CHEM100

Concepts from Chapter Six

three states of matter

dipole-dipole interactions

Kinetic energy

London forces of interaction

transitions between the

three states of matter

saturated hydrocarbons, alkanes

melting, freezing,
vaporization, condensation
normal boiling point
molar heat of fusion , Hf
molar heat of vaporization, Hv
secondary forces
intermolecular forces or
van der Waals forces
intramolecular forces

the hydrogen bond

bond energies
secondary forces and physical
properties
hydrophobic, hydrophilic,
amphipathic
vapor pressure and dynamic
equilibrium
attractive forces and the structure
of solids

Chapter 6: Interactions Between Molecules

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Matter can exist in three states:

Solid:

fixed volume, fixed shape

Liquid:

fixed volume, no fixed shape

Gas:

no fixed volume, no fixed shape

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Solid:

fixed volume, fixed shape

Liquid:

fixed volume, no fixed shape

A liquid can be poured from one container to another and takes the
shape of its container.

Gas:

no fixed volume, no fixed shape

The volume of a gas depends upon that of its container. A gas always
occupies all of its container.

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Solids and liquids are more or less incompressible. Their volumes
change very little when pressure is applied.
There is little volume change when a solid melts, but there is a large
increase in volume when a liquid boils.
1 mol liquid H2O at 100o C and 1 atm
1 mol gaseous H2O at

100o

C and 1 atm

18.8 mL
3.1 x 104 mL

18.8 mL vs. 31,000 mL
huge difference

The constituent molecules in a solid are
touching and highly ordered.
The constituent molecules in a liquid are
touching but not so highly ordered.
The constituent molecules in a gas are
not touching and are highly disordered.

In which state of matter are molecules extremely far apart and

disordered?
I Solid
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) II and III only

II Liquid

III Gas

In which state of matter are molecules packed as closely together as

possible?
I Solid

II Liquid

III Gas

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only

In which state does matter undergo a large change in volume on

heating?
I Solid

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) II and III only

II Liquid

III Gas

In which state of matter do all compounds demonstrate almost the

same physical behavior?
I Solid

II Liquid

III Gas

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) II and III only

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

The molecules in a gas move at high speeds and change directions only
when they hit the walls of their container (pressure) or each other.
Gaseous molecules do not collide often, so attractive forces between
molecules a have little effect. Therefore, all compounds in the gaseous
state at 1 atm behave as ideal gases.

ideal gas

non-ideal gas

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Energy of motion is called kinetic energy (KE). Kinetic energy is the
work required to bring a moving object to rest or to impart motion to a
stationary body.
At the molecular level, kinetic energy is directly related to temperature.
The kinetic energy of molecules in a hot gas is large, while that of
molecules in a cold gas is small.
Kinetic energy opposes the attractive forces between molecules. When
the kinetic energy is small and the attractive forces large, molecules can
condense from the gaseous state to the liquid state.

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Energy of motion is called kinetic energy (KE). Kinetic energy is the
work required to bring a moving object to rest or to impart motion to a
stationary body.
At the molecular level, kinetic energy is directly related to temperature.
The kinetic energy of molecules in a hot gas is large, while that of
molecules in a cold gas is small.
Kinetic energy opposes the attractive forces between molecules. When
the kinetic energy is small and the attractive forces large, molecules can
condense from the gaseous state to the liquid state.

The energy of a moving body is called ______.

A) motion energy
B) potential energy
C) kinetic energy
d) inherent chemical energy

On a molecular level, the energy of motion is affected only by _____.

A) pressure
B) temperature
C) volume
d) number of moles

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

The three states of matter can be interconverted by adding and removing
heat:
Melting: a solid may melt to the corresponding liquid when heat is
added.
Freezing: a liquid may freeze to the corresponding solid when heat
is removed.
Vaporization: a liquid may boil to the corresponding gas when heat
is added.
Condensation: a gas may condense to the corresponding liquid
when heat is removed.

temperature ( C)

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

heat (energy) input

temperature ( C)

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

100 C
Then the temperature of the
gas will increase as long as
additional energy is supplied.
0 C

-20 C
heat (energy) input

temperature ( C)

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

100 C

0 C

-20 C
heat (energy) input

temperature ( C)

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

just
liquid & gas

100 C
just

0 C

gas

liquid

solid (ice) & liquid

just solid (ice)

-20 C
heat (energy) input

As a solid is heated at a consistent rate, its temperature increases

from 10C to 25C, remains at 25C for 5 minutes, and then
increases to beyond 45C. What is the most reasonable conclusion
that can be drawn about this substance?

