
%20sections/nervous.html

Cell Syaraf P.L

Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison

2. Epith
elial
tissue
a. E
pi
th
el
ial cube layer (kidney p. L)

Magnification 10 x 10

Picture comparison

NOTE :
PL = parietal layer of bowmans capsule
VL = visceral layer of bowmans capsule made of podocytes
RC = renal corpuscle
MR = medullary rays
A = arteriole
BV = blood vessel
BC = bowmans capsule

Note

b. Flat layers Epithelium (skin of mammals)

Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison

glandul
a
sebase
dermisHair
follicle

3. Connective Tissue
a. Compact Bone
Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison

Accessed on http://kcfac.kilgore.edu/kcap1/images/compact
%20bone%202%20fireworks%20b.jpg

b. Hyaline bone
Magnification 10 x 10

Picture comparison

Note

4. Muscle tissue
a. smooth muscle (ileum)
Magnification 10 x 10

Picture comparison

Note: 1: Plicae Circularis

2: Villi
3: Mucosa
4: submucosa

5: Peyer's Patches

Note

b. smooth muscle
Magnification 10 x 10

Picture comparison

Note

5. Blood Tissue
a. Blood
Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison
erythrocyte

Blood
Plasm

b. Blood of humans
Magnification 10 x 10

Note

Picture comparison

B. Discussi
on

Note
a: Eritrosit
b: Neutrophil
c: Eosinophils
d: Lymphocytes

1. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue composed of nerve cells or neurons. Each neuron
consists of neural cell bodies, the branch of a dendrite, and the branch of
an axon. The branches this is what connects every nerve cells so as to
form a tissue of nerves. There are three different types of nerve cells,
namely sensory nerve cells a cell of the motor nerves, and a nerve cell a
liaison. Based on observations, in a neuron astrocyt cerebrum pyramidal,
there are neurons while in nerve cells p.l, there are nucleus a dendrite, the
axons, extend cells, and body of cell.
2. Epithelium Tissue
Muscle fibers or cells are cylindrical, muscle is mostly attached to the
order. It contraction according to our will and conscious nerve under the
influence. Epithelial tissue composed of cells arranged in sheets. Some
tissue epitalium coat the surface of the inner organs of the body and was
established to carry out the functions adsorbsi and protection.
The epithelium cube layer kidney p. L found of bowmans capsule,
visceral layer of bowmans capsule made of podocytes, renal corpuscle,
medullary rays, arteriole, blood vessel, the bowmans capsule. While on
the flat layers epithelium on skin mammals contained hair follicle and the
dermis, sebaceous glands
3. Muscle Tissue
Bubble-shaped smooth muscle cells with a nucleus located in the
middle sarcoplasmic flat. Smooth muscle found in the muscles in the so
called viscera and autonomic felsarafan who himself has worked in the
subconscious. Smooth muscle contraction was slow, but not tired.
Smooth muscle has not kontraktif fibers reflect light alternating, so it
sarcoplasmic looks plain and homogenized. Smooth muscle is shaped like
a bobbin, the middle part was great and tapered at the ends. In each cell
there is a smooth muscle cell nucleus, middle and flattened. Work in
smooth muscle involuntary and are innervated by the autonomic nervous
system, smooth muscle contraction is very slow and long, but not easily
tired. Smooth muscle is found on the tools in the body, such as blood
vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bladder.
4. Connective Tissue

One osteon consisted of some lamella concentric surrounding kanal

havers. Selsel bones are on lamella inside the called lakuna. Tissue serves
as the support of the body that bind to each other such tissues, these
tissues each consisting of cells; this tissue was used to provide power
assistance and weak parts of your body, filling the body considering a
tissue with another tissue. The tissue consists of lamella advocates,
kanalikuli, Lacuna, and lamella. Which includes ancillary tissue was a
tissue of bone, cartilage tissue and blood in the lymph nodes.
5. Blood Tissue
Matrix on blood is composed of blood plasma and blood cells. Blood
Plasma composed on water, salt, and a variety of proteins. In the blood
plasma of blood cells is composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and
white blood cells (leukocytes). In addition, there is the blood plasma
platelets (platelet).
Blood was the fluid found in all beings life (except plants), high level
function sends substances and oxygen needed ileh body, transporting
materials chemical results of metabolism, as well as the body's defenses.
Inside there are all kinds of blood, including:
a. Erythrocyte
1) A major part of blood cells.
2) Contain hemoglobin which has a holding capacity of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
3) Formed in bone marrow from the back of the embryo created
in limpha and liver.
b. Leukocytes
1) Neutrophils, was 65% of leukocytes that can kill bacteria by
means fogositosit
2) Eusinofil, the cytoplasm are many types of leukocytes containing
granules (lysosomes) and function block parsit.
3) Basophils, was part of the leukocytes, but only 1% of function
mengtasi infection, inflammation and allergies.
4) Lymphocytes, are leukocytes which account for about 25% and
consists of T cells as the body's defenses, the B cells and cells
killers.

5) Manosit, was part of 6% of leukocytes and serves as eaters of

bacteria and neutrophils which takes into pus.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on experiment that have done, we can conclude the tissue that
composed animal tissues there are four kinds of namely, epithelial tissues,
connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is made
up of some sort and in this study, epithelium that obserbed is flat layers
epithelium and cube layer epithelium. Muscle tissue is also divided into three
kinds namely, striated ,smooth

and heart muscle. However, the smooth

muscle was investigated.

B. Suggestion
Expected to the next experiment, that the Preparat preservation surveyed
really representing all constituent of animal tissue that we understand more
about the matter. And is expected to the next experiment assistan really guide
in any experiment in progress.

BIBLIOGRAPY
Campbell, Reace, dan Mitchell. 2010. Biologi Edisi Kedelapan Jilid 3. Jakarta :
Erlangga.
Farabee, Michael J. 2006. Animal Cells And Tissues. Estrella Mountain
Community.College.http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/bi
obk/biobookanimalts.html accessed on december 9th 2013.
Raven, Peter H., Evert, Ray F., & Eichhorn, Susan E. (1986). Biology of Animal
(4th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers
Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum..
Universitas Negeri Makassar.

QUESTION
1.

How to form smooth muscle cells, where is it, how many in each cell
nucleus?
Answer :
Smooth muscle cells form the spindle at wall digestive tract, respiratory
tract, blood vessels, urinary tracts, etc.. Smooth muscle consists of one core
which is located in the middle of the cell.

2.

Collection of striated muscle cell fibers called the what, how much the core
of each fiber?
Answer :
Collection of striated muscle fibers of cells called fesikum and in each there
are core fibers which are found at the edges.

3.

What is the fundamental difference between smooth muscle cells, striated

muscle and heart muscle that you find?
Answer :
Smooth muscle
a.

Having a cell nucleus is located in the middle

b.

Work is not under conscious so-called involuntary muscle

c.

Contractions slow but irregular and not easily tired

Striated muscle
a.

Consisting of a core fiber

b.

Working under the consciousness

c.

Rapid contractions, irregular and easily tired

Heart muscle
a.

Composed of cylindrical cells and essentially one or two located in

the middle

b.

Working under the consciousness

c.

Automatically regular contractions and was not easily tired

4.

What are Lacuna, kanalikuli?

Answers :
Lamella

that

is

precipitated

mineral

salts

that

form

circle.

Lacuna namely the attachment of osteosit. Kanalikuli the small channels

that connect between one another osteosit.
5.

What is the function of the Havers channels?

Answere:
Havers channel function is as a place or central blood vessels, lymph, nerve
and Volkman.