EJK

Section 3(a) of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a
definition of extrajudicial killing:
a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgement pronounced by a
regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are
recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does
not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried
out under the authority of a foreign nation

"Enforced Disappearance" is considered to be the arrest, detention,

abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State
or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or
acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the
deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the
disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the
law. (Article 2 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons
from Enforced Disappearance)

The most widely accepted definition of torture internationally is that set out
by Article 1 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT):

... 'torture' means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether
physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as
obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing
him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having
committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any
reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is
inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not

include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful

sanctions.

Rape - unlawful sexual activity and usually sexual intercourse carried

out forcibly or under threat of injury against the will usually of a female
or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid
consent

According to Article 124 of the RPC, arbitrary detention is committed by

any public officer or employee who without legal grounds detains a person.
Under this provision, the commission of a crime or violent insanity or any
other ailment requiring the compulsory confinement of the patient in a
hospital, shall be considered legal grounds for the detention of any person.
On the other hand, Article 269 of the law provides that unlawful arrest is
committed by any person who, in any case other than those authorized by
law, or without reasonable ground, shall arrest or detain another for the
purpose of delivering him to the proper authorities.
Search and seizure is a procedure used in many civil law and common
law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who
suspect that a crime has been committed, do a search of a person's property
and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime. Some countries have
provisions in their constitutions that provide the public with the right to be
free from "unreasonable" search and seizure. This right is generally based on
the premise that everyone is entitled to a reasonable right to privacy.
Though interpretation may vary, this right sometimes requires law
enforcement to obtain a search warrant before engaging in any form of
search and seizure. In cases where evidence is seized in a search, that
evidence might be rejected by court procedures, such as with a motion to
suppress the evidence under the exclusionary rule.
Assault An
intentional act by one person that creates an apprehension in another of an i
mminent harmful oroffensive contact.
An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent,
present ability to cause the harm. It is both acrime and a TORT and, therefore,
may result in either criminal or civil liability. Generally, the common law defin
ition is thesame in criminal and Tort

Law. There is, however, an additional Criminal

Law category of assault consisting of anattempted but unsuccessful Battery.

Forced eviction is the permanent or temporary removal against their will

of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land
which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate
forms of legal or other protection (Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, general comment No. 7 (1997) on the right to adequate
housing: forced evictions).

"Violation of domicile" is a legal term used in several countries (including

France, the Philippines and Romania), and with broad legal application. It
generally refers to unauthorized entry by a government official (such as a
police investigator) or a citizen.
The government of the Philippines describes violation of domicile as
occurring when "any public officer or employee who, not being authorized by
judicial order, shall enter any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof,
search papers or other effects," and refuse to leave if asked.

Property Damage
injury to real or personal property through another's negligence, willful dest
ruction, or by some act of nature. In lawsuitsfor damages caused by neglige
nce or a willful act, property damage is distinguished from personal injury. P
roperty damagemay include harm to an automobile, a fence, a tree, a home
, or any other possession. The amount of recovery for propertydamage may
be established by evidence of replacement value, cost of repairs, loss of use
until repaired or replaced, or, inthe case of heirlooms or very personal items
(e.g. wedding pictures) by subjective testimony as to sentimental value.
Divestment, also known as divestiture, is the opposite of an investment,
and it is the process of selling an asset for either financial, social or political
goals. Assets that can be divested include a subsidiary, business
department, real estate, equipment and other property. Divestment can be
part of following either a corporate optimization strategy or political
agenda, when investments are reduced and firmswithdraw from a particular
geographic region or industry due to political or social pressure.
Mandatory evacuation is a situation where emergency management
officials put maximum emphasis on encouraging evacuation and limiting
ingress to potentially affected areas. Mandatory evacuation is employed by
the authorities as a protective action to help save lives in certain
emergencies. Further, mandatory evacuation is essential when evacuation
transportation plans go into effect. It is employed in situations where a
disaster has the potential to cause severe loss of life and damage to
property. The disasters that call for mandatory evacuation include floods,
toxic gas releases, wildfires and mudflows.

Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior that "would cause a

person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It is not necessary to
prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim
was actually frightened.[1]
Threat, criminal threatening (or threatening behavior) is the crime of
intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of bodily injury.
"Threat of harm generally involves a perception of injury...physical or mental
damage...act or instance of injury, or a material and detriment or loss to a
person."[2] "A terroristic threat is a crime generally involving a threat to
commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize other."[3]

Under the Article 155 of the Revised Penal Code, the act of firing a gun in
the air is considered a case of alarm and scandal and is only punishable by a
30-day imprisonment or a P200 fine.

False surrender is a type of perfidy in the context of war. It is a war crime

under Protocol I of the Geneva Convention. False surrenders are usually used
to draw the enemy out of cover to attack them off guard, but they may be
used in larger operations such as during a siege.

Forced labour is any work or services which people are forced to do against
their will under the threat of some form punishment. Almost all slavery
practices, including trafficking in people and bonded labour, contain some
element of forced labour.

The prohibition of using human shields in the Geneva Conventions,

Additional Protocol I and the Statute of the International Criminal Court are
couched in terms of using the presence (or movements) of civilians or
other protected persons to render certain points or areas (or military
forces) immune from military operations.