See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257751479

Effect of ferrule height and glass fibre post

length on fracture resistance and failure mode
of endodontically treated teeth
Article in Australian Endodontic Journal October 2013
DOI: 10.1111/aej.12042 Source: PubMed

CITATION

READS

68

4 authors, including:
Eshamsul Sulaiman

Basim Atiya

University of Malaya

Mahsa University College

19 PUBLICATIONS 53 CITATIONS

4 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Marhazlinda Jamaludin
University of Malaya
12 PUBLICATIONS 46 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: Eshamsul Sulaiman

Retrieved on: 09 October 2016

bs_bs_banner

Aust Endod J 2013

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Effect of ferrule height and glass bre post length on fracture

resistance and failure mode of endodontically treated teeth
Shurooq S. Abdulrazzak, BDS, MDSc1; Eshamsul Sulaiman, BDS, MClinDent2; Basim K. Atiya, BDS, HDD, MDSc3; and
Marhazlinda Jamaludin, BDS, MSC4
1
2
3
4

Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Keywords
failure mode, ferrule height, fracture
resistance, glass bre post, post length.
Correspondence
Dr Shurooq S. Abdulrazzak, Department of
Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
MAHSA University College, Level 4, Pusat
Bandar Damansara, Damansara Heights, 50490
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Email:
drshurooq_71@yahoo.com,
shurooq@mahsa.edu.my
doi:10.1111/aej.12042

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of ferrule height
and post length on fracture resistance and failure mode of endodontically
treated teeth restored with glass fibre posts, composite resin cores and crowns.
Ninety human maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and
divided into three groups (n = 30) according to the ferrule heights: 4, 2 and
0 mm, respectively. Post spaces in each group were prepared at 2/3, 1/2 and
1/3 of the root length (n = 10). The specimens were received fibre posts,
composite resin core build up and cast metal crowns. After thermocycling,
compressive static load was applied at an angle of 135 to the crowns. Two-way
analysis of variance showed significant differences in the failure load in the
ferrule height groups, no significant differences in post length groups and no
significant interaction between ferrule heights and post lengths. More restorable failure modes were observed.

Introduction
Endodontically treated teeth are usually more susceptible
to fracture because they have insufficient coronal tooth
structure as a result of caries, trauma or the endodontic
procedure itself (1). It has been suggested that the
dentine in endodontically treated teeth undergoes
changes in collagen cross-linking that make them dry
with time. Thus, they become more brittle with high risk
of fracture compared with non-endodontically treated
teeth (2). They are often indicated for full coverage restoration with post and core to achieve retention and
resistance form for the final restoration (3). The survival
of a pulpless tooth is directly related to the quantity and
quality of the remaining coronal dentine (4). Many in
vitro and in vivo studies (57) stated that the fracture
resistance of endodontically treated teeth increased significantly with increased amount of coronal dentine.
Sound coronal dentine must be conserved to allow the
crown margin to extend below the junction of the core
and the remaining tooth structure. This is to increase
retention and resistance of the core by allowing the use of

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology

a ferrule preparation (8) and thus increases the mechanical resistance of a post/core/crown restoration (9). Other
study stated that the ferrule preparation has no benefit in
terms of resistance to fracture of central incisors restored
with prefabricated parapost, composite core and crown
(10). However, in viewing their results, it can be seen that
the mean failure load for the teeth with ferrule preparation was higher than that of the non-ferruled teeth but
the difference was not significant, which may be due to
the different methodology and small sample size. A
number of authors have suggested that endodontically
treated teeth must have at least 2 mm of tooth structure
coronal to the preparation finish line to ensure structural
integrity (11,12). It was recommended that surgical
crown lengthening or orthodontic extrusion for at least
one millimetre in case when the existing clinical crown
height will not permit the placement of a crown ferrule
(13). It is known that endodontically treated teeth with
posts have significantly greater longevity than teeth
without post (14). Different recommendations have been
made regarding the optimal post length. It was suggested
that the post should be equal to or greater than the length
1

Effect of Ferrule Height and Post Length

S. S. Abdulrazzak et al.

of the crown (15,16) or should be calculated according to

the root length such as half or two thirds or three fourth
the length of the root (17). To date, the question remains
as to whether the combination of ferrule and post can
improve the fracture resistance of endodontically treated
teeth and what is the ideal length that can achieve the
best results. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro
the combined effects of ferrule height and post length on
fracture resistance and failure mode of endodontically
treated human maxillary central incisors restored with
glass fibre posts. The research hypothesis was that ferrule
height and post length would have significant effects on
fracture resistance and type of fracture.

