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In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class, a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a
linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by
the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic
categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which
constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members
infrequently if at all.
A. THE NOUN
Comes from the Latin nomen meaning "name". Noun is the part of speech that is used to
name a person, place, thing, quality, or action.
1. The Types of Noun
Proper Noun
This is used to denote a particular person, place or a thing. Examples: English is a
global language.
Common Noun
This is used to refer to a class. Examples: The cat loves comfort.
Collective Nouns
This is used to refer to a group or a collection of things. Examples: I saw a herd of
sheep nearby.
Concrete nouns
You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses. These nouns can all
be touched, smelt, tasted or seen. Examples: The cute rabbit hops around.
Countable Nouns
To linguists, these count nouns can occur in both single and plural forms, can be
modified by numerals, and can co-occur with quantificational determiners like
many, most, more, several, etc. Examples: There were so many bikes on sale.
Material Nouns
This is used to tell the substance by which the things are made. Examples: The chair
is made of bamboo.
Pronouns
These nouns can take the place of a noun when referring to people places or things.
In English the personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it and they. Depending on their
function within a sentence these nouns can take on their possessive forms or their
objective case.
Examples: Suzy will let her hair grow longer. possessive personal He jumped on
the bed. singular personal
Abstract Noun
It is used to indicate the quality possessed by a person or thing. Examples: I
appreciate your sincerity.
Uncountable Nouns
These nouns cannot be counted they are often referred to as mass nouns. These
nouns cannot be used in a plural form. Examples: The pool was full of water. The
uncountable noun in this sentence is water.
6) After quantifiers. ( much, many, some, few, little, other , another , a lot of etc )
A lot of competence is needed for this job.
7) After possessive pronouns (my , his, her, our , their, its) + apostrophe 's
She was sad during her childhood . Jamal's bravery is unique.
8) After adjectives
Edison was a great inventor.
9) After numbers
Tom has three mobiles. She visited Canada ten times last years .
4. The Derivational of Noun
Only nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs have derivational forms. These forms may
express some degree of lexical meaning, or they may be little more than part-of-speech
indicators. Derivational form consist chiefly of special endings that may :
1) Change one part of speech to another. This kind of ending is attached to a word
that already exist ( engage + ment = engagement ), perhaps with some charge in
the original word (destroy + tion = destruction). Sometimes the original word has
several derivations endings, the last one of which determines the part of speech
( Nation + al + ize + ation = nationalization, a noun)
2) Distinguish one part of speech from another, without being added to an already
existing word ( distancenoun, distant---adjective)
The derivational forms of suffixes.
Suffixes changing verb to nouns : - ence may have alternate
Suffixes indicating the state of____________-ing : -age al, -ance or ence*,
-(e)ry, -ment, -t, -tion or sion, -ure .
Some nouns ending in ance or ence may have alternate forms in ancy or
ency :
Consistence or consistency (more common) ; permanence (more common) or
permanency ; hesitance or hesitancy.
Example: marriage, arrival, allowance, persistence, bribery, arrangement,
weight, deviation, enclosure.
Suffixes indicating a person_______________-s, or a person who is active in
________, or a person who comes from ________________(agent suffixes) :
-ant or ent, -er, -or or eer, -(i)an or arian , -ist(agent suffixes) : -ant or
-ent, -er or or, eer, -(i)an or arian, -ist.
Example : defendant attendant, manager, governor, auctioneer, new Yorker,
antiquarian, Bostonian, librarian, typist.
The suffix ing, which expresses some of the verbal force of the word to
which it is attached. Nouns with -ing derivational suffixes often, refer to
fields of endeavor, or recreational activities (fishing, mining, dancing
engineering) , or are used as adjuncts in compounds (swimming pool, ironing
board). Some of these ing words have become so much like other nouns that
they may take adjective modification ( a good cleaning, excellent hunting ) or
they may be used the plural ( blessings, weddings ).