A) Its melting point is 45C.

B) Its melting point is 25C.
C) Its boiling point is 45C.
D) Its boiling point is 25C.

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Melting and freezing occur when the solid is at its melting temperature
or the liquid is at its freezing temperature. The melting and freezing
temperatures are the same for a given substance and are
insensitive to any pressure applied to the solid or liquid.
Vaporization and condensation occur when the liquid is at its boiling
temperature or the gas is at its condensation temperature. The boiling
and condensation temperatures are the same for a given
substance and are sensitive to any pressure applied to the gas or
liquid.
The boiling point measured when atmospheric pressure is 1 atm is
called the normal boiling point.

The Three States of Matter and Transitions Between Them

Melting/freezing and boiling/condensation are examples of phase

transitions. Phase transitions are reversiblethey can occur in either
direction.
During a phase transition, heat is continuously added or removed until
one phase is completely transformed into the other. During this process,
the temperature of the system remains constant.
The total amount of heat required to melt one mole of a substance is
known as the molar heat of fusion, Hf, and is unique for each
substance.
The total amount of heat required to boil one mole of a substance is
known as the molar heat of vaporization, Hv, and is also unique for
each substance. The molar heat of vaporization is always much greater
than the molar heat of fusion.

Which of the following explains why the molar heat of vaporization (Hv)
for a substance is always greater than its molar heat of fusion, (Hf)?

A) In the transition from liquid to gas, the attractive forces between

molecules need only to be weakened, whereas in the transition from
solid to liquid, the attractive forces must be completely overcome.
B) In the transition from liquid to gas, the attractive forces
between molecules must be completely overcome, whereas in
the transition from solid to liquid, the attractive forces need
only to be weakened.

The amount of heat required to melt one mole of a solid is called the:

A) molar heat of fusion

B) melting point
C) normal boiling point
D) molar heat of vaporization

The amount of heat required to effect the transition of one mole of

a substance from the liquid to the gas phase is called the:

A) molar heat of fusion

B) melting point
C) normal boiling point
D) molar heat of vaporization

Which phase change gives off energy?

A) H2O(l) H2O(s)
B) CO2(s) CO2(g)
C) H2O(l) H2O(g)
D) NaCl(s) NaCl(l)

Which phase change(s) absorb energy?

energy

energy

solid



liquid



gas

What is the input (absorbed) energy used for?

Breaking Bonds!

Which phase change(s) release energy?

solid liquid gas

energy

energy

Where is that energy coming from?

The formation of bonds!

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Forces between molecules at the molecular level are called secondary

forces.
Secondary forces can be divided into two types:
Intermolecular forces or van der Waals forces between two molecules.
These forces are those responsible for holding solids and liquids together.
Intramolecular forces between different parts of the same molecule.
These forces are responsible for the correct folding of protein and other large
biomolecules.

Secondary forces are only 10-20% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds.

Which statement describes what happens when a substance undergoes a

phase change from a liquid to a solid?

A) Energy is released because secondary forces are being weakened.

B) Energy is released because secondary forces are being

strengthened.

C) Energy is absorbed because secondary forces are being weakened.

D) Energy is absorbed because secondary forces are being strengthened.

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Molecules containing permanent dipoles (polar molecules) attract each
other as well as other molecules containing dipole moments.

Can anyone name or describe a molecule that has a permanent dipole?

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Molecules containing permanent dipoles (polar molecules) attract each
other as well as other molecules containing dipole moments.

vinegar

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Molecules containing permanent dipoles (polar molecules) attract each
other as well as other molecules containing dipole moments.

carbonyl group

vinegar

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Molecules containing permanent dipoles (polar molecules) attract each
other as well as other molecules containing dipole moments.

The attractions between + and parts of the molecules are strong

because the charges are close together. The repulsive forces
between like charges are smaller because the unlike charges are
farther apart.
These forces are called dipole-dipole forces and occur in between
polar molecules such as methyl chloride, CH3Cl, or chloroform, CHCl3.

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

Water, H2O, a polar substance, is a liquid at room temperature while
methane, a non-polar substance, CH4, is a gas.
Water molecules are bent and have a large dipole moment while
methane molecules are symmetrical and have no net dipole moment.

