HKDSE

Biology Intensive Notes

Cells

3. Cells

Cell Theory

all organisms are made up of one or more cells

the smallest organisms are single cells
cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
**Exam**
This part will probably appear in multiple choice questions.

Plant Cells vs Animal Cells

Both plant and most animal cells have
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- mitochondria - energy is released here by respiration

Only plant cells have
- cell wall
- large vacuole
- chloroplasts

** Exam **
The word MOST is used above. This is to remind you that not all
animal cells have nucleus. e.g red blood cell. Do not be trapped
in some short questions or multiple choice.
Nucleus
- Nuclear envelope: double membrane with pores

Mitochondria
- small spherical or rod-shaped organelles (physical)
- energy is released here by respiration (function)

Rough ER
- The roughness is due to ribosomes attached to the outside of the ER membrane
The functions of the rough ER include:
- Produce membrane proteins

- Produce digestive enzymes

Cell Wall
- made up of cellulose

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HKDSE Biology Intensive Notes

Cells

Cells, tissues, organs and systems

Tissue: a group of cells make up a tissue
eg heart muscle tissue

Organ: a group of tissue makes up an organ
eg heart


System: a group of organs makes up a system
eg circulatory system

Organism: a group of systems make up an
organism
eg Humans

****Examination****

a) Which of the above cells is/are plant cells?
Answer: A and D (1 or 0 M)

b) Give reasons to support you answer in part a).

Reason 1: Presence of cell wall in cell A and D indicates these two cells are plant cells. 1M
Reason 2: Presence of large vacuole which can only be found in plant cells. 1M

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