Materials and methods

Ninety freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors
free of caries, cracks, fractures and restorations were
selected for the study. Periapical radiographs were taken to
exclude internal abnormalities such as internal root
resorption. To prevent desiccation, they were stored in
0.9% solution of physiologic normal saline. Ultrasonic
scaler (Piezon Master 400, Boise, Idaho, Switzerland)
was used to remove the external debris on the teeth. The
selected teeth were randomly divided into three groups,
each of 30 teeth according to the ferrule height (residual
coronal dentine) above the cement enamel junction
(CEJ); 4 mm (F4), 2 mm (F2) and 0 mm (F0) ferrule
heights. To standardise the specimens lengths, the crowns
of the selected teeth were removed according to these
ferrule heights. By using digital caliper (Mitutoyo/
Digimatic, Tokyo, Japan), the specimens lengths were
assigned as 19 mm (F4), 17 mm (F2) and 15 mm (F0) from
the apical end by a horizontal cut made perpendicular to
the long axis of the root. The teeth were root treated by the
same operator. Each canal was prepared to a master apical
file size 45 K-file (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballagues, Switzerland) at the working length. The canals were then stepbacked using K-files size 50, 55 and 60 at 1 mm, 2 mm and
3 mm shorter than the working length, respectively. For
irrigation, 1% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl;
Clorox (M) Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(SmearClear, SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) were
used. Lateral condensation technique was used for canal
obturation using size 45 gutta-percha cones (Dentsply/
Asia, Hong Kong) and a resin-based canal sealer (AHplus, Dentsply/DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany).
Each ferrule height group was randomly divided into
three subgroups of 10 teeth; each at a different post
length (P10 at 10 mm or 2/3 root length, P7.5 at 7.5 mm
or 1/2 root length and P5 at 5 mm or 1/3 root length)
(Fig. 1).
2

Figure 1 Experimental groups according to ferrule heights and post

lengths.

Prefabricated glass fibre reinforced composite posts

(RelyX Fibre post, 3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; yellow
coded) were used. The coronal portion of the posts was
extended 6 mm above the CEJ. The posts were cut with a
high speed diamond disc under a stream of cooling water
according to each group of the study. In P10 groups, the
total length of the post was 16 mm (10 mm inside the
canal plus 6 mm above the CEJ). In P7.5 groups, the total
post length was 13.5 mm (7.5 mm inside the canal plus
6 mm above the CEJ). While in P5 groups, the total post
length was 11 mm (5 mm inside the canal plus 6 mm
above the CEJ). The post spaces for each group were
prepared with appropriate low-speed drill, which was
supplied with the post kit to match the post size (yellow
coded). Self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem,
3M/ESPE) was used for post cementation and it was
photo activated by light curing machine (Dentsply spectrum 800, York, PA, USA) through the post to allow
initial polymerisation. Core build-ups were done using
composite resin (Filtek Z350, 3M/ESPE) to a height of
6 mm from the CEJ level. Then root surfaces were
marked 3 mm below the facial CEJ. To simulate the
periodontal ligament, the root surfaces were covered

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology

Effect of Ferrule Height and Post Length

S. S. Abdulrazzak et al.

Figure 3 Loading angles: A mounted specimen was xed in this jig at 45

angle to the horizontal plane and 135 to the loading rod tip.