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

London Forces of Interaction
Nonpolar molecules, such as methane, will condense into liquids at
low temperatures, so some type of force must exist between
individual non-polar molecules.
At any instant in time, the electrons moving about the atoms in a
molecule may be unequally distributed with respect to the protons in
the molecule. This results in a temporary, small dipole moment.
(Think of a helium atom with both electrons on one side of the
molecule).
This brief, small dipole moment affects the electron distribution in
neighboring molecules in such a way to create an attractive force.

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

London Forces of Interaction

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

The attractive force due to these temporary dipoles is called a London
force and occurs in all molecules, polar or not.
The strength of the London force can range from very small to about
that of a regular dipole-dipole interaction.
The magnitude of London forces in nonpolar molecules is reflected in
their boiling points.

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

The highest boiling point within the nonpolar group of molecules is

associated with the largest molecule.
A large molecule has many electrons capable of creating temporary
dipoles in different parts of the molecule at the same time.

The melting point is:

A) very high for substances with weak secondary forces.

B) very low for substances with strong secondary forces.
C) different from the freezing point of a substance.
D) the same as the freezing point of a substance.

Which secondary force would be expected to hold together the

particles of a liquid with a very low boiling point?

A) Ionic bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) London forces
D) Covalent bonds

Attractive Forces Between Molecules

The Saturated Hydrocarbons, or Alkanes
Name

Molecular Formula

Boiling Point (oC)

State at 25oC

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
undecane
dodecane

CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
C11H24
C12H26

-164
-89
-42
-0.5
36
69
98
125
151
174
196
216

gas

eicosane
triacontane

C20H42
C30H62

H2O

343
450

Now where does water fit in to this trend?

liquid

solid

Which list organizes the elements in order of decreasing strength of

secondary forces?

A) Ar > Kr > Ne > Xe

B) Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
C) Kr > Xe > Ar > Ne
D) Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne

The Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen bonds are special dipole-dipole interactions involving

hydrogen and one of these elements: oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
The polarity of an O-H, N-H, or F-H bond is very high, which leads to an
especially strong dipole-dipole interaction:

The Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen bonds form between identical molecules, as in liquid
water, or between different molecules in mixtures, such as ammonia,
NH3, dissolved in water.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds and are often
denoted by dotted lines connecting one molecule to the other:
OHN
The hydrogen atom acts as a glue bonding the oxygen and nitrogen
atoms together.

The Hydrogen Bond

Water (charge dispersion)

The Hydrogen Bond

h-bond, D - H A -

The Hydrogen Bond

Ice - crystal of hydrogen bonded water molecules

The Hydrogen Bond

h-bond, D - H A -

The Hydrogen Bond

The Hydrogen Bond

In solid ice, every water molecule

is hydrogen-bonded to exactly four
other water molecules.
Because of this tetrahedral
arrangement, the water molecules
are held farther apart forming an
open structure.
When ice melts, 15-20% of the
hydrogen bonds are broken, and
the open structure collapses a bit.
The density of water is greater
than that of ice and, as a result, ice
floats on water.

Explain how hydrogen bonding, and the associated structure of ice,

causes ice to be less dense than liquid water.
(2 pt) In solid ice, every water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to
exactly four other water molecules.
(3 pt) Because of this tetrahedral arrangement, the water molecules
are held farther apart forming an open structure.
(1 pt) When ice melts, 15-20% of the hydrogen bonds are broken,
and the open structure collapses a bit.

The Hydrogen Bond

The special position that nitrogen,
oxygen, and fluorine play in
hydrogen bonding can be seen by
plotting the boiling points of the
hydrides of the elements for the
four groups: IV, V, VI, and VII.
Group IV is the reference group:
the boiling points systematically
decrease as you move up the group
from tin to carbon.
Groups V, VI, and VII should show
a similar behavior, however the
element at the top of each of these
groups shows an anomalously high
boiling point.
This is due to hydrogen bonding,
not present with the other
elements.

Which of these hydrides has the highest boiling point?

A) HF
B) HCL
C) HBr
D) HI
E) HH

Only HF can form hydrogen bonds and thus it will have

the highest boiling point.

The Hydrogen Bond

The ability of water to hydrogen bond is of crucial importance for living
systems.
Ice floats on water providing an insulating layer, which allows
fish and other aquatic organisms to exist under the ice during the
winter.
The characteristics of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological
molecules depend upon their abilities to hydrogen bond to
themselves, to each other, and to water.

