Environment in literature

( A Selection from English Prose and Poetry)

: selected by:
Nasim Ahmad

Environment protection department

Punjab

Foreword
Quotations & any other Literary
work are not mere words to read , nor are
these, merely, time killing tools. These are , in
fact, the essences of sincere and intelligent
experiences of the elite and philosophers of the
ages .These are always a sequential out-come
of continued journeys of universal intellect,
passing through ages, over the time plane and
expressed in the worlds prevailing languages of

the time. The art of literature writing deals with

all the essential , hidden or obvious aspects of
life and psyche.
man & his environment are part &
parcel. Starting from man up to macro
environment i.e., the universe on one hand and
into the micro environment i.e., the quarks &
sub-atomic world the articles , all items and
entities essentially effect the man and vice
versa. Universe is the uncurling of his mental
& spiritual dimensions especially what is in
sub-conscious and non-conscious. The world or
mans
immediate
environment
is
the
expression
of
the
conscious,
willful
imaginations and thoughts . The micro universe
is symbolically expression of his spiritual,
sentimental and emotional inner self. All the
literary work in its shape and form is
representative of writers immediate
outer
environment on one hand and in its meanings
is representative of his inner environment .
However, the way of expression , writing style ,
language and depth of the thoughts may differ.
english literature is full of work on
environment , pollution and hygienic , society
and social contacts. Although the terminology
and language varies with variation in era and
time, but keeps and conveys the same
meanings . Here is a selection from english
literature
related to man , nature,
environmental terms & issues . This is an initial
effort but may be helpful for both students &
teachers. More and more work is awaited .
Suggestions and recommendations are always
welcomed.

nasim ahmad

Introduction of terms
The environment is every thing
surrounding the man. And man is itself the
pivot of his environment. The suitability or nonsuitability of an environment for livelihood of
man is the standard for its being polluted or
non-polluted. The relationship of man with man
and man with his surrounding environment is
either affection , friendship , social contract or
is of any sentiment, feeling or emotion. Man
and its environment along with all the entities
in it is called world i.e., the earth. The
mechanism that runs the universe is called
nature. According to the dictionaries Nature is
defined as:.
the phenomena of the physical world
collectively, including plants, animals, the
landscape, and other features and products of
the earth, as opposed to humans or human
creations.

nature in its originality is kind, loving,

compassionate , caring, helping, beautiful,
hospitable and favoring nourishment and
development. Basically it creates and
appreciate the symmetry , rationale, reasoning
and harmony in its component. In fact the
creation of universe was beauty and joy
oriented. In words of john keats a beautiful
thing is joy for ever. So basically universe,
nature and man all are beautiful, or
breathtaking beauty of nature.
According to encyclopedia britannica
poetry is literature that evokes a concentrated
imaginative awareness of experience or a
specific emotional response through language
chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound,
and rhythm.
In terms of this definition each and every
rhythmic, symmetrical , harmonious and
melodious sound is poetry in the sense. In my
opinion and in my own wordsa collection
organized meaningful words in the harmonious
and melodious sentences organized
intentionally by a person according to the rules
made so far for the purpose is called poetry .
The poet t.s. Eliot suggested that poetry has a
technical term verse. American poet robert
frost said shrewdly that poetry was what got
left behind in translation.

As has already been stated that the

nature creates and leads the universe towards
a harmony , symmetry and rhythm, so the
environment eventually originates in a very
balanced condition of its all elements, and if
environment is allowed to be administered by
nature , the metabolisms of its components is
always kept balanced by the natural
phenomena. It means that where the
destructive activities create negative changes
in the environment, the constructive activities
of nature nullify these negative changes and
make the natural environment normal. So the
pollution by the natural activities is not
considered a pollution, cause it never
deteriorate the environment to the irreversible
level for ever.
The environment of the world i.e.,the
earth, too, has been made by nature as to
keep the human race in it born , live, nourish
and reproduce , so the balanced natural
environment eventually means having all its
components in harmony with the mankind and
its needs. On the other hand the negative
changes made by mankind which if not counter
effected by the mankind itself , are never
nullified by nature, until human activities are
involved. Consequently the natural balance is
disturbed negatively and make the
environment unfit or miserable for human life.

Any negative change in it which may make it

unfit for human race is called pollution the
phrase as you so , so shall you reap applies
in this case.
the poetry covering all the above said
components of environment is environmental
poetry. However the poetic work describing the
environment as a whole or its components, in
their natural beautiful, symmetrical , rhythmic,
balanced and beneficial conditions, is called
poetry of/about nature. The poetry about
environment and / or of its components in
deteriorated, affected or imbalanced forms and
/or about pollution of any kind, its effects and
after effects, is called environmental poetry or
poetry of /about environment. In other words
the poetry about pollution of any kind with its
causes and effects, is environmental poetry.
The first poetical work should necessarily
be in praise or condemnation of any thing ,
entity , person or any one around the poet. So
must be called or termed as environmental
poetry or poetry of nature.
Poetry of nature is a very vast subject
and includes poetry about each and every
living and non-living thing /entity. It may be
about trees, sky, the earth, rivers , flowers ,
rains , seasons, birds , animals , mountains ,

springs , water falls , valleys, colors, woods,

clouds , winds etc.
The environmental poetry covers topic of
changes in all the natural environments, all
their issues with causes and effects, their
solutions , teachings about terminology and
introduction of the scientific terms about the
topic and developmental ways and progress in
the world.

English poetry

According to the encyclopedia britannica in

some hypothetical beginning of things it was
the only way of using language or simply was
language tout court, prose being the derivative
and younger rival. Both poetry and language
are fashionably thought to have belonged to
ritual in early agricultural societies; and poetry
in particular, it has been claimed, arose at first
in the form of magical spells recited to ensure a
good harvest. Whatever the truth of this
hypothesis, it blurs a useful distinction: by the
time there begins to be a separate class of
objects called poems, recognizable as such,
these objects are no longer much regarded for
their possible yam-growing properties, and
such magic as they may be thought capable of
has retired to do its business upon the human

spirit and not directly upon the natural world

outside.
Poetry and prose
Formally, poetry is recognizable by its greater
dependence on at least one more parameter,
the line, than appears in prose , composition.
This changes its appearance on the page; and
it seems clear that people take their cue from
this changed appearance, reading poetry aloud
in a very different voice from their habitual
voice, possibly because, as ben jonson said,
poetry speaketh somewhat above a mortal
mouth.
Poetry (ancient greek: (poieo) = i create)
is an art form in which human language is used
for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or
instead of, its notional and semantic content. It
consists largely of oral or literary works in
which language is used in a manner that is felt
by its user and audience to differ from ordinary
prose.
Syllable-foot(Iamb)-Metre-Line Verse-StanzaPoem
Poetry is structurally composed of lines. A line
is composed of rhythmic words . metres. Or
a set of metres alternating in a specific order.
A metre is based on patterns of syllables of
particular types called foot which is composed
of iambs.the simplest iamb generally refers to
a feet composed of one short ( unstressed)
syllable followed by on long ( stressed) syllable
as delay. De is a syllable of two words easily

