Leaves

Leaf- flat, green extended part of the

stem.

Epicotyl/ plumble
For photosynthesis and
transpiration

PARTS OF THE LEAVES

Lamina/leaf blade- expanded

part
Midrib- between lamina
Stipules- outgrowth at the base of
some dicotyledonous.(dicot)
(ligule monocot)
Stipulate- with stipulate
Without stipulateexstipulate
veins in the midrib. (veinlets)
Petiole- supports and holds the
blade upright.( dicot)
With petiole- petiolate
Without petiole - sessile
Leaf Sheath - supported by a
flattened structure which clasps
the stem. (monocots)

NATURE OF THE BLADE

A. SIMPLE LEAF- petiole of the a
leaf id directly attached to the
stem. Blade consists of only one
piece.
B. COMPOUND LEAF- blade is
divided into separate segment
called leaflets. Stalk of leaflets is
the petiole. Stipel- base of the
petiolule.
a) Pinnately Compound Leafleaflets are attached to a
rachis which is an extension
to the petiolule.
a. Simple pinnately
compound leafsingle rachis to which

the leaflets are

attached.
b. Bipinnately
Compound Leaf
primary rachis
branches into
secondary rachises
where leaflets are
attached.
c. Tripinnately
Compound Leaf
-there are rachises of the first, second and
third order.
b) Palmately Compound Leafleaflets radiate from the upper
end or tip of the leaf stalk.
Central rachis.
a. Bifoliate- two leaflets.
b. Trifoliate- three
leaflets.
c. Quadri/ tetrafoliatefour leaflets.
d. Pentafoliate- with 5 or
more leaflets.
VENATION - arrangement of veins or
vascular strands of a leaf blade.
Netted Leaf venation- veins
branch profusely and form a network
over the blade. ( dicots)
Pinnately Netted veins
arise from the midrib
Radiately Netted principal
veins arise from the center of
the blade
Palmately Netted - principal
veins arise from the base of the
blade.
Parallel Leaf Venation - veins do
not form a network. (monocots)
Parallel to the midrib
Acute angle to the midrib
Palmately parallel
Perpendicular to the midrib
PHYLLOTAXY- system of leaf arrangement
on the stem.
Alternate or spiral only one leaf
develops at each node.
Opposite- two leaves develop each
other at a node.

Whorled or Verticillate - three or

more leaves develop equidistantly
around the node.
Fasciculate - two or more leaves
develop at only one side of the node.
Abscission zone detachment area of
leaves from the stem.
Senescence leaf aging due to breakdown
of chlorophyll, sugar and loss of
photosynthetic ability.
MODIFIED LEAVES
Succulent Leaves thick and fleshy,
reduced surface volume ratio.
Sclerophyllous Leaves thick
sclerenchyma, resistant to animals ,
fungi, freezing temp abd UV, very
thick cuticle.
Spines- no blade and needle shaped.
Tendrils- sensing contact with other
objects, no lamina.
Insect traps digest insect and
obtain nitrogen foe their amino acid.
Adventitious Bud- produced
plantlets.
Colored Leaves- for attraction.
Floats aerenchymatous leaf base for
buoyancy, support. Water hyacinth
enlarged leaf base.
Supporting leaf bases
pseudotrunk for support.
Motile Leaves- display
thigmonasty sensitivity to touch, for
protection.
Expanded leaf-like petiole or
stipule - added photosynthesis.
Bulbs- for storage. Thicked blades.

ROOTS
Root- descending axis, usually
underground.
TYPES OF ROOTS

TAPROOT- with main root and smaller

branch roots. Control usually the
growth & development of roots and
better for ANCHORAGE.
Dicots& conifers
Store starch and water
FIBROUS - same sized massive roots
and extensive
For absorption

Soil binder
ADVENTITIOUS forms on many
organ of the plant, may grow from the
seed or from nodes.
PROP ROOTS- on branches
BRACE ROOTS- on main stem
BUTTRESS ROOTS- base of
the trunk
CLINGING ROOTS- on the
surface of stems

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE ROOTS

Anchorage
Storage
Absorption
Conduction
Produce hormones gibberellins,
cytokinins

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ROOT

A. ROOTS TIP- cells at the tip of the
root.
a. Root cap- covers the root &
meristematic.
b. Columella- columnar cells ,530 amylopast responsive to
gravity, SENSE LIGHT AND
PRESSURE by soil particle.
c. Peripheral cell- meristematic
, push the columella to the side.
d. Secrete MUCIGELpolysaccharides, organic acid,
sugars, vitamins, enzymes.
a) Protection
b) Lubrication
c) Water absorption
d) Nutrient absorption
carboxy better ion intake.
e) Establish symbiosis
B. ROOT APICAL MERISTEM
a. Quiescent center behind
root cap 500 -1000 inactive
cells. Reservoir to replace
damage cells. Organize pattern
of primary growth in roots
b. Zone of Division- dense
cytoplasm. Meristematic, apical
meristem here is sub terminal
due to root cap.

c. Zone of Cellular Elongation4- 10mm behind the root apical

meristem. Cells elongated by
filling their vacuole with water.
Cells are quite permeable deep
into roots by appoplast
diffusion.
d. Zone of Cellular Maturation1-5 cm behind the root tip. Cell
differentiate. Elongated by
filling their vacuole water.
Presence of root hairs.