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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
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IS 15736:2007
(Reaffirmed-2012)
Indian Standard
GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION BY GEOPHYSICAL
METHOD (ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY)
CODE OF PRACTICE
ICS 93.020
o
ii
5
0
m
.
0131S 2007
BKTREAU
MANAK
June
2007
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELH1 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
Price Group 7
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Geological
Investigations and Subsurface Exploration Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division
Council.
Water resource projects are cost intensive by virtue of their immense magnitude, and considerable amount of resources
financial, human, technical as well as social are utilized for their construction.
It is, therefore, imperative that all
aspects that can impact the scope, nature, stability or progress of such projects, are thoroughly examined and explored
in detail.
Subsurface geological exploration are an integral part of pre-planning as well as design stage of any water resource
project. Apart ffom the methods of geological exploration that have been used in the past, there have been developments
in this field and instrumental methods of geological exploration are coming to the fore. One of the methods being
increasingly used in geological exploration is the electrical resistivity method. This standard is intended to provide a
Code of practice for application of electrical resistivity method and to provide guidance on the various equipment used
in the same as well as for providing guidance prescribing field procedures and documentation of data.
[t has been assumed in the formulation of this standard that the execution of its provisions
qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared.
is entrusted to appropriately
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed
or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2: 1960 Rules for
rounding off numerical values (?evise~. The number of significant places retained iri the rounded off value should be
the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
1S 15736:2007
Indian Standard
1 SCOPE
environmental
and
hydrological
2 TERMINOLOGY
2.1 Array The arrangement of electrodes in resistivity
prospecting, also called configuration.
ra..
$?
---~
m
Q
m
,t~
of a material which
IS 15736:2007
3 PARAMETERS
REPRESENTATIVE
MEASURED
VALUES
AND
The generally
accepted
unit of resist ivity is
ohm-meter. ]n most rock materials. the porosity and the
chemical content of the water filling the pore spaces is
more important in governing resistivity. The salinity of
the water in the pores is probably the most critical factor
deternlining the resistivity. When pores, particularly those
with large concentrations of magnetite or graphite, lie above
the water table at shallow depths, or when they occur at
such great depths that all pore spaces are closed by ambient
pressure, the conduction through them takes place within
the mineral grains themselves. Under these conditions,
the resistivity of the rock will depend on the resistivity of
the grains. When the pores are saturated with fluids, the
resistivity will be governed by the fluid resistivity as well.
3.1
4 PURPOSE
SURVEY
OF
ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY
Materials
(Clause3.2)
Material
ltesistivity
(1)
ohm-m
(2)
Granite
I(y
Basalt
lo~ 10
Slate
fjx\~_4.]07
Marble
102.s x 10
Qum[?.ite
102 x 10
Sedimentary
Rocks
Snndblone
84X1O
Shale
202.10
Limestone
5O4X1O
I 100
Alluvium
10-800
Gmundwater (fresh)
10- 100
Sea Water
0.2
Minerals
Galena
Bauxite
3X1 O-3XI(F
zxlofjx]()~
Cuprite
10--300
Hematite
3.5 x 10- 10
Magnetite
5 ~ 10- 5.7 x 10
Quartz
4x }01)-zx
~Jraninite
1 -200
Calcite
2 x 10
Rock Salt
30 10
Diamond
10 10
Mica
9 x 10 10
lo[~
5 METHODOLOGY
5.0 The measurement of electrical resistivity requires that
four electrodes be placed in contact with the surface
material as shown in Fig. 1. The geometry, separation of
the electrode array and spacing are selected on the basis
of the application and required depth of investigation.
,.=.-
. ..
-.
. .
IS 15736:2007
CURRENT SOURCE
CURRENT METER
@+-#J-,
NT
-FIG. 1 EI~IJIIJIY~I-N
rIAILINITS.~NIICIJI<II~Nr
FI.()WI.IN~SIOI/
FCILJREI.~CTROD~ARRAY
VOLTAGE
measurements
can be made with any
of current and potential electrodes desired.
