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Theory

AFullWaveRectifierisacircuit,whichconvertsanacvoltageintoapulsatingdcvoltageusingbothhalf
cyclesoftheappliedacvoltage.
Itusestwodiodesofwhichoneconductsduringonehalfcyclewhiletheotherconductsduringtheotherhalf
cycleoftheapplied
acvoltage.
Duringthepositivehalfcycleoftheinputvoltage,diodeD1becomesforwardbiasedandD2becomesreverse
biased.HenceD1conducts
andD2remainsOFF.TheloadcurrentflowsthroughD1andthevoltagedropacrossRLwillbeequaltothe
inputvoltage.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse biased and D2 becomes
forwardbiased.HenceD1remains
OFFandD2conducts.TheloadcurrentflowsthroughD2andthevoltagedropacrossRLwillbeequaltothe
inputvoltage.
RippleFactor
TheripplefactorforaFullWaveRectifierisgivenby

Theaveragevoltageorthedcvoltageavailableacrosstheloadresistanceis

RMSvalueofthevoltageattheloadresistanceis

Efficiency
Efficiency,istheratioofdcoutputpowertoacinputpower

ThemaximumefficiencyofaFullWaveRectifieris81.2%.
TransformerUtilizationFactor
Transformer Utilization Factor, TUF can be used to determine the rating of a transformer secondary. It is
determinedbyconsidering
theprimaryandthesecondarywindingseparatelyanditgivesavalueof0.693.
FormFactor
Formfactorisdefinedastheratioofthermsvalueoftheoutputvoltagetotheaveragevalueoftheoutput
voltage.

PeakFactor
Peak factor is defined as the ratio of the peak value of the output voltage to the rms value of the output
voltage.

PeakinversevoltageforFullWaveRectifieris2Vmbecausetheentiresecondaryvoltageappearsacrossthe
nonconductingdiode.
ThisconcludestheexplanationofthevariousfactorsassociatedwithFullWaveRectifier.
RectifierwithFilter
TheoutputoftheFullWaveRectifiercontainsbothacanddccomponents.Amajorityoftheapplications,
whichcannottolerateahighvalueripple,
necessitatesfurtherprocessingoftherectifiedoutput.Theundesirableaccomponentsi.e.theripple,canbe
minimizedusingfilters.

Theoutputoftherectifierisfedasinputtothefilter.Theoutputofthefilterisnotaperfectdc,butitalso
containssmallaccomponents.
Someimportantfiltersare
1.InductorFilter
2.CapacitorFilter
3.LCFilter
4.CLCorFilter
InductorFilter
Thefigureshowsaninductorfilter.Whentheoutputoftherectifierpassesthroughaninductor,itblockstheac
componentandallowsonlythe
dccomponenttoreachtheload.

Ripplefactoroftheinductorfilterisgivenby

TheaboveequationshowsthatripplewilldecreasewhenLisincreasedandRLisdecreased.Thustheinductor
filterismoreeffectiveonly
whentheloadcurrentishigh(smallRL).Thelargervalueoftheinductorcanreducetherippleandatthe
sametimetheoutputdcvoltagewillbe
loweredastheinductorhasahigherdcresistance.
Theoperationoftheinductorfilterdependsonitspropertytoopposeanychangeofcurrentpassingthrough
it.Toanalyzethisfilterforfullwave,

theFourierseriescanbewrittenas

Thedccomponentis

Assumingthethirdandhighertermscontributelittleoutput,theoutputvoltageis

Thediode,chokeandtransformerresistancescanbeneglectedsincetheyareverysmallcomparedwithRL.
Thereforethedccomponent

ofcurrent
TheimpedanceofseriescombinationofLandRLat2is

Thereforefortheaccomponent,

Therefore,theresultingcurrentiisgivenby,

Theripplefactorwhichcanbedefinedastheratioofthermsvalueoftherippletothedcvalueofthewave,is

If

,thenasimplifiedexpressionforis

In case, the load resistance is infinity i.e., the output is an open circuit, then the ripple factor is
.Thisisslightlylessthan
thevalueof0.482.Thedifferencebeingattributabletotheomissionofhigherharmonicsasmentioned.Itis
clearthattheinductorfiltershouldonly
beusedwhereRLisconsistentlysmall.
CapacitorFilter

A capacitor filter connected directly across the load is shown above. The property of a capacitor is that it
allowsaccomponentandblocks
dccomponent.Theoperationofthecapacitorfilteristoshorttherippletogroundbutleavethedctoappearat
outputwhenitisconnected
acrossthepulsatingdcvoltage.

During the positive half cycle, the capacitor charges upto the peak vale of the transformer secondary
voltage,Vmandwilltrytomaintainthis
valueasthefullwaveinputdropstozero.CapacitorwilldischargethroughRLslowly until the transformer
secondaryvoltageagainincreaseto
avaluegreaterthanthecapacitorvoltage.Thediodeconductsforaperiod,whichdependsonthecapacitor
voltage.Thediodewillconduct
when the transformer secondary voltage becomes more than the diode voltage. This is called the cut in
voltage.Thediodestopsconducting
whenthetransformervoltagebecomeslessthanthediodevoltage.Thisiscalledcutoutvoltage.
Referringtothefigurebelow,withslightapproximationtheripplevoltagecanbeassumedastriangular.From
thecutinpointtothecutout
point,whateverchargethecapacitoracquiresisequaltothechargethecapacitorhaslostduringtheperiodof
nonconduction,i.e.,from
cutoutpointtothenextcutinpoint.
Thechargeithasacquired
Thechargeithaslost

If the value of the capacitor is fairly large, or the value of the load resistance is very large, then it can be
assumedthatthetimeT2isequaltohalf
theperiodictimeofthewaveform.

Fromtheaboveassumptions,theripplewaveformwillbetriangularanditsrmsvalueisgivenby

TheripplemaybedecreasedbyincreasingCorRL(both)witharesultingincreaseinthedc.outputvoltage.
LC Filter: The ripple factor is directly proportional to the load resistance RL in the inductor filter and
inverselyproportionaltoRLinthecapacitor
filter.ThereforeifthesetwofiltersarecombinedasLCfilterorLsectionfilterasshowninfiguretheripple
factorwillbeindependentofRL.

If the value of inductance is increased it will increase the time of conduction. At some critical value of
inductance,onediode,eitherD1orD2
willalwaysconducting.
FromFourierseries,theoutputvoltagecanbeexpressedas

Thedcoutputvoltage,

Theripplefactor


CLCorFilter

TheabovefigureshowsCLCortypefilter,whichbasicallyconsistsofacapacitorfilter,followedbyLC
section.Thisfilteroffersafairly
smoothoutputandischaracterizedbyhighlypeakeddiodecurrentsandpoorregulation.AsinLsectionfilter
theanalysisisobtainedasfollows.

Procedure
EDWin 2000 > Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the library.
Wiringandpropernetassignmenthas
beenmade.Thevaluesareassignedforrelevantcomponents.

EDWin2000>MixedModeSimulator:Thecircuitispreprocessed.Thetestpointsandwaveformmarkers
areplacedininputandoutputofthe
circuit. GND net is set as reference net. The Transient Analysis parameters have been set. The Transient
Analysisisexecutedand
outputwaveformisobservedinWaveformViewer.
Result
TheoutputwaveformforFullWaveRectifierwithfilterandwithoutfiltermaybeobservedinthewaveform
viewer.

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