The Hydrogen Bond

The ability of water to hydrogen bond is of crucial importance for living
systems.
Ice floats on water providing an insulating layer, which allows
fish and other aquatic organisms to exist under the ice during the
winter.
The characteristics of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological
molecules depend upon their abilities to hydrogen bond to
themselves, to each other, and to water.
The high heat of vaporization allows organisms to cool themselves
by the evaporation of perspiration.

In the solid phase, H2O molecules:

A) move slowly in straight lines
B) move rapidly in straight lines
C) are arranged in a random pattern
D) are arranged in a regular geometric pattern

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

The normal boiling point of a substance is largely determined by the

types of secondary forces between molecules in the liquid state:
London forces
Dipole-dipole forces
Hydrogen bonds

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

Hydrogen-bonding substances interact by all three types of forces.

Polar substances interact by dipole-dipole and London forces.

Nonpolar substances interact by London forces only.

What are the strongest forces acting between molecules of H2

during this phase change: H2(g) H2(l)?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Dipole-dipole interactions
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) London forces

True or false: Hydrogen-bonding substances do not experience

London forces.

A) True
B) False

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

We are going to fill in this table with a yes or a no answers to the

question Does this secondary force operate between the molecules
of the given compound?

When this is given as an exam question it may be necessary to

draw correct Lewis structures to determine whether a compound is
polar or non-polar.

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

What are the strongest attractions that explain why krypton can
exist in the solid phase?

A) Ionic bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) London forces
D) Dipole-dipole interactions

Hydrogen bonds cannot form in molecules with hydrogen bonded

to:

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) nitrogen
D) fluorine

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

Trends in the physical properties (melting points and boiling points) of

compounds can be predicted by answering two questions:
Are the compounds polar or nonpolar?
Can the compounds form hydrogen bonds?

True or false: Secondary forces are stronger than covalent bonds.

A) True
B) False

Molecules with large dipole moments are likely to:

A) have lower melting points than molecules with no dipole moments

B) have higher boiling points than molecules with no dipole
moments
C) exist as gases
D) have their physical properties strongly influenced by London forces

Oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine each bond with hydrogen to form

molecules.
By which force are these molecules attracted to each other?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Dipole-dipole interactions
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Coordinate covalent bonds

Nonpolar substances condense mainly through the action of:

A) permanent dipoledipole interactions

B) London forces
C) electrical forces
D) hydrogen bonds

Which of these molecules can form hydrogen bonds to themselves?

H2O

II

NH3

III

H2S

A) I and III only

B) II and III only
C) I and II only
D) I, II, and III

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

The nonpolar or hydrocarbon part of the molecule is called hydrophobic, or

water-fearing.
The ionic or polar part of the molecule is called hydrophilic, or water-loving.
Molecules containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts are called
amphipathic.

Amphipathic molecules tend to stay at interfaces (air-water or oil-water), rather

than in the interior of either liquid. This decreases the attractive forces between
the liquid molecules at the surface, and the surface tension is decreased.

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

Molecular Mixtures
A mixture of substances with different kinds of molecules or ions
uniformly distributed throughout is called a solution.
Solutions form when the intermolecular secondary forces of each
substance are similar: like dissolves like.
Consider two substances, A and B.
Molecules of pure A are held together by polar forces: AA
Molecules of pure B are also held together by polar forces: BB
The process of forming a solution can be thought of as exchanging
an A and a B in the above relationships to form: AB and BA.
The number of polar interactions in the solution is the same as in
the two pure liquids, so A and B will form a solution.

Secondary Forces and Physical Properties

Two substances having different types of secondary forces will generally

not form molecular mixtures, or solutions.
Two substances having the same types of secondary forces will
generally mix to form a solution.

The Vaporization of Liquids

Vaporization is the escape of a molecule from a liquid.

The energy of an individual liquid molecule constantly changes as it
collides with other molecules of higher and lower energy.
If an individual liquid molecule has a large enough amount of kinetic
energy and finds itself at the surface of the liquid, it can overcome the
attractive forces holding it in the liquid, escape the surface, and
enter the gas phase.