said without any stress and lay is the syllable

which is long and is said with stress. the
familiar type of metre in english-language
poetry is called qualitative metre, with stressed
syllables coming at regular intervals (e.g. In
iambic pentameters, usually every evennumbered syllable). Many romance languages
use a scheme that is somewhat similar but
where the position of only one particular
stressed syllable (e.g. The last) needs to be
fixed. Two lines make a verse (returning back).
A line may also be divided by two half lines,
each having a specific rhythm. A line generally
ha not a full sence but in some cases it my be
complete in meanings. A verse has a complete
message.
A group of lines make a unit in themselves
in called stanza. While a set of stanzas make a
poem. In many cases the stanzas composing a
poem are quite irregular alike in length and
structure, as in wordsworths ode on the
intimations of immortality and tennysons
maud. But as a rule, a poem is built up of units
or sections strictly identical in form. Regular
stanzas are commonly defined by the number
of their lines and the arrangement of the rimes
which bind these lines together. The stanzaforms of english poetry are so numerous and
varied that no complete study of them can be
attempted here; but the following may be
mentioned as some of the best known
examples of stanza-forms in english.

1. The chaucerian stanza or rhyme royal

The chaucerian stanza is a stanza of seven
iambic pentametre lines. In this stanza the first
line rhymes with the third, the second with the
fourth and fifth, and the last two lines rhyme
together, thus forming a couplet.
Then, childish fear, avaunt! Debating, die!
Respect and reason, wait on wrinkled age!
My heart shall never countermand mine eye;
sad pause and deep regard beseem the stage;
my part is youth, and beats these from the
stage;
desire my pilot is, beauty my prize;
then who fears sinking where such treasure
lies?
2. The ottava rhyma
Ottava rhyma is a stanza of eight iambic
pentametre lines. The first line rhymes with the
third and fifth, the second with the fourth and
sixth, and the last two lines rhyme together,
and thus form a couplet. In other words the
stanza consists of six lines rhyming alternately
with a couplet at the end. The rhyme scheme
of the stanza is a b, a b, a b, c c.
Here is an example of ottava rhyma from
Byrons don juan:
Mans love is of mans life a thing apart,
tis womans whole existence; man may range
the court, camp, church, the vessel, and the
mart;
sword, gown, gain, glory, offer in exchange
pride, fame, ambition, to fill up his heart,
and few there are whom these cannot

estrange;
men have, all these resources, we but one,
to love again, and be again undone.
3. Spensarian stanza
It is a stanza consisting of eight iambic
pentametre lines and an alexandrine or a line
of twelve syllables at the end. The first line
rhymes with the third; the second, fourth, fifth
and seventh lines rhyme together, and the
sixth line rhymes with the eighth one and the
nineth.
Here is an example of the spensarian
stanza from shelleys adonais:
Ah woe is me? Winter is come and gone,
but grief returns with the revolving year.
The arts and streams renew their joyous tone;
the ants, the bees, the swallows, reappear;
fresh leaves and flowers deck the dead
seasons bier
the amorous birds now pair in every brake,
and build their mossy homes in field and brere;
and the green lizard and the golden snake,
like un imprisoned flames, out of their trance
awake
4. The terza rhyma
He terza rhyma is simply a group of three lines
forming a unit. In this stanza first line rhymes
with the third, and the second line rhymes with

the first and third of the following tercet (group

of three lines). In this way each tercet is linked
up with the next, the first with the second, the
second with the third, and so on.
Shelleys ode to the west wind provides
typical examples of terza rhyma:
O wild west wind, thou breath of autumns
being,
thou, from whose unseen presense the leaves
dead
are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter
fleeing,
yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
pestilence-stricken multitudes: o thou,
who chariotest to their dark wintry bed
the winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
each like a corpse within its grave, until
thine azure sister of the spring shall blow
her clarion oer the dreaming earth, and fill
(driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
with living hues and odours plain and hill.
5. The quatrain
A quatrain is a stanza of four iambic lines with
alternate rhymes i.e. The first line rhymes with
the third, and the second with the fourth.
However, variations of this rhyme-scheme are
frequent. Similarly, the length of the lines also
varies. The lines may be pentametre,
tetrametre, or even shorter.
Here is an example of a quatrain from the
ancient mariner:

The sun came up upon the left,

out of the sea came he !
And he shone bright, and on the right
went down into the sea.
6. The heroic couplet
The heroic couplet consists of two iambic
pentametre lines rhyming together. It is called
heroic because iambic pentametre verse
rhymed or unrhymed, was first used for epic or
heroic poetry. Each line of the heroic couplet
consists of five feet or ten syllables, and the
second syllable of each foot is accented. The
two lines of the couplet rhyme, and the rhyme
may be single or double, though pope, the
ablest practitioner of the verse-form, generally
uses single rhymes. In the middle there is a
pause, technically called the caesura. This
pause generally falls after the fourth and
before the sixth syllable.
The chief characteristics of the heroic
couplet are well-illustrated by the following
one:
Grove nods at grove, each alley has a brother,
and half the platform, just reflects the other.
7. Octosyllabic couplet
It differs from the heroic couplet, in as much as
each line in it consists of eight syllables or fo in
the restoration era (1660 1700) samuel butler
used it with great success for his satirical poem
sir hudibras. In the romantic age, coleridge

used it successfully for his christabel ur feet

and not of ten syllables or five feet\
8. Satire
Main characteristics of satire are:
(a) literary form of expression.
(b) disgust at the ridiculous, the ugly, and
the foolish.
(c) humour.
(d) a sincere desire to correct or reform
(source:
https://neoenglish.wordpress.com/2010/12/27/s
tanza-forms-in-english-literature/)

What are different types of poems?