5. The Markers of Noun
A marker, as we have already explained, is a structure word that signals the part of
speech of a world following it. While markers also point to verbs, adjectives or
adverbs the follow, heir gratest usefulness is in signaling nouns.
a. Determiners
1. Articles:
(a) Indefinite aan (a pencil, an eraser)
(b) Definite the (the pen)
2. Possessives (my aunt, johns book)
3. Demonstratives (this child, those boy)
4. Numbers (four girl, the fifth girl)
5. Words of indefinite quantity (some people, more books).
b. Prepositions (in this house, after the storm)
In the addiction, descriptive adjective help to mark the nouns that follow them
(the beautiful painting, a long speech)
c. Endings distinguishing nouns from verbs :
Verb
Nouns
believe
belief
prove
proof
live
life
defend
defense
receive
receipt
descend
descent
advise
advice
d. Suffixes changing adjectives to nouns to indicate the state of being_________ :
-ity, -ness, th.
Activity, sterility, happyness, usefulness, warmth, strength.
e. Suffixes distinguishing nouns from adjectives : -ant or ent adjective ance or
ence noun.
Intelligent-intelligence, distance-distance
Brilliant-brilliance, radiantradiance
f. Suffixes changing concrete nouns to abstract nouns to indicate the state of being
a___________: -hood, -ism, -ship brotherhood, childhood, heroism, despotism,
fellowship, statesmanship
g. Suffixes changing nouns to other nouns, to indicate (1) a doctrine, theory, or
school of belief ___ism ; (2) a follower or advocated of such a doctrine, theory, or
school of belief_____ist capitalism-capitalist, communism-communist
impressionism-impressionist, terrorism-terrorist
In a few cases these suffixes are added to adjectives rather than nouns---realismrealist, idealism-idealist, socialism-socialist. Sometimes what precedes these
suffixes is not a full word---pessimism-pessimist, baptism-baptist, chauvinismchauvinist.
h. The suffix ess, to distinguish a female person from a male person--- waiterwaitress, actor-actress, host-hostess, steward-stewardess. Other less frequently
used suffixes denoting a female person are ine (hero-heroine), -ix (aviatoraviatrix), and ette (suffragist-sufragette). Only by the use of this type of
derivational suffix does he English noun make a distinction for gender. Other
distinctions between the sexes have to be made entirely through the vocabulary
(boygirluncleaunt ; a woman doctor, a man servant). .
B. THE VERB
Verb is the word that uses to indicate an action or state of being from the subject.
1. The Types of Verb
The types of verbs described here differ according to the kind of complement they
may have. Because these types may cut across each other, a verb may belong to more
than one type.
a. Linking Verbs ( copulative verbs)
A linking verb is a verb of incomplete predication; it merely announces that the
real predicate follows. The important word in the complement is usually an
adjective (The girl is pretty) or a noun (she is a pretty girl). The ly adverbs of
manner (quickly, angrily) are not used with linking verbs. The more common
linking verbs are, appear, be, become, get ( in the sense of become ), look, remain,
seem.
Also functioning as linking verbs of perceptionfeel, taste, smell, sound.
The milk tastes sour
The rose smells sweet
Included among the linking verbs are certain verbadjective combinations that
express a state. Some of these combinations that express a state. Some of these
combinations are actually little more than idioms. Many of these verbs have the
force of becomeblow (open), blush (red), break (loose), grow (worse), fall (ill),
prove (wrong), stand (quiet), turn (pale), wax (eloquent).
b. Transitive or Intransitive Verbs
A transitive verb takes a direct object (he is a reading a book) ; an intransitive verb
does not require an object (He is walking in the park). Only transitive verbs may
be used in the passive voice (the books was returned by him quickly). All linking
verbs are intransitive.
Transitive verbs may take more than one object:
Indirect object and indirect object
He gave his wife a present
Direct object and objective complement
They elected Mr. Smith President
Other intransitive verbs have different forms for transitive use
Intransitive
Transitive
Lie
Lay
Rise
Raise
Sit
Set
c. Reflexive verbs
A reflexive verb requires one of the compounds with -self (reflexive pronoun) as it
objectexpress oneself, wash oneself, pride oneself, avail oneself. Some verb
may be used with or without the reflexive pronoun objectHe washed (himself)
and dressed (himself) quickly. Reflexive verbs often have a non-reflexive use also,
and can take objects that do not refer back to the subjectShe washed the child
and then dressed him quickly.