The Vaporization of Liquids

When both the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance are

present simultaneously, the gaseous part of the sample is called a
vapor.
At room temperature, neither nitrogen or oxygen can exist as a liquid so
the nitrogen and oxygen gases making up the atmosphere are technically
not vapors.
Substances like gasoline or water do have stable liquid phases at room
temperature, and the gaseous molecules evaporating from these liquids
are correctly called vapors.

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

The vapor pressure of a gaseous substance above its liquid phase

increases with increasing temperature.
As the temperature of a liquid is increased by adding heat
(energy), the heat energy is stored in the molecules of the liquid as
kinetic energy (as well as rotational and vibrational energy).
Increasing kinetic energy (1/2 mv2) means increasing velocities and
more molecules are able to escape the liquids surface per second.

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

If a liquid is not enclosed in an airtight container, molecules leaving its

surface may never return.
Sweat evaporates from your body.
Puddles of rainwater disappear.
A pan of water boils until dry.
In an airtight container (closed system), however, the molecules in the
gas phase will eventually strike the surface of the liquid and be
reabsorbed into the liquid phase or condense.

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

The rate of condensation of a gas back into the liquid phase depends
upon the number of molecules in the gaseous state.

The rate of evaporation of liquid molecules depends upon the

temperature.

In a closed system, a liquid will evaporate until there are enough

molecules in the gaseous state for the rate of condensation to equal the
rate of evaporation.

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

When these two rates are balanced, the system is said to be in an

equilibrium state.
The vapor pressure under these conditions is called the equilibrium
vapor pressure. The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid always
increases as the temperature of the liquid increases.
When two dynamic processes oppose each other and reach an
equilibrium, it is called a dynamic equilibrium.
The amount of heat absorbed
during vaporization is exactly
equal to the amount of heat
liberated during condensation.

A dynamic equilibrium is indicated by two arrows pointing in opposite

directions.

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

In a closed system (bell jar), a dynamic equilibrium will always occur if

enough liquid water is present at the start.
In an open system (puddle of water), the rate of evaporation is
generally greater than the rate of condensation (unless the relative
humidity is 100%) and a dynamic equilibrium cannot occur.
Whenever a molecule leaves the surface of a liquid, it carries with it
kinetic energy. Since the liquid subsequently contains less energy, its
temperature becomes lower.
Evaporation is a cooling process. Nature uses it to reduce body
temperature by the evaporation of sweat.

The Influence of Secondary Forces on Vapor Pressure

Starting with a liquid whose vapor pressure is less than atmospheric

pressure, the liquid can be made to boil by:
Raising the liquids temperature until the vapor pressure equals
atmospheric pressure;
Lowering atmospheric pressure until it equals the vapor pressure of
the liquid at the original temperature.
In the first case, one might start with water at 70oC at sea level and
heat the water until it started to boil at 100oC.
In the second case one might start
with water at 70oC at sea level and
carry the water to the top of Mt.
Everest (where atmospheric pressure
is much less) where it would
spontaneously start to boil at 70oC.

The Influence of Secondary Forces on Vapor Pressure

Since the boiling point of a liquid depends upon atmospheric pressure,

the normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at
which a liquid will boil when the atmospheric pressure is exactly 1 atm.
The value of the normal boiling point of a liquid depends upon the
strengths of the secondary forces holding the molecules of the liquid
together.
chloroform CHCl3
hexane C6H14
ethanol CH3CH2OH

Explain why the boiling point of argon is 186C, while the boiling
point of neon is 246C.

Answer: Both kinds of atoms are held together in the liquid phase
by London forces;
but because argon is larger than neon, it has more electrons and
thus argon has stronger London forces and boils at a higher
temperature than neon.

Explain why I2 is insoluble in water, but soluble in CCl4.

Answer: I2 is a nonpolar molecule, so it dissolves in nonpolar

solvents but does not dissolve in polar solvents. CCl4 is nonpolar,
while water is polar.

True or false: nonpolar molecules interact by London forces.

A) True
B) False

True or false: Hydrogen-bonding substances do not experience

London forces.

A) True
B) False

Which of the following list of molecules is in the correct order of

decreasing boiling points?

A) H2O > NH3 > H2 > CH4

B) NH3 > H2O > H2 > CH4
C) H2 > NH3 > H2O > CH4
D) H2O > NH3 > CH4 > H2

Arrange these molecules in order of increasing boiling points:

I. CH3CH2OH

II. H2O

III. CH3OCH3

IV. CH3CH2CH3

A) III < I < IV < II

B) IV < III < I < II

C) IV < I < III < II

D) IV < II < I < III

Explain why ethylene glycol and water would or would not form a
solution.