Poems are collections of words that express an
idea or emotion that often use imagery and
metaphor. As you are studying literature, you
will likely notice that poems come in many,
many different forms. As you read and perhaps
write your own poems, it is helpful to know the
different kinds of poems.
Types of poems
There are many different types of poems. The
difference between each type is based on the
format, rhyme scheme and subject matter.
allegory (time, real and imaginary by samuel
taylor coleridge)

ballad (as you came from the holy land by sir

walter raleigh)
blank verse (the princess by alfred, lord
tennyson)
burlesque (hudibras by samuel butler)
cacophony (the bridge by hart crane)
canzone (a lady asks me by guido
cavalcanti)
conceit (the flea by john donne)
dactyl (the lost leader by robert browning)
elegy (elegy written in a country courtyard
by thomas gray)
epic (the odyssey by homer)
epitaph (an epitaph by walter de la mare)
free verse (the waste-land by ts eliot)
haiku (how many gallons by issa)
imagery (in a station of the metro by ezra
pound)
limerick (there was a young lady of dorking
by edward lear)
lyric (when i have fears by john keats)
name (nicky by marie hughes)
narrative (the raven by edgar allen poe)
ode (ode to a nightingale by percy bysshe
shelley)
pastoral (to a mouse by robert burns)
petrarchan sonnet (london, 1802 by william
wordsworth)
quatrain (the tyger by william blake)
refrain (troy town by dante rosetti)
senryu (hide and seek by shuji terayama)
shakespearean sonnet (sonnet 116 by
shakespeare)
sonnet (leda and the swan by william butler
yeats)

tanka (a photo by alexis rotella)

terza rima (acquainted with the night by
robert frost)
About some of the types of poems
Haiku
Many people have heard about haiku. In fact,
most of us are instructed at one point or
another-usually in elementary school or high
school-to write one of our very own. Even if you
did that, do you remember what this type of
poem actually is?
Haiku is a japanese form of poetry which is
composed of three non rhyming lines. The first
and third lines have five syllables each and the
second line has seven syllables. They often
express feelings and thoughts about nature;
however, you could write a poem about any
subject that you would like to in this form.
Perhaps the most famous haiku is basho's old
pond:
Furuike ya
Kawazu tobikomu
Mizu no oto
Translated, this poem reads:
The old pond-A frog jumps in,
Sound of water.
Pastoral
One of the poetic favorites is pastoral poetry
because it elicits such wonderful senses of

peace and harmony. Examples of this form

include keats' ode on a grecian urn, which is
also a type of ode. A stanza of this poem reads:
Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy
shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both,
In tempe or the dales of arcady?
What men or gods are these? What maidens
loth?
What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?
Like the haiku, nature is often at the center of
these types of poems as well. In general,
pastoral poetry will focus on describing a rural
place, but the terms will be peaceful and
endearing. You will feel at ease after reading
these types of poems.
Many pastoral poems are written about
shepherds. They are written as a series of
rhyming couplets.
Terza rima
You might be able to get some sort of sense of
what this poetry encompasses just by looking
at the name of it. The lines in these types of
poems are arranged in what are called
"tercets." what this means is the lines come in
groups of threes.

That does not mean that the poem is only

three lines long. There can be multiple groups
of three lines. Like the haiku, there are certain
syllable requirements, as most poems written
in terza rima have lines of 10 or 11 syllables.
The italian poet dante created this form, and
his divine comedy is one of the best-known
examples of the form. A stanza of this poem
reads:
His glory, by whose might all things are mov'd,
Pierces the universe, and in one part
Sheds more resplendence, elsewhere less. In
heav'n,
That largeliest of his light partakes, was i,
Witness of things, which to relate again
Surpasseth power of him who comes from
thence;
For that, so near approaching its desire
Our intellect is to such depth absorb'd,
That memory cannot follow. Nathless all,
That in my thoughts i of that sacred realm
Could store, shall now be matter of my song.
Ballad
Are you familiar with the term "ballad"? You
probably are, because people sometimes refer
to songs-particularly romantic ones-as ballads.
In fact, ballad poems are frequently sung-or at
least they are intended to be sung-and they
are often about love.
Often, these ballads will tell stories and they
tend to be of a mystical nature. As a song does,

ballads tend to have a refrain that repeats at

various intervals throughout.
Guido cavalcanti's ballad and sir walter
raleigh's as you came from the holy land both
demonstrate the musical quality of the ballad.
An excerpt from raleigh's poem can be seen
here:
As you came from the holy land
Of walsinghame,
Met you not with my true love
By the way as you came ?
How shall i know your true love,
That have met many one,
As i went to the holy land,
That have come, that have gone?
Imagery
We decided to place a focus on imagery poems
because of the immense power that they
possess. Many, many poems can be classified
as imagery poems; however, some are better
at the task than others.
Individuals who often write imagery-based
poems are known as imagists. William carlos
williams' short poem the red wheelbarrow is a
famous example of a short imagist poem:
So much depends
Upon
A red wheel
Barrow
Glazed with rain

Water
Beside the white
Chickens.
These types of poems work to draw a picture in
the mind of the reader, in order to give an
extremely powerful image of what the writer is
talking about. They work to intensify the
senses of the reader.
Limerick
A limerick is a poem that is often silly or
whimsical, written in five lines with an aabba
rhyme scheme. Often, limericks tell a short,
humorous story.
These types of poems have been popular for
hundreds of years, particularly in the english
language. When limericks first became
popular, they often expressed ideas that were
crude and off-color but today, limericks express
all sorts of ideas.
The form of the limerick was made popular by
a british poet named edward lear in the 1800s,
whose limericks often started off: there once
was or there was
Some of his limericks include there was an old
man with a nose and there was a young lady of
dorking, which goes like this:
There was a young lady of dorking,
Who bought a large bonnet for walking;
But its colour and size,
So bedazzled her eyes,

That she very soon went back to dorking.

Epic poem
One of the longest types of poems is known as
the epic poem, which has been around for
thousands of years.
Technically a type of narrative poem, which
tells a story, epic poems usually tell the story
of a mythical warrior and the great things that
he accomplished in all of his journeys such as
the odyssey and the iliad.
Epic poetry began as folk stories that were
passed down from generation to generation,
which were then later written into long form.
One of the oldest epic poems is actually one of
the oldest pieces of written literature in the
world. It is called the epic of gilgamesh and
dates back to 1800 bc. The start of this epic
(with the translater's (?) Notes) reads:
He who has seen everything, i will make known
(?) To the lands.
I will teach (?) About him who experienced all
things,
... Alike,
Anu granted him the totality of knowledge of
all.
He saw the secret, discovered the hidden,
He brought information of (the time) before the
flood.
He went on a distant journey, pushing himself
to exhaustion,
But then was brought to peace.