Figure 2 15 mm tooth specimen.

with two layers of 0.075 mm thick heat-resistant

polytetrafluoroethylene adhesive tape. In order to keep
the specimen inside the block perpendicular to the horizontal plane, it was stabilised on a holder with a vertically
moving rod of a surveyor (AF 30 milling and surveying
machine, NOUVAG, Goldach, Switzerland). Specimens
were then lowered into the centre of a custom-made
cubic moulds (23 mm width 23 mm length 25 mm
depth) filled with auto polymerising acrylic resin (Satex
cold cure acrylic, Wiltshire, UK) at the level previously
marked before. Thus, the mounted portion of the root
was 12 mm (Fig. 2). After the first sign of acrylic
polymerisation, teeth were removed from the resin
blocks by moving the rod in an upward direction, and the
tape spacers were removed from the root surfaces. Silicone impression material (Aquasil Ultra XLV, Dentsply)
was mixed and injected into the tooth space in the acrylic
resin moulds, and the teeth were reinserted into the resin
moulds to produce a standardised silicone layer of
0.15 mm to simulate periodontal ligament.
Each specimen was then prepared to receive a cast
non-precious crown. A chamfer finishing line of 1 mm
in depth was prepared at the level of facial CEJ around
the circumference of the tooth. A horizontal slope was
created at the palatal side of the prepared tooth starting
from the incisal edge and extending 5 mm towards the
cervical direction. The crowns of 8 mm height from the
facial CEJ to the incisal edge were adhesively luted to
the prepared cores with RelyX Unicem (RelyX Unicem,
3M/ESPE). The specimens were subjected to 500 thermal
cycles between 5C and 55C with a dwell time of 30 s
with a two 2 s transfer interval.
The loading procedure was performed in an Instron
universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Autograph AG-X,

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology

Tokyo, Japan). Each specimen was fixed in a customised

jig in a way that it aligned the long axis of the tooth at an
angle 45 to the horizontal plane and 135 to the loading
rod tip (Fig. 3). This angle is similar to the average
interincisal angle between maxillary and mandibular
incisors in class I occlusion (6). For all specimens, the
compressive load was applied in the middle of the palatal
slope (2.5 mm from the incisal edge region) by using a
flat, round-ended compressive head, 2 mm in diameter. A
cross head speed of 0.5 mm min1 was applied until
failure occurred (crack without complete failure) as
determined by a drop in the stress-strain curve on the
monitor connected to the Instron testing machine).
The specimens were examined by a stereomicroscope
(Olympus, U-CMAD3, Tokyo, Japan) for failure mode
evaluation, which was classified as either restorable or
unrestorable. The restorable failures included either
partial or complete post/core/crown de-bonding or postcore-tooth complex fracture above acrylic resin block.
While the unrestorable failures include; fracture of the
post/core/root complex, cracks in the roots or vertical
root fractures (below the level of the acrylic resin).
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with
ferrule height and post length as fixed factors. Post-hoc
test was performed for multiple comparisons with the
level of significance set at P = 0.05 for all the statistical
tests.

Results
The means and standard deviations of the failure loads for
each post length subgroup at different ferrule heights are
presented in Figure 4.
Two-way ANOVA test was performed to test the two
main effects, ferrule height and post length. Results in
Table 1 shows that only the ferrule height had significant
effect on the failure load (P < 0.000). The 4 mm ferrule
height group had significantly higher fracture resistance
3

Effect of Ferrule Height and Post Length

S. S. Abdulrazzak et al.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of failure modes

Ferrule height

Post length

Restorable
Freq (%)

Unrestorable
Freq (%)

4 mm

10 mm
7.5 mm
5 mm
Total
10 mm
7.5 mm
5 mm
Total
10 mm
7.5 mm
5 mm
Total

10
10
10
30
10
10
10
30
10
10
10
30

7 (70%)
7 (70%)
6 (60%)
20 (66.7%)
7 (70%)
6 (60%)
5 (50%)
18 (60%)
7 (70%)
6 (60%)
4 (40%)
17 (56.7%)

3 (30%)
3 (30%)
4 (40%)
10 (33.3)
3 (30%)
4 (40%)
5 (50%)
12 (40%)
3 (30%)
4 (40%)
6 (60%)
13 (43.3%)

2 mm

0 mm

Figure 4 The mean failure load for each post length subgroup.

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA for the effect of ferrule height and post length on
fracture load
Independent
variable
Ferrule heights
4
2
0
Post length
10
7.5
5

Mean failure
load (N) (SD)

30
30
30
30
30
30

F (d.f.)

P value

536.7 (195.4)
414.6 (133)
319.8 (54.7)

18.143 (2)

0.000*

467.1 (184.3)
412.4 (155.6)
391.4 (148.3)

2.344 (2)

0.102

*The level of signicance sited at P < 0.05. Sample number.