IS 15736:2007
Several standard
electrode
geometries
have been
developed for various applications.
For engineering,
environmental
and ground-water
studies, the Wenner,
Schiumberg,er and dipole-dipole
array are the most
commonly used as shown in Fig. 2. Schlumberger
configuration is widely used for vertical exploration of
subsurface strata, while Wenner configuration is widely
In engineering
survey,
used for lateral exploration.
dipole-dipole
arrangement
has found wide usage.
Generally, the electrodes are arranged in a line, but
depcndingupon the array, somedivergence isacceptable.
5.1,1
symmetrical arrangement.
It is designed to measure the
potential difference (Al~ between Mand Nas shown in
Fig.2. The formula forcalculating
apparent resistivity
from a Wenner measurement is:
p, =27ra
(2)
Advanfage.s
5.1.1.1
M
WENNER
Wenner Arrqv
AV
()~
SPREAD
2L ~
1:
21
SCHLUMBERGER
SPREAD
na
a-
v
c,
PI
c~
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
P2
SPREAD
CQ
na
PI
c1
P2
POLE-DIPOLE
SPREAD
1S 15736:2007
5.1.3.1
Array
.TL2 A V
21
I
.,,.
Advantages
Pole-Dipole
Advantages.
p 3 = zn (H+l)(n+2)a
AV
~
()
(4)
5
2120 Bls/ND/07
Imaging
Surveys
Dipole-Dipole
(5)
(3)
5.1.3
AV
() 1
p a =277a(n+l)n
5.1.4.1
5.1.2.1
Array
-,
G
A
Table
Resistivity
Evaluation
Array
m
..
(Ck7tfse 5.1.4. 1)
z
o
.s
SI
Array
No.
SIN
Ehf
Ratio
Coupling
Lateral
Location
Resolution
of Steeply
Dipping
Resolution
of Horizontal
Sensitivity
to Depth
Sensitivity
to Dip
Layers
Structures
Sensitivity
to Surface
Inhomo-
geneous
Sounding
geneous
Profiling
Sensitivity
to Bedrock
Topography
Shielding by
Uniform
Conductive
Overburden
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Gradient
3*
Dipole-dipole
iii)
Pole-dipole
iv)
Schlumberger
3*
v)
Wenner
3*
3*
(1)
(2)
0
ii)
Sensitivity
to Surface
Inhomo-
Code :1 = Best, 2 = Second best, 3 = Third best, 4 = Fourth best, 5 = Worst, (3*) = Uncertainty m estimate
..
IS 15736:2007
is used to automatically select the relevant four electrode
array for each measurement. Atpresent, field techniques
and equipment to carry out 2-D resistivity surveys are
fairly well developed. The electrode layout of 2-D imaging
survey is as shown in Fig. 3A.
To plot the data from a 2-D imaging survey, the
pseudosection contouring method is normally used. In
this case, the horizontal location of the point is placed at
the mid-point of the set of electrodes used to make
measurement. The vertical location of the plotting point is
placed at a distance which is proportional to the separation
between electrodes.
The pseudosection
gives a very
approximate picture of the true subsurface resistivity
distribution. Further this pseudosection is inverted using
available standard computer programmed of resistivity
imaging. After inversion, a 2-D image of subsurface true
resistivity is obtained and can be interpreted in terms of
subsurface geology.
5,3 3-P Rwistivity
Imaging Surveys
improved
by watering
the electrodes.
6 EQUIPMENT
7 PLANNING
6.1
THE SURVEY
IMI ,
1S 15736:2007
formation.
In hard rock regions, electrode separation
should be parallel to strike direction ofjoints and fi-actures.
This minimize errors caused by random separation.
c1
3a
1
c~
P2
P,
3a
3a
RESISTMTY
METER
SPACING 2a
I
c1
1
c~
P2
PI
2a I 2a I
2a
LAPToP
COMPUTER
SPACING la
1
I
c,
P,
I al
P~
ala
C*
I
n=loo.