He carved on a stone stela all of his toils,

And built the wall of uruk-haven,
The wall of the sacred eanna temple, the holy
sanctuary.
Elegy
Because poems can express a wide variety of
emotions, there are sad forms of poetry as well
as happy ones. One of these sad forms is
known as an elegy.
Elegies express a lament, often over the death
of a loved one. This makes elegies especially
popular for funerals. Some elegies are written
not only to be read out loud; they can be put to
music and sung.
Tennyson's in memoriam is an elegy to a close
friend, arthur henry hallam, and was written
over twenty years:
Strong son of god, immortal love,
Whom we, that have not seen thy face,
By faith, and faith alone, embrace,
Believing where we cannot prove;
Thine are these orbs of light and shade;
Thou madest life in man and brute;
Thou madest death; and lo, thy foot
Is on the skull which thou hast made.
Free verse
While it is easy to think that poems have to
rhyme, free verse is a type of poetry that does
not require any rhyme scheme or meter. Poems
written in free verse, however, do tend to

employ other types of creative language such

as alliteration, words that begin with the same
sound, or assonance, the repetition of vowel
sounds.
Some people find free verse to be a less
restrictive type of poetry to write since it
doesn't have to employ the form or the
rhyming schemes of other types of poetry.
The free verse form of poetry became popular
in the 1800s, and continues to be popular
among poets even to this day. Ts eliot was one
of the masters of the form, as best seen in his
poems the waste land and the love song of j.
Alfred prufrock, which begins:
Let us go then, you and i,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retreats
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
Streets that follow like a tedious argument
Of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question.
Oh, do not ask, what is it?
Let us go and make our visit.
Sonnet
One of the most famous types of poetry, the
sonnet, has been popular with authors from
dante to shakespeare.

A sonnet contains 14 lines, typically with two

rhyming stanzas known as a rhyming couplet
at the end.
There are several types of sonnets, including:
italian (also known as petrarchan)
spenserian
english or shakespearean sonnet
Shakespeare, famous for writing more than 150
sonnets (including his popular sonnet 138) is
credited with creating for a form of the sonnet
that enjoyed widespread popularity throughout
england for hundreds of years. Sonnet 138
reads:
When my love swears that she is made of truth
I do believe her, though i know she lies,
That she might think me some untutor'd youth,
Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.
Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young,
Although she knows my days are past the best,
Simply i credit her false speaking tongue:
On both sides thus is simple truth suppress'd.
But wherefore says she not she is unjust?
And wherefore say not i that i am old?
O, love's best habit is in seeming trust,
And age in love loves not to have years told:
Therefore i lie with her and she with me,
And in our faults by lies we flatter'd be.
Reading and understanding these types of
poems should help you to better analyze
poetry that you come across and may even
inspire you to write your own creative works.

Ode comes from the Greek aeidein, meaning to sing or

chant, and belongs to the long and varied tradition of lyric
poetry. Originally accompanied by music and dance, and
later reserved by the Romantic poets to convey their
strongest sentiments, the ode can be generalized as a formal
address to an event, a person, or a thing not present.
There are three typical types of odes: the Pindaric,
Horatian, and Irregular. The Pindaric is named for the
ancient Greek poet Pindar, who is credited with inventing
the ode. Pindaric odes were performed with a chorus and
dancers, and often composed to celebrate athletic victories.
They contain a formal opening, or strophe, of complex
metrical structure, followed by an antistrophe, which
mirrors the opening, and an epode, the final closing section
of a different length and composed with a different metrical
structure. The William Wordsworth poem Ode on
Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early
Childhood is a very good example of an English language
Pindaric ode. It begins:
There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
The earth, and every common sight
To me did seem
Apparelled in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.
It is not now as it hath been of yore;-Turn wheresoeer I may,
By night or day,
The things which I have seen I now can see no more.
The Horatian ode, named for the Roman poet Horace, is
generally more tranquil and contemplative than the
Pindaric ode. Less formal, less ceremonious, and better
suited to quiet reading than theatrical production, the
Horatian ode typically uses a regular, recurrent stanza

pattern. An example is the Allen Tate poem Ode to the

Confederate Dead," excerpted here:
Row after row with strict impunity
The headstones yield their names to the element,
The wind whirrs without recollection;
In the riven troughs the splayed leaves
Pile up, of nature the casual sacrament
To the seasonal eternity of death;
Then driven by the fierce scrutiny
Of heaven to their election in the vast breath,
They sough the rumour of mortality.
The Irregular ode has employed all manner of formal
possibilities, while often retaining the tone and thematic
elements of the classical ode. For example, Ode on a
Grecian Urn by John Keats was written based on his
experiments with the sonnet. Other well-known odes
include Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind,"
Robert Creeleys America," Bernadette Mayers Ode on
Periods," and Robert Lowells Quaker Graveyard in
Nantucket.

Poetry terms: brief definitions

Go to drama terms or fiction terms
Try the online quiz on poetry terms to test your
knowledge of these terms.you might also like
to try the online quiz on prosody to test your
knowledge of scanning poetry.
Alliteration: the repetition of identical
consonant sounds, most often the sounds
beginning words, in close proximity. Example:
pensive poets, nattering nabobs of negativism.

Allusion: unacknowledged reference and

quotations that authors assume their readers
will recognize.
Anaphora: repetition of the same word or
phrase at the beginning of a line throughout a
work or the section of a work.
Apostrophe: speaker in a poem addresses a
person not present or an animal, inanimate
object, or concept as though it is a person.
Example: wordsworth--"milton! Thou shouldst
be living at this hour / england has need of
thee"
Assonance: the repetition of identical vowel
sounds in different words in close proximity.
Example: deep green sea.
Ballad: a narrative poem composed of
quatrains (iambic tetrameter alternating with
iambic trimeter) rhyming x-a-x-a. Ballads may
use refrains. Examples: "jackaroe," "the long
black veil"
Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Example: shakespeare's plays
Caesura: a short but definite pause used for
effect within a line of poetry. Carpe diem
poetry: "seize the day." poetry concerned with
the shortness of life and the need to act in or
enjoy the present. Example: herricks "to the
virgins to make much of time"
Chiasmus (antimetabole): chiasmus is a
"crossing" or reversal of two elements;
antimetabole, a form of chiasmus, is the
reversal of the same words in a grammatical
structure. Example: ask not what your country
can do for you; ask wyat you can do for your
country. Example: you have seen how a man