Table 2 Post-hoc test multiple comparisons for the ferrule heights

95% Condence interval
Ferrule heights
(mm)
4 versus 2
4 versus 0
2 versus 0

Mean
difference (I-J)
*

122.1
216.9*
94.8*

Lower
bound

Upper
bound

P value

17.9
126.0
30.7

226.3
307.7
158.8

0.018
0.000
0.002

*The mean difference is signicant at the P < 0.05.

than 2 mm and 0 mm groups. Similarly, 2 mm ferrule

had significantly higher fracture resistance than those
without ferrule. On the other hand, the post length was
found to have no significant effect on the failure load
(P = 0.102). However, No significant interaction between
ferrule height and post length was found (P = 0.801).
Post-hoc multiple comparisons test yielded significant
differences between all the ferrule heights as shown in
Table 2.
The favourable failure modes were more frequent than
the unfavourable types in almost all the subgroups. The
numbers and the percentages of both favourable and
unfavourable failures are listed in Table 3.
4

Discussion
In the present study, the fracture resistances of
endodontically treated maxillary central incisors with different ferrule heights combined with different post
lengths were stress tested and recorded. The results of this
investigation confirmed the general consensus that the
endodontically treated teeth with the presence of a
ferrule are superior to those lacking a ferrule in the prevention of tooth fracture under a static load. Regardless of
the post length, our results indicated that increasing the
ferrule height significantly increased the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth (P < 0.000). This is
in agreement with other studies (5,6,18,19). Moreover,
the 4 mm ferrule height group presented significantly
with the highest mean failure load (536.7 N) when compared with the 2 mm (414.6 N) and 0 mm (319.8 N)
ferrule groups regardless of post length. This may be
attributed to several mechanisms of action. The most
reasonable explanation is that when the amount of
remaining dentine increased, this allowed for redistribution and dissipation of large force. Besides, more coronal
dentine structure may have formed a more stable foundation for the post and core; accordingly, the greater
resistance to rotation would be achieved (20). It could be
concluded that the endodontically treated teeth restored
with glass fibre posts and composite cores with at least
2 mm of remaining tooth structure (ferrule) is beneficial
in increasing fracture resistance.
It is important to know that the lowest mean failure
load recorded in this study was higher than the
maximum human incisal bite force, which does not
exceed 200 N during normal physiological functioning of
anterior teeth (20). This could be as a result of the design
of our study that includes periodontal ligament simulation, which tends to act as a shock absorber leading to
higher values of failure loads.

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology

Effect of Ferrule Height and Post Length

S. S. Abdulrazzak et al.

In viewing the results of each post length subgroup in

the study, it was found that the highest mean failure load
was obtained from the 10 mm post length followed by the
7.5 mm and then the 5 mm post length in all the ferrule
height groups. This might be because of the elastic
modulus of the glass fibre post, which is close to that of
dentine. When a compressive load was applied to the tooth
with a long post (10 mm), it will absorb a great amount of
stress so that the force will be distributed in an even way to
the radicular dentine. Similar results were obtained in
another study used two-dimensional finite element analysis (21). Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were found between the mean failure loads for the
three post lengths used in each of the three ferrule height
groups (P = 0.102). These findings may be due to the fact
that the effect of ferrule was masking the effect of post
length. Moreover, in 4 mm ferrule height group, the difference between the mean failure loads of 10 and 5 mm
post length was only 36.1 N. While in 0 mm ferrule height
group, the difference between the mean failure loads of
10 mm and 5 mm post length was 63.8 N. This means that
in the absence of ferrule we can detect a little post length
effect in spite the fact that there was no significant difference, which may be due to the small sample size. It was
confirmed that the ferrule length is more important than
the post length in terms of enhancing the fracture resistance of crowned teeth (22). Our results were in agreement with other studies (23,24) which confirmed that
increasing the post length did not significantly increase the
fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored
with prefabricated posts.
With respect to the failure mode, the results of this study
showed that generally, more restorable failures were
observed in almost all the specimens. Previous studies
confirmed the same findings (12,25,26). These results may
be attributed to the modulus of elasticity of fibre post
which closes to that of dentine (27), and the difference in
the elastic module of the fibre and matrix components of
the fibre post might contribute to stress absorption by
dissipating stress along their interface (28). This will partially absorb the load and increase the likelihood of failures
at the post/cement/core/tooth interface before the occurrence of root fracture (29). Similar results were obtained
by (30). Furthermore, it was found that the 4 mm ferrule
height group showed the highest percentage of restorable
failure modes followed by the 2 mm and then 0 mm. Thus,
our results confirmed that having the ferrule heights of at
least 2 mm may result in a more restorable fracture mode.
In spite of that, unrestorable mode of failures were predominant in the subgroup with short post of 1/3 root
length in the absence of ferrule. This may be due to the fact
that when applying a load to the shortest post, it transmits
the force and concentrate it to a small area of the root

