Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OBJECTIVE MATHEMATICS
For all competitive Exams
J. P. Dixit
Due care and diligence has been taken while publishing this
book. However, the publisher does not hold any responsibility
for any mistake that may have inadvertently crept in. The publisher does not accept responsibility for any loss arising out of
the use of this book.
All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
I
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D
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Number Series
Numbers or Number System
Decimal Fraction
Simplification
Problem Based on Numbers
Surds or Radicals
H.C.F. and L.C.M.
Square Roots and Cube Roots
Average
Profit and Loss
True Discount/Discount
Percentage
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Alligation or Mixture
Ratio and Proportion
Partnership
Time and Work
Time and Distance
Problem on Trains
Boat and Stream
Pipes and Cistern
Area and Perimeter
Volume and Surface Areas (3-Dimensial Figures)
Problems Based on Ages
Stock and Shares
Races and Games
Clocks
Calendar
Tabulation
Bar - Graphs
Pie - Diagram
Line Graphs
Statistics
Permutations and Combinations
Probability
Trigonometry
Height and Distance
15
33
46
62
82
98
111
120
132
146
164
175
193
205
222
229
247
257
272
285
299
305
315
337
364
378
387
392
397
401
415
425
437
452
461
467
474
488
Preface
This book is intended for the aspirants of various preliminary as well as final competitive examinations conducted by different service selection commissions and boards
such as UPSC, PSC, PCS, SSC, IBPS, RRB, SBI and managements institutes.
The book contains a huge collection of questions asked in respective examinations
and these questions are solved by shortcut as well as fundamental methods. Nowadays
although short cut methods are required for solving question papers within given time but
fundamental methods are absolutely essential for learning mathematics.
I strongly believe that students learn mathematics well only when they construct their
own mathematical thinking. Information can be transmitted from books to the needful but
mathematical understanding and knowledge come from within the learner as that individual explores, discovers, and makes connections. This understanding is developed
only by clearing the basics of mathematics.
Keeping this in mind due weightage is given to the fundamental and explanatory methods.
Consequently this book does not simply provide content; rather, it facilitates
readers construction of their own knowledge of mathematics.
Here are the salient features of the book:
z
The syllabus and question pattern of almost all the popular exams is covered.
10 to 15 new questions from the latest examinations are added in the beginning of the
each chapter.
Three new chapters on calendar, Trigonometry and Height and Distance are added.
SSC-FCI
Total No. of
Question
Question of
math
Separate paper
50
Area of Priority
50 (I)
100 (II)
RBI Grade -B
200
30
Civil Services
(Pre) II
80
7-10
CAT
Separate paper
30
NDA
(I) and (II)
Separate paper
120
Complex number-basic propeties, MATRICES and DETERMINANTS : Types of matrices, Operations on Matrices, Determinant of
a matrix, Basic properties of determinants
TRIGONOMETRY: Angles and their measures in degrees and in radians,
Trigonometrical ratios. Trigonometric identities. Sum and difference formulae. Multiple
and Sub multiple angles. Etc. ANALYTICAL
GEOMETRY OF TWO AND THREE DIMENSION:Rectangular Cartesian coordinate
System. Equation of a line in various forms.
Angle between two lines. Distance of point
from a line. Equation of a circle in stan
dard and in general form. Eccentricity and
axis of a conic. Etc.DIFFERETIAL
CALCULUS: Concept of real value function.
Composite range and graph of a function.
Composite functions, One to One and inverse
INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND DIFFER
ENTIAL EQUATION: Integration as inverse of
differentiation, integration by substitution and
by parts, standard integrals involving algebraic expressions, Evaluation of definite integrals- determination of areas of plane regions
bounced by curves applications.VECTOR
ALGEBRA: Vectors in two and three dimensions, Magnitude and direction of a vectors,
Scalar Multiplication of a vector, Scalar product or dot prodct of two vectors. Vector product or cross product of two vectors. Etc. STATICTICS AND PROBABILITY: Classification
of data, Frequency distribution, Cumulative
frequency, Histogram, Pie Chart, Frequency
Polygon, Measures of Central tendecymean, median, mode. Random experiment,
Outcomes and associated sample space,
events, mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events. Impossible and certain Events. Union
and Intersection and composite events.
Complementary, Elementary and com
posite events. Elementary theorems on probability, Bayes theorem- Simple Problems.
Random variable as function on a sample
space. Etc.