Answer: These substances will form a solution. Ethylene glycol

[Table 6.3] is polar, and can hydrogen bond to itself or to other
similar substances.
Water is also polar, and water molecules interact principally by
dipolar forces and hydrogen bonding.

Is heat required, or is it released, when water freezes?

A) heat is released
B) heat is required

Explain how a topical anesthetic, such as ethyl chloride, works.

Answer: The boiling point of ethyl chloride is markedly below skin
temperature.
Above its boiling point ethyl chloride evaporates at a speed
dependent on the rate at which heat is transferred into it.
When ethyl chloride is sprayed onto skin, heat is transferred very
quickly, so the liquid evaporates instantly.
This evaporation is much more rapid
than the rate at which the skin heats
up through the flow of blood, so that
a numbing, cooling sensation is
produced.
What type of secondary forces are broken
upon evaporation?
dipole-dipole and London forces

If campers on the top of Mt. Everest wanted to cook potatoes as

quickly as possible, should they boil them in water or throw them
into the campfire to cook? Explain.
But first, why is the hiker wearing an oxygen mask?

If campers on the top of Mt. Everest wanted to cook potatoes as

quickly as possible, should they boil them in water or throw them
into the campfire to cook? Explain.
But first, why is the hiker wearing an oxygen mask?

zero atm

0.3 atm

1.0 atm

If campers on the top of Mt. Everest wanted to cook potatoes as

quickly as possible, should they boil them in water or throw them
into the campfire to cook? Explain.

If campers on the top of Mt. Everest wanted to cook potatoes as

quickly as possible, should they boil them in water or throw them
into the campfire to cook? Explain.
Answer: It would be better to throw the potatoes into the campfire
because, at that altitude, the temperature at which water boils is
significantly lower than the normal boiling point of 100C.

A substance in the liquid phase at room temperature:

A) is more volatile than carbon dioxide

B) has a vapor pressure that is greater than the pressure of the
surrounding atmosphere
C) has a vapor pressure that is lower than the pressure of
the surrounding atmosphere
D) is less volatile than sodium chloride

The Influence of Secondary Forces on Vapor Pressure

Cake mixes often give high altitude directions.

Why does more water need to be added for higher altitudes?
A) The pressure is greater, and the boiling point of water is higher.
B) The pressure is lower, and the boiling point of water is higher.
C) The pressure is greater, and the boiling point of water is lower.
D) The pressure is lower, and the boiling point of water is lower.

Explain the importance of sweat to the regulation of body

temperature.

Answer: Sweating is the body's way of regulating body

temperature. As water vaporizes from the skin's surface, heat is
lost. Water has a very high heat of vaporization, making the process
very efficient.

Why do people in Arizona feel more comfortable than people in

Alabama when the temperature is exactly the same in both places?

Answer: The humidity is much lower in Arizona than it is in

Alabama, so people in Arizona do not feel the heat as much
because the water evaporates from their skin more rapidly.

Which compound has a higher vapor pressure, liquid HF or liquid

neon (Ne)?

A) liquid HF
B) liquid neon

Which compound has a higher vapor pressure, liquid helium (He) or

liquid nitrogen (N2)?
A) liquid helium
B) liquid nitrogen

The boiling point of a liquid _____ as the atmospheric pressure

decreases.

A) increases
B) decreases

The vapor pressure of a gas _____ as the secondary attractive

forces between molecules increase.

A) increases
B) decreases

What is the vapor pressure of a liquid at its normal boiling

temperature?

A) 1.00 atm
B) 2.00 atm
C) 273 atm
D) 760 atm

Which hydrocarbon has the lowest normal boiling point?

A) C2H6
B) C3H8
C) C4H10
D) C5H12

Solid X is placed in contact with solid Y. Under which condition will

heat flow spontaneously from X to Y?

A) X is at 25C and Y is at 30C.

B) X is at 20C and Y is at 20C.
C) X is at 10C and Y is at 20C.
D) X is at 5C and Y is at 15C.

Attractive Forces and the Structure of Solids

The arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid is in one of two

forms:
Crystalline: Regular repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules.
Amorphous: Lacking a regular repeating arrangement of atoms of
molecules.

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