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology

dentine around its apical end leading to root fracture (31).

The results of this study are in agreement with other
studies (21,32,33). However, in the presence of 4 mm
ferrule height, the specimens restored with short post (1/3
root length) had more restorable failures. This may be
because of the greater ferrule effect provided by more
residual dentine overcomes the effect of the short post
length leading to a more restorable type of failure. It can
therefore be suggested that endodontically treated teeth
may have a tendency for restorable mode of failure especially when restored with post of at least 1/2 the root
length in the presence of ferrule height.
This study had some limitations; it is an in vitro investigation, which could not fully replicate the oral conditions. The test used in this study was a static load, which
was applied at one point in a mono-static pattern that
does not represent the intraoral condition. The study only
evaluated the maxillary central incisors, and therefore,
the results can only be attributed to this group of teeth.

Conclusions
Under the limitations of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Increasing the ferrule height significantly increased
the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated maxillary central incisors restored with a glass fibre post,
composite core and crown (P < 0.000).
2. Post length had no significant effect on the fracture
resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central
incisors for any given ferrule height (P = 0.102).
3. Almost all the subgroups had restorable failure except
the subgroup without ferrule with short post (1/3 root
length), which had more unrestorable failure.

Acknowledgement
This study was supported by a grant from the University
of Malaya (project no. PS074/2009A).

References
1. Reeh ES, Messer HH, Douglas WH. Reduction in tooth
stiffness as a result of endodontic and restorative procedures. J Endod 1989; 15: 5126.
2. Cheung WA. Review of the management of endodontically treated teeth Post, core and the final restoration.
J Am Dent Assoc 2005; 136: 6119.
3. Darabi F, Namazi LA. Comparison of the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth using two different
restoration systems. Dent Res J 2008; 5: 659.
4. Tjan AH, Whang SB. Resistance to root fracture of post
channels with various thicknesses of buccal dentin walls.
J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53: 496500.

Effect of Ferrule Height and Post Length

5. Pereira JR, de Ornelas F, Conti PC, Valle AL. Effect

of a crown ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated posts.
J Prosthet Dent 2006; 95: 504.
6. Varvara G, Perinetti G, Di Iorio D, Murmura G, Caputi S.
In vitro evaluation of fracture resistance and failure
mode of internally restored endodontically treated maxillary incisors with differing heights of residual dentin.
J Prosthet Dent 2007; 98: 36572.
7. Nissan J, Barnea E, Bar Hen D, Assif D. Effect of remaining coronal structure on the resistance to fracture of
crowned endodontically treated maxillary first premolars. Quintessence Int 2008; 39: e1837.
8. Aykent F, Kalkan M, Yucel MT, Ozyesil AG. Effect of
dentine bonding and ferrule preparation on the fracture
strength of crowned teeth restored with dowels and
amalgam cores. J Prosthet Dent 2006; 95: 297301.
9. Ichim I, Kuzmanovic DV, Love RM. A finite element
analysis of ferrule design on restoration resistance and
distribution of stress within a root. Int Endod J 2006; 39:
44352.
10. al-Hazaimeh N, Gutteridge DL. An in vitro study into
the effect of the ferrule preparation on the fracture resistance of crowned teeth incorporating prefabricated post
and composite core restorations. Int Endod J 2001; 34:
406.
11. Zhi-Yue L, Yu-Xing Z. Effects of post-core design and
ferrule on fracture resistance of endodontically treated
maxillary central incisors. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89:
36873.
12. Akkayan B. An in vitro study evaluating the effect of
ferrule length on fracture resistance of endodontically
treated teeth restored with fibre-reinforced and zirconia
dowel systems. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 9: 15562.
13. Sorensen JA, Engelman MJ. Ferrule design and fracture
resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet
Dent 1990; 63: 52936.
14. Ferrari M, Cagidiaco MC, Grandini S, De Sanctis M,
Goracci C. Post placement affects survival of endodontically treated premolars. J Dent Res 2007; 86: 72934.
15. Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT. clinically significant factors in
dowel design. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 52: 2835.
16. Stockton LW. Factors affecting retention of post systems:
a literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1999; 81: 3805.
17. Schiavetti R, Garca-Godoy F, Toledano M et al. Comparison of fracture resistance of bonded glass fiber posts at
different lengths. Am J Dent 2010; 23: 22730.
18. Loney RW, Kotowicz WE, McDowell GC. Threedimensional photoelastic stress analysis of the ferrule
effect in cast post and cores. J Prosthet Dent 1999; 63:
50612.
19. Cathro PR, Chandler NP, Hood J. Impact resistance of
crowned endodontically treated central incisors with
internal composite cores. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996;
12: 1248.