CDS- (I) (II)
Separate Paper
100
NUMBERS OR NUMBER
SYSTEM
BASIC FORMULAE
b)2
a2
b2
(a +
=
+ 2ab +
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b)
(a + b)2 (a b)2 = 4ab
(a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 ab + b2)
a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
l
l
l
l
l
l
SIMPLIFICATION
l
SURDS OR REDICALS
Law of Radicals
The law of indices which are applicable to the
surds also are :
( x)
n
(ii)
(iii)
a if a > o
|a| = a if a < o
x .n y
x
=
y
( x)
(iv)
m n
(v)
=x
xy =
x =
xm
mn
x =n
a b
Law of Surds
(vi) The conjugate surds of
(i)
a + b is+
a+ b = c+ d
(vii) If
Then, a c and b= d
a a
(viii)
(ix)
a a
(x) If
Then,
a...... = a
1
a..... n times = a1 n
2
a+ a+
a...... = x
x(x 1) = a
(2)
Important Formulae
AVERAGE
Average of Position includes Median and Mode.
l Arithmetic Average is used of all averages.
for example: average income, average profit,
average age, average marks etc.
l It is defined as the sum of all values of items
divided by the total number of items.
l In Individual series.
Average =
Sum of observations
Number of observations
x1 + x2 + x3 ........... + xn
n
l In Discreate series
x =
Or
x1 f1 + x2 f 2 + ........... + xn f n
f1 + f 2 + ........... + f n
l Geometric Mean : Geometric Mean of x1, x2
.....xn is denoted by
Loss % =
(v)
S.P. =
(100 + Gain%)
C.P.
100
(vi)
S.P. =
(100 Loss%)
C.P.
100
(vii)
C.P. =
100
S.P.
(100 + Gain%)
100
S.P.
(100 Loss%)
(ix) If an article is sold at a gain of 35% then
S.P. = 135% of C.P.
(x) If an article is sold at a loss of 20% then
S.P. = 80% of C.P.
(xi) When a person sells two similar items,
one at a gain of say, x% and the other at
a loss of x %, then the seller always incurs a loss given by :
(viii)
C.P. =
Error
G.M. = n x1 x2 ....... xn
l Harmonic Mean : Harmonic Mean of x1, x2
.....xn is denoted by
x1 + x2
= 2 100 %
H.M =
Gain 100
Gain % =
C.P.
x =
1 1
1
1
+ ......... +
+
n x1 x2
xn
l Mean : Relation among AM, GM and HM
(GM)2 = (AM) (HM)
Loss 100
C.P.
(iv)
TRUE DISCOUNT/
DISCOUNT
l
MP SP
100
MP
l T.D. = Interest on the P. W. at a given rate
(r) and time (t)
Discount % =
T.D. =
P.W. r t
100
Important Formulae
(3)
100 T.D.
+ T. D.
r t
P.W. r t
= P. W. +
100
100
+ 1
= T.D.
r t
r t
= P. W. 1 +
100
100 + r t
= T.D.
r t
100 r t
= P. W.
100
100 S.D.
P.W. =
100 + r t
Also S. D. = P. W. + T. D.
100 T.D.
P.W. =
r t
S. D. = P. W. + T. D.
A r t
100 + r t
When the sum is put at compound interest,
T.D. =
then P.W =
S.I.T.D
Sum =
S.I. T.D.
Amount
t
1 +
100
S. I. T. D. = S. I. on T. D.
PERCENTAGE
Fractional Equivalents of Important Percentages
1% =
1
= 0.01
100
2% =
1
= 0.02
50
4% =
1
= 0.04
25
8% =
2
= 0.08
25
16% =
4
25
64% =
16
= 0.64
25
96% =
24
= 0.96
25
5% =
1
= 0.05
20
10% =
1
= 0.1
10
20% =
1
5
40% =
2
= 0.4
5
60% =
3
= 0.6
5
80% =
4
5
120% =
6
= 1.2
5
25% =
1
= 0.25
4
3
1
37 % =
8
2
50% =
1
= 0.5
2
2
1
16 % =
3
6
1
1
33 % =
3
3
1
1
12 % = = 0.125
8
2
100% = 1
1
5
83 % = = 0.833
3
6
1
1
8 % =
3
12
1
1
6 % =
16
4
7
1
87 % =
8
2
2
2
66 % =
3
3
1
4
133 % =
3
3
Actual increase
(i) Percentage increase = Original quantity 100
Actual decrease
(ii) Percentage decrease = Original quantity 100
(iii) If percentage increase is x% then the new value
x
= 1 + 100 initial value
(iv) If x1, x2, x3, x4........are successive percentage of
change, then