was made a slave; you shall see how a slave

was made a man.
Common meter or hymn measure (emily
dickinson): iambic tetrameter alternating with
iambic trimeter. Other example: "amazing
grace" by john newton
http://www.constitution.org/col/amazing_grace.
htm
Consonanceis the counterpart of assonance;
the partial or total identity of consonants in
words whose main vowels differ. Example:
shadow meadow; pressed, passed; sipped,
supped. Owen uses this "impure rhyme" to
convey the anguish of war and death.
Couplet: two successive rhyming lines.
Couplets end the pattern of a shakespearean
sonnet.
Diction: diction is usually used to describe the
level of formality that a speaker uses.
Diction (formal or high): proper, elevated,
elaborate, and often polysyllabic
language. This type of language used to
be thought the only type suitable for
poetry
Neutral or middle diction: correct
language characterized by directness
and simplicity.
Diction (informal or low): relaxed,
conversational and familiar language.
Dramatic monologue: a type of poem, derived
from the theater, in which a speaker addresses
an internal listener or the reader. In some
dramatic monologues, especially those by
robert browning, the speaker may reveal his

personality in unexpected and unflattering

ways.
End-stopped line: a line ending in a full pause,
usually indicated with a period or semicolon.
Enjambment (or enjambement): a line having
no end punctuation but running over to the
next line.
Explication: a complete and detailed analysis of
a work of literature, often word-by-word and
line-by-line.
Foot (prosody): a measured combination of
heavy and light stresses. The numbers of feet
are given below. Monometer (1 foot) dimeter (2
feet) trimeter (3 feet) tetrameter (4 feet)
pentameter (5 feet) hexameter (6 feet)
heptameter or septenary (7 feet)
Heroic couplet: two successive rhyming lines of
iambic pentameter; the second line is usually
end-stopped.
Hymn meter or common measure: quatrains of
iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic
trimeter rhyming a b a b.
Hyperbole (overstatement) and litotes
(understatement): hyperbole is exaggeration
for effect; litotes is understatement for effect,
often used for irony.
Iambic pentameter: iamb (iambic): an
unstressed stressed foot.the most natural and
common kind of meter in english; it elevates
speech to poetry.
Image: images are references that trigger the
mind to fuse together memories of sight
(visual), sounds (auditory), tastes (gustatory),
smells (olfactory), and sensations of touch
(tactile). Imagery refers to images throughout a

work or throughout the works of a writer or

group of writers.
Internal rhyme: an exact rhyme (rather than
rhyming vowel sounds, as with assonance)
within a line of poetry: "once upon a midnight
dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary."
Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike
things, this describes one thing as if it were
something else. Does not use "like" or "as" for
the comparison (see simile).
Metaphysical conceit: an elaborate and
extended metaphor or simile that links two
apparently unrelated fields or subjects in an
unusual and surprising conjunction of ideas.
The term is commonly applied to the
metaphorical language of a number of early
seventeenth-century poets, particularly john
donne. Example: stiff twin compasses//the
joining together of lovers like legs of a
compass. See "to his coy mistress"
Meter: the number of feet within a line of
traditional verse. Example: iambic pentameter.
Octave: the first eight lines of an italian or
petrarchan sonnet, unified by rhythm, rhyme,
and topic.
Onomatopoeia. A blending of consonant and
vowel sounds designed to imitate or suggest
the activity being described. Example: buzz,
slurp.
Paradox: a rhetorical figure embodying a
seeming contradiction that is nonetheless true.
Personification: attributing human
characteristics to nonhuman things or
abstractions.
Petrarchan sonnet: a sonnet (14 lines of
rhyming iambic pentameter) that divides into

an octave (8) and sestet (6). There is a "volta,"

or "turning" of the subject matter between the
octave and sestet.
Pyrrhic foot (prosody): two unstressed feet (an
"empty" foot) quatrain: a four-line stanza or
poetic unit. In an english or shakespearean
sonnet, a group of four lines united by rhyme.
Refrain: repeated word or series of words in
response or counterpoint to the main verse, as
in a ballad.
Rhyme: the repetition of identical concluding
syllables in different words, most often at the
ends of lines. Example: june--moon.
Double rhyme or trochaic rhyme:
rhyming words of two syllables in which
the first syllable is accented (flower,
shower)
Triple rhyme or dactylic rhyme: rhyming
words of three or more syllables in which
any syllable but the last is accented.
Example: macavity/gravity/depravity
Eye rhyme: words that seem to rhyme
because they are spelled identically but
pronounced differently. Example:
bear/fear, dough/cough/through/bough
Slant rhyme: a near rhyme in which the
concluding consonant sounds are
identical but not the vowels. Example:
sun/noon, should/food, slim/ham.
Rhyme scheme: the pattern of rhyme,
usually indicated by assigning a letter of
the alphabet to each rhyme at the end of
a line of poetry.
Rhyme royal: stanza form used by chaucer,
usually in iambic pentameter, with the rhyme

scheme ababbcc. Example: wordsworth's

"resolution and independence"
Scan (scansion): the process of marking beats
in a poem to establish the prevailing metrical
pattern. Prosody, the pronunciation of a song
or poem, is necessary for scansion. (go to the
"introduction to prosody" page or try the
scansion quiz.).
Anapest: unstressed unstressed stressed.
Also called "galloping meter." example:
'twas the night before christmas, and all
through the house/ not a creature was
stirring, not even a mouse."
Dactyl (dactylic) stressed unstressed
unstressed. This pattern is more common
(as dactylic hexameter) in latin poetry
than in english poetry. Example: grand go
the years in the crescent above
them/worlds scoop their arcs/ and
firmaments row (emily dickinson)
Spondee: stressed stressed. A twosyllable foot with two stressed accents.
The opposite of a pyrrhic foot, this foot is
used for effect.
Trochee (trochaic): stressed unstressed.
Example: "tyger! Tyger! Burning bright"
Sestet: a six-line stanza or unit of poetry.
Shakespearean sonnet: a fourteen-line poem
written in iambic pentameter, composed of
three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab
cdcd efef gg.
Simile. A direct comparison between two
dissimilar things; uses "like" or "as" to state the
terms of the comparison.