S. S. Abdulrazzak et al.

20. Tan PL, Aquilino SA, Gratton DG. In vitro fracture resistance of endodontically treated central incisors with
varying ferrule heights and configurations. J Prosthet
Dent 2005; 93: 33136.
21. Nakamura T, Ohyama T, Waki T et al. Stress analysis of
endodontically treated anterior teeth restored with different types of post material. Dent Mater J 2006; 25:
14550.
22. Isidor F, Brondum K, Ravnholt G. The influence of post
length and crown ferrule length on the resistance to
cyclic loading of bovine teeth with prefabricated titanium posts. Int J Prosthodont 1999; 12: 7882.
23. Santos-Filho PC, Castro CG, Silva GR, Campos RE,
Soares CJ. Effects of post system and length on the
strain and fracture resistance of root filled bovine teeth.
Int Endod J 2008; 41: 493501.
24. do Valle AL, Pereira JR, Shiratori FK, Pegoraro LF,
Bonfante G. Comparison of the fracture resistance of
endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated
posts and composite resin cores with different post
lengths. J Appl Oral Sci 2007; 15: 2932.
25. Maccari PC, Conceio EN, Nunes MF. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with three
different prefabricated esthetic posts. J Esthet Restor
Dent 2003; 15: 2530.
26. Barjau-Escribano A, Sancho-Bru JL, Forner-Navarro L,
Rodrguez-Cervantes PJ, Prez-Gnzlez A,
Snchez-Marn FT. Influence of prefabricated post material on restored teeth: fracture strength and stress distribution. Oper Dent 2006; 31: 4754.
27. Boschian Pest L, Guidotti S, Pietrabissa R, Gagliani M.
Stress distribution in a post-restored tooth using the
three-dimensional finite element method. J Oral Rehabil
2006; 33: 6907.
28. Seefeld F, Wenz HJ, Ludwig K, Kern M. Resistance to
fracture and structural characteristics of different
fiber reinforced post systems. Dent Mater 2007; 23:
26571.
29. Fokkinga WA, Kreulen CM, Vallittu PK, Creugers NHJA.
Structured analysis of in vitro failure loads and failure
modes of fiber, metal and ceramic post-and-core
systems. Int J Prosthodont 2004; 17: 47682.
30. Akkayan B, Glmez T. Resistance to fracture of
endodontically treated teeth restored with different post
systems. J Prosthet Dent 2002; 87: 4317.
31. Giovani AR, Vansan LP, de Sousa Neto MD, Paulino SM.
In vitro fracture resistance of glass-fiber and cast metal
posts with different lengths. J Prosthet Dent 2009; 101:
1838.
32. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Sahafi A. Finite element
analysis of stresses in endodontically treated, dowelrestored teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94: 3219.
33. Fuss Z, Lusting J, Katz A, Tamse A. An evaluation of
endodontically treated vertical root fractured teeth:
impact of operative procedures. J Endod 2001; 27: 468.

2013 Australian Society of Endodontology