.o.
..*
O@
O**
.
n=3000090
n=4000000
0.
00000
n=200*O0
n=50000.
n.6
RESISTIVITY
METER
1
LAPTOP
COMPUTER
ELECTRODE
3B Electrode
FIG.
3 ELECTRODELAYOUT FORIMAGINGSURVEY
8
1S 15736:2007
electrical power that can be introduced into the
ground and by the practical difficulties of laying
long lengths of cable. The practical depth limit for
most surveys is about 1 km.
7.2 Limitation
8 INTERPRETATION
8.1 The interpretation of electrical profiling data is mainly
qtialitative in nature and is useful only for deciphering
areas of different resistivities. The anomalies obtained in
the profiling data are interpreted in terms of possible
geological
structures
corresponding
to the set of
geological conditions.
Topography
and the effects of near-surface
resistivity variations can mask the effects of deeper
variations.
350
350
350
350
20
C2
<)
P2
PI
40
DISTANCE,m
60
c1
n
SURFACE
SOIL
SAND
!S 15736:2007
...
P,)/(P2 + P,)
normally
10000 r
1000.
;
F
~
g
(Y
FIELD
CURVE
100.
10
10
(6)
100
1000
10
1000O
IS 15736:2007
A Type
p,<p2cp~
i-l Type
i%>p2<p3
AB/2
AB/2
K Type
p,<p2>p~
Q Type
p,>p2>p3
\
AB/2
AEI12
FIG.6 ELECTRICAL
SOUNDING
CURVESFORA, H, K ANDQ TYPE
0000,_
1000
OBSERVED
~LAYERING
CALCULATED
q(J--L-l.llHlll
1
I 1111111
100
10
I 111111
1000
I 111111
10000
Z-,.
IS 15736:2007
a) Lateral features not amenable to interpretation
horizontal layers,
b) Cultural effects fi-om fences, pipelines,
sources,
as
or other
S9
45
S8
S7
40
9 PRESENTATION OF DATA
The results of a series of profile measurements
are
presented as a profile or contour map as shown in Fig. 4.
Sounding data are often presented as single geoelectric
section as shown in Fig. 8. An interpreted geoelectric
section showing layer thickness, depths and resistivity is
constructed. Geoelectric cross-sections can be helpful in
determining the depth and lateral extent of layers. Dipoledipole data are generally
presented
as resistivity
S5
S4
S3
5~5~
S1
7~
30 45
20
17
20
0 CONTAMINATED SANDSTONE
$ 20m
1&
Ltl
0
S2
10
200
30m
200
200 ohm-m
200
SHERWOOD SANDSTONE
200
40m F
\.
o
I
has
20 LANDFILL20 ohm-m
1 Om 9
layered structure
100
I
200
J
HORIZONTAL SCALE
FIG. 8 G~OtZLIXTRICALSECTION
12
200
Is 15736:2007
information
available
with dipole-dipole
data, two
dimensional modeling is required. The pseudosection for
a conductive rectangular body buried in a more resistive
halfspace is as shown in Fig. 9. This model generates a
simple apparent resistivity pattern.
-9
-3
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0000
91011
0000000
00
0000
0000000
0000000
0000
000000
000
00
6
P
0
0
0
0000000
000000
000
000
000000
00
2-D RESISTIVIW
.11 M1O -9
-8
MODEL
-7-6-5-4-3-2-101
10
23456789
11
o
2
A
BIANK
100
A=l
A
[,
3
4
- 5
6
13
3120
BISIND157.
GMGIPN120
BR/ND/07-300
.
9
.4
Amend No,
Text Affected
,Regional Offices :
Central
Eastern
23237617
{ 23233841
23378499,23378561
{ 2337 86?.6,2337 9120
2603843
{ 2609285
Northern
160022
Southern
22541216,22541442
{ 22542519,22542315
Western
28329295,28327858
{ 28327891,28327892
Branches
*
,