Sonnet: a closed form consisting of fourteen

lines of rhyming iambic pentameter.
Shakespearean or english sonnet: 3 quatrains
and a couplet, often with three arguments or
images in the quatrains being resolved in the
couplet. Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg
Petrarchan or italian sonnet: 8 lines (the
"octave") and 6 lines (the "sestet") of rhyming
iambic pentameter, with a turning or "volta" at
about the 8th line. Rhyme scheme: abba abba
cdcdcd (or cde cde)
Stanza: a group of poetic lines corresponding
to paragraphs in prose; the meters and rhymes
are usually repeating or systematic.
Synaesthesia: a rhetorical figure that describes
one sensory impression in terms of a different
sense, or one perception in terms of a totally
different or even opposite feeling. Example:
"darkness visible" "green thought"
Syntax: word order and sentence structure.
Volta: the "turning" point of a petrarchan
sonnet, usually occurring between the octave
and the sestet.
source:
(http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/poeter
ms.htm)

The history of the poetry of love , nature, man

and environment is as old as the history of the
poetry itself.
William blake : the echoing green

The sun does arise,

And make happy the skies.
The merry bells ring
To welcome the spring.
The skylark and thrush,
The birds of the bush,
Sing louder around,
To the bells cheerful sound,
While our sports shall be seen
On the echoing green.
Old john with white hair
Does laugh away care,
Sitting under the oak,
Among the old folk.
They laugh at our play,
And soon they all say:
such, such were the joys
When we all, girls and boys,
In our youth-time were seen
On the echoing green.
Till the little ones weary
No more can be merry;
The sun does descend,
And our sports have an end.
Round the laps of their mother
Many sisters and brothers,
Like birds in their nest,
Are ready for rest;
And sport no more seen
On the darkening green.
William blake (1757-1827)
1.
to joanna

p. 1789

Amid the smoke of cities did you pase

The time of early youth; and there you
learned ,
From years of quiet industry , to love,
The living beings by your own fire-side ,
With such a strong devotion , that your heart ,
Is slow to meet the sympathies of them
Who look upon the hills with tenderness,
And make dear friendships
With the streams and groves,
Yet we, who are transgressors in this kind
Dwelling retired in our simplicity
Among the woods and fields , we love you well.
(william wordsworth-1800)
2.

The bustle in a house

The bustle in a house
The morning after death
Is solemnest of industries
Enacted upon earth
The sweeping up the hearts
And putting love away
We shall not want to use again, until eternity.
3.

(emily dickinson 1830-1886)

writing in march

The cock in crowing the stream is flowing

The small birds twitter the lake dots glitter
The green field sleeps in the sun
The oldest and youngest
Are at work with the strongest
The cattle are grazing
Their heads never raising
There are forty feeding like one,

Like an army defeated

The snow hath retreated
And now dots fare ill
On the top of the bare hill
The plough by is whooping anon-anon;
Theres joy in the mountains ;
Theres life in the fountains
Small clouds are sailing,
Blue sky prevailing
The rain is over and gone
(william wordsworth)
4.

The world is too much with us.

The world is too much with us, late and soon

Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers
Little we see in nature that is ours, we have
been
Our hearts away, a sordid soon.
The sea that bears her bosom to the moon ,
The wind that will be how ling at all hours,
And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers
For this , for everything , we are out of tune,
It mores us not-great god! Id rather be
A pugan suckled in a creed out worn,
Have olimpses that would make me less
forlorn,
Have sight of proteus rising from the sea,
Or hear old triton blow his wreathed sorn .
(williwm wordswroth, 177o-1850)
4

I am going out to cleanthe pasture spring , ill

Only stop to rake the leaves away
(and want to watchthe water clear i may)
I shant be going long you come too
(robert frost-the pasture)
5
O gracious god : how for have we prefaneds
thy heavenly gift of poesy
O wretched we : why were we hurried down
This lubric and adulterous age,..nay, added
fat
Pollutions of our own
( john dryden)
6
Hell is a city much like london
A populous and a smoky city
(peter bell the third/p.b shelly)
Abstracts from prose
A sustainable society is one thatsatisfies its
needs without jeopardizing the prospects of
future generations.
(leoter r. Brown)
Pollution knows no boundaries. Its control
should also be through collective efforts

regardless of the limits of hypothetical lines of

the globe.
(ch. Nasim ahmad)
There is scarcely a field on the road side ,
which, if entered, would not give to the
landscape some additional charm.
(william wordsworth)
The global environment cannot be separated
from political , economic and moral issues.
Environmental conserns must penetrate all
decisions from consumer choices through
national budgets to international agreements.
We must learn to accept the fact that
environmental considerations are part of the
unified management of our planet. This is our
ethical challenge. This is our practical
challenge a challenge we all must take.
(gro
harlen brundtland)
(former prime
minister, norway)
If a man walks in the woods for love of them
half of each day, he is in danger of being
regarded as aloafer, but if he spends his whole
day as a speculator , shearing of those woods
and making earth bald before her time, he is
esteemed an industrious and enterprising
citizen. As if a town had no interest in its
forests but yo cut them down,
(henry david
thoreau -1917,1862)
The global interdependense of mans airs,
waters and climates is such that local decisions
are simply inadequate. Even the sum of all

local separate decisions, wisely made , may

not be a sufficient safe-guard. Mans
global interdependence. Begins to require, in
these fields, a new capacity for global decision
making and global care.
(barbara
ward & rens dubos)
(only one earth -1972)
What is the use of a house if you dont have a
decent planet to put it on?
(henry david thoreau)
Love the animals, love the plants, love
everything . If you love everythings, you will
percieve the divinemystery in things . Once
you percieve it, you will begin to comprehend it
better everyday. And you wil come at last to
love the whole world with an all-embracing
love.
(fyodor dostoyovski the brother
karamazev)
We found over house the planet with
drinkable potable water , with good soil to grow
food, with clean air to breath. We at least must
leave it is in as good a shape as we found it, if
not better.
(rev. Jesse jackson)
Despite increased attention to the environment
the health of the earth is deteriorating at an
unprecedented rate . Time itself is our scarcest
resource as we struggle to create a sustainable
society.
(lester r.brown)

Great nature has another thing to do, to you

and me, so take the lively air and , lovely ,
learn by going where to go.
(thedoore roethke- 19081963, the waking)
To him who in the love of nature helds
communion with her visible firms- she speaks a
various language for his gayer hours. Go forth
under the open sky, and list to natures
teachings, while from all around earth and her
waters and depth of air comes a still voice yet
a few days and thee.
(william cullen bayant, 1794-1878
thenatopsis)

Nature , we are surrounded and embraced by

her , powerless to separate ourselves from her
and powerless to penetrate beyond her.. Each
of her works has an essence of its own, each of
her phenomena a special characterization and
yet their diversity is in unity.
Incessant life , deveopment and movement are
in her, but she advances not. She changes ever
and ever and rests not a moment . Quietude is
inconceivable to her and she has laid her curse
upon rest.
She has always thought and always thinks ,
though not as a man , but as nature . We obey
her laws even when we desire to work against
her. She is all things. She is complete but never
finished.
(geothe :
aphorisms on nature)

A lover of meadows and the woods , and

mountains , and of all that we behold from this
green earth , of all the might world.
(wordsworth: lines written a few miles
above tintern abbey)
Every glance at the world , to explain which is
the task of the philosopher , confirms and
establishes that the will to live , far from being
an arbitrary hypostasis or even an empty
expression , is the only true description of the
worlds innermost nature . Everything presses
and pushes towards existence i.e life and then
to the highest possible degree thereof.
(schopenhaver: the world as will and
representation)
When we are with nature we are awake , and
we discover many interesting things and reach
many a mark we were not aiming at.
(muir a
voyage to alaska)
Thousands of tired, never. Shaken , overcivilized people are beginning to find out that
going to the mountains is going home, that
wildness necessity and that mountain parks
and reservations are useful not only as
fountains of timber and irrigating rivers but as
fountains of life . Awakening from the
stupefying effects of the vice of over-industry
and the deeply apathyof luxury they are trying
as best they can to mix and enrich their own
little ongoing with those of nature , and to get
rid of rust and disease.
(muir: the wild parks and forest
reservations of the west)
Especially we should observe the impect and
continuing influence which a large line of

inventions have had. Of these three should be

emphasized , i.e the art of printing , gun
powder , and the compass , because they have
changed the appearnce and estate of the
world.
(francis bacon- 1620 ad)
Protection of environment is a requirement for
ending poverty.
(anonymous)
We are an inter dependent world and if we ever
needed a lesson is that we got it in the oil
crisis of the 1970s.
(robert & mcnamara)
When we art to pick out anything by itself , we
final it hitched to everything else in the
universe .
(john muir)
What has gone wrong , badly is that we have
failed to see our selves as part of a large
indivisible whole . For too long we have based
our lives on a promotive feeling that our godgiven role was to have dominion over the fish
of the sea , over the fowl of the air and over
every living thing that more the upon the earth
have failed to understand that the earth does
not belong to us , but we to earth.
(rolf edberg)
Wonders are many on earth and greatest of
these, is man , who rides the oceans and takes
its way.

(sophocles : antigone)
Nature resolved everything in its component
atoms at never reduces anything to nothing.
(lacretius : on the nature of
the universe)
We shouldnt treat nature as if its a machine
take it apart , rebuild it, and substitute new
part , the rule should be : change nature at
natures rates and in natures way.
(daniel b . Botkin)
It is not earth thats fragile , its we who are
fragile nature has withstood than what weve
delivered. Nothing we do will destroy nature.
But we can easily destroy ourselves.
(james lovelock)
A forest will rejuvenate better if its not
replanted . Nature is not a pretty manicured
place maintained for human beings. It is a
dynamic continum . Often a violent one.
(dave foreman)
If we humans concider ourselves part of life
that is , part of the natural system there it
could be argued that our collective impact on
the earth means we may have a significant coevolutionary role in the futures of the planet .
The current trends of population growth , the
demands for increased standerds of living and
the use of technology & organizations to attain
these growth oriented goals all contribute
pollution .
(claude j. Allegue and sephen
h. Srneider)

Throughout history , people adapted perforce

to the cycles of the changing earth and ,
where those changes have proceeded slowly,
have probably hardly noticed them.
(martin w. Holdgate)
Rea changes in direction are needed if we are
going to build a world in which humanity lives
in enduring harmony with nature.
(martin w. Holdgate )
Heavens and earth never agreed better to
frame a place for mans habitation .
(john smith - 1607)
We cant command nature except by obeying
it.
(sir franchis bacon)
The main ingredients of an environmental ethic
are earring about the planet and all of its
inhabitants , allowing unselfishness to control
the immediate self-interest that harms others
and living each day so as to leave the highest
possible footprints on the planet .
(robert cahn)
Nature is ahuman concept . In nature nothing is
a waste , for every thing is a part of continuous
cycle . Even death of a creature provides
nutrients that will eventually be reincorporated
in chain of life.
(danis hayes)
A continent ages quickly once we come.

(ernest hemingway)
We traval together passengers on a little space
ship , dependent on its resources of air water
and soil preserved from the annihilation only
by the care , the work , and the love we give
our fragile craft.
(adlai e. Stevenson)
We sang songs that carried all their melodies
all the sounds of nature the running waters ,
the sighing of winds , and the calls of the
animals . Teach these to your children that they
may come to love nature as we love it.
(grand council fire of
american indians)
We cannot solve problems with the same
thinking that created them.
(eienstein)
We should not save all we should like to , but
we shall save a great deal more then if we had
never tried.
(sir peter scott)
You are free to have a chance of freedom to be
cleaner or dirtier then the rest.
(ch. Nasim ahmad)
For many species , the wait for protection
under the law could stretch for into the next
century.
(doug harbrecht)
Poverty is as great enemy of the environment
as misspent affluence.

(human
development report 1992)
I would be a republican president in the teddy
roosevelt tradition. A conservationist , an
environmentalist.
(george bush ,1988)
Conservation of living natural resources planets
, animal, and micro organism and the nonliving elements of the environment on which
they depend is crucial for development . The
challenge nations today is no longer deciding
whether conservation is a good idea , but
rather it can be implemented in the national
interest and within the means available in each
country.
(world commission on environment &
development , 1987)
Humen of flesh & bone will not be much
impressed by the fact that a few of their
contemporaries can explore the moonm
program their dreams , or use robots as
slaves .. If the planet earth has become unfit
for every day life, they will not long continue to
be interested in space acrobatics with their feet
deep in garbage and their eyes half blinded
by smog.
(rene dubos)
If we love our children , we must love the earth
with tender care and pass it on, diverse and
beautiful , so that on a warm spring day
10,000years hence , they can feel peace in a
see of grass , we watch a bee visit a flower ,

can hear a sand piper call in the sky and can

find joy in being alive.
(hugh h. Iltis)
The shift from a throwaway society to a
recycling one can hope restore a broad based
gain in living standards .
(laster r. Brown)
Praise to thee, my lord, brother wind, for air
and clouds, for calm and all weather, by which
thou supportest life in all thy creatures .
(st. Francis of asissi : the song of brother
sun and of all creatures.)
There is the very real possibility that the
human race through ignorance or indifference
or both is irreversibly altering the ability of
the atmosphere to support life.
(sherwood rowland)
I do not indeed know of any tract of country in
which, within so narrow a compass , may be
found an equal veriety in the influence of
height and shadow upon the sublime or
beautiful features of landscape.
(william wordsworth, about lakes
district )
Praise to thee, my lord, for sister water who is
so useful and humble precious & pure.
(st. Franciss of asissi: the song of brother
sun and of all creatures)
Born in a water rich environment, we have
never really learned how important water is to
us, where it has been cheap & plentiful , we
have ignored it, where it has been rare and
precious, we have spent it with shameful &

unbecoming haste every where we have

poured filth into it.
(william ashworth)
You can use the latest tooth paste. Then rinse
your mouth with industrial waste.
(tom lehrer)
If there is magic on this planet , it is in water.
(loren eisely)
Earth and water if not too blatantly abused ,
can be made to produse again and again for
the benefit of all. The key is wise stewardship.
(stawart l.udal)
Our entire society sets upon our water , our
forests and our minerals. How we use these
resources influences our health , security,
economy and well being.
(john f. Kennedy)
The reason we have water pollution is not
basically the paper or pulp mills. It is rather the
social side of humans.
(stewart l.udall)
Praise to thee , my lord , for my our sister
mother earth , who sustains and directs us,
and brings forth veried fruits , and colored
flowers , and planets.
(st. Francis of asissi: the song of brother
sun and all creatures.)
Solid wastes are just raw materials were to
stuid to use.

(arther c. Clarke)
We abuse land because we regard it as
commodity belonging to us , when we see land
as acommunity to which we belong , we may
begin to use it with love and respect.
(aldo leopold)
Our lives need the relief of (the wilderness)
where the pine flourishes and the joy still
scream.
(henry
david thoreau - 1872)
These great trees belong to the silence and
milleniums. They seems , indeed , to be forms
of immorality , standing there among the
transitory shapes of time.
(edwin markham)
A nations parks should be sacred places ,
where time stand still and silence rues, where
crime , war , pollution , and heedless
development do not intrude.
(grilbert m. Groesvenor)
Permanently grizzly rnges and permanent
wilderness areas are of course to names for
one problem.
(aldo leopold)
Ways must be found to satisfy economic needs
without using up the capital harbored by forest
eco system.
(jean paul jeanevaud)
The create a desert and call it peace.

(tacitus 55117-ad , agricola-30)

If you plan for a year , plant a seed . If for ten
years plants tree. If for hundred years, teach
the people . When you sow a seed once, you
will reap a single harvest. When you teach the
people, you will reap a hundred harvests .
(kuan tzuo551-479-b.c)
With an eye on ecology , the world farmers can
control pests and reduce the mounting hazards
of pesticide dependence. Theyll also liberate
them selves from the treadmill economics of
chemical agriculture.
(peter weber)
We need to recognize that pest control is
basically an ecological , not a chemical
problem.
(rovert l. Rudd)
Forests precede civilization , deerts follow
them.
(franciois- rens de
chateaubriand)
Some thinkers suppose that the motion of
bodies of that size must produce a noise , since
on our earth the motion of bodies far inferior in
size and in speed of movement has that effect .
Also, when the sun and the moon they say ,
and all the stars , so great in number and size
are moving with so rapid a motion , how should
they not produce a sound immensely great ,
starting from this argument and from the
observation that their speeds , as measured
by their distances , are in the same ratios as

musical concordances, they assert that the

sound given forth by the circuler movement of
the stars is a harmony . Since, however , it
appears uncomfortable that we should not hear
this music , they explain this by saying that the
sound is in our ears from very moment of birth
and is thus in distinguishable from its cintrary
silence. Since sound and silence are
discriminated by mutual contrast. What
heppens to were then is just what heppens to
coppersmiths , who are so accustomed to the
noise of the smithy that it makes no difference
to them.
(aristotle :
on the heavens)
Sustaining human life on earth requires at least
three crucial sets of ideas : that cohabitation
with natural world necessary . That there are
limits to human activity: and that the benefits
of human activity need to be more widely
shared.
(robert w. Kates)
Effective systems of management can ensure
that biological resources noy only survive, but
infect increase, while they are being used ,
providing the foundation , for sustainable
develpoment.
(jeffery mcneely)
If humanity is to have a sustainable future on
this diverse planet with many environmental
inequalities, it can only be thought a process of
international cooperation that transcends
anything we see today.

(martin w. Holdgate)
Sustaiable farming has many different
meaning, and how we attain it if we do will
depend on a myriad of environmental, political
and emotional issues .
(marc zwelling)
What were been given is a cruel hoase. It is
not an energy strategy, its an energy tragedy.
(will nixon)
The tehnology exists today to produce most of
our energy from the sun, wind and heat from
the earth . Tapping these cources, though, will
require a rigorous, public commitment to push
renewable energy to the main stream.
(christopher flevin and
nicholas lenssen)
We seem to believe we can get every thing we
need from the super market and corner
drugstore . We dont understand that
everything has a source in the land or sea and
that we must respect these sources.
(thor heyerdahl)
Oil and natural gas will play an important but
diminshing role for some tome , but how long is
less clear-coal will likely grow in importance ,
but how much we should burn considering. The
serious side effects of its use is a tough
question.
(daniel devdney and
christopher flavin)
In the long run , humanity has no choise but to
rely on renewable energy. No matter how

abundant they seem today , eventually coal

and uranium will run out . The choice before us
is practical . We simply can not afford to make
more then one energy transition with in the
next generation.
(daniel davdney &
christopher flavin)
Throughout most of human history people have
relied on renewable resources sun , wind, water
and land . They got by well enough, and so
could we.
(warren jhonson)
Nature and man both enjoy noble freedom , the
landscape over which hundreds and hundreds
of fertile hills extend is set with splendid
country house of the great , and charming wellbuilt farms.
(sophie
von la roche - 1786)
The mind in its own place in itself can make a
heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.
(milton)
He plants a tree to benefit another generation.
(cicero, 106-43bc)
On the sea depends our salvation.
(xenophoss, 431-355 bc)
The good in going into the mountains is that
life is reconsidered.
(ralph
waldo emerson)
In wilderness in the preservation of the world.

(henry david thoreau)

From the forest and the wilderness come the
tonics and the barks which brace mankind.
(henry david thoreau)
We must learn anew that we belong to the
earth and not the earth to us.
(g. Tyler miller jr)
Man has lost his ability to foresee and forestall.
He will end by destroying the earth.
(albert schweitzer)
We are the children of the earth and removed
from her our spirit withers.
(george
macaulay trevelyan)
We do not inherit the earth from our fathers we
borrow it from our children.
(ecology
partyof great britain)
Ugliness is not an anevitable cost of modernity.
(william o. Douglas)

Al- faisal develpoment council

Fdc
Fdc is an ngo working on the issues of: Health & sanitation
Development
Environmental protection
Education promotion
Narcotics control
Solid waste management
Sanitation
Social welfare
Fdc going to launch a program of solid waste
management in hafizabad with the name of
waste busters with collaboration of another
renowned ngo, network for community
enpowerent, lahore.
Join fdc for making your city clean
-: sponsored by:Al-faisal development council
(registered)
Circular road , hafizabad
Tele # 0438 - 520401