2. The Functions of Verb
The verb functions as the grammatical center for the predication about the subject. As
we have seen, it may be grammatical center expressing mere linkage, or it may be the
strongest predicating word in the central core of the sentence. The verb is so basic that
other functions (subject, object, complement) are determined in relation to it.
3. The Positions of Verb
The verb is used after a subject, or before an object or complement. The verb appears
before the subject in most questions, and in sentences or clauses that begin with
certain types of negative adverbs. (see the section on the position of nouns for more
information about the position of verbs).
4. The Derivational of Verb
The number of derivational forms that mark verbs is quite small. Such derivational
forms consist chiefly of the suffixes en, -ize, -fy, -ate, and the prefixes en- and be-.
The prefixes en- and be- sometimes function merely as verb intensifiersenliven,
entangle, bedeck, besmear.
We have already seen that many verbs have the same form as nounsthe answer, to
answer ; a desire, to desire ; an experiment, to experiment. Often such verbs are
interchangeable with phrases consisting of make, give, or have plus the nouns of the
same formto promise or to give a promise ; to make an attempt or to attempt ; to
quarrel or to have a quarrel.
A number of two-syllable verbs differ from the nouns of the same form only in the
position of the accent, the nouns of the same form only in the position of the accent,
the nouns being stressed on the first syllable, the verbs on the second.
Noun
Verb
The insult
to insult
The Object
to object
The Progress
to progress
5. The Markers of Verb
Modal marker verb power rules. Modal marker verb always shows the speakers
opinion in the here and now. Modal marker verbs always come first in a series of
verb. Modal markers verb always are followed by a do verb form . example: I do
believe, I do know.
C. THE ADVERB
An adverb is a part of speech that changes the meaning of verbs or any part of speech
other than nouns (modifiers of nouns are primarily adjectives and determiners). Adverbs
can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences, and other adverbs.
1. The Types of Adverb
a) Adverbs of Manner
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
The thief never shoots, because he has no gun.(answers the question: when?)
f) Concession:
: though, although, even though, while, nevertheless,
even if, (Inspite of .. phrase, despite clause)
g) Condition
: if, unless, as long as , on condition that.
D. THE ADJECTIVE
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to
qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, though linguists today
distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that were formerly considered to
be adjectives. In this paragraph, "traditional" is an adjective, and in the preceding
paragraph, "main" and "more" are.
1. The Types of Adjective
When identifying types of adjectives, you'll need to determine what function the
adjective performs in the sentence. An adjective is a word that modifies a noun.
Teaching adjectives can be tricky, since children often mistake adverbs for adjectives
and vice versa. Remind your child that an adjective describes or modifies a person,
place or thing, while an adverb modifies a verb, or something that is being done.
Here are the different types of adjectives kids should know :
a) Descriptive Adjectives
These colorful adjectives are words that describe a noun. For example, the
following bolded words are common descriptive adjectives: a short boy, a scary
story or a spooky cat.
b) Limiting Adjectives
Limiting adjectives quantify a noun. They tell us how much or how many, giving
us an idea of how much of the noun is being described. For example: the three
girls played hopscotch, that paper is soiled or the doctor's office is under
construction. In each of these examples, the noun described is limited, either to a
specific group of girls, a specific paper or a particular office.
c) Predicate Adjectives
Some adjectives can be really tricky. Predicate adjectives follow a linking verb,
but ultimately they describe the noun. The following bolded words are predicate
adjectives: playing the game was exciting; the two girls look familiar. In the first
example, exciting describes a noun that is a gerund of a verb. In the second
example, familiar describes the girls.
d) Verbal Adjective
In some cases, verbal is also adjective. For example, a participle ending in -en,
-ed or -ing is always an adjective. For example, "My son is driven to perform
well academically." Another verbal that can function as an adjective is an
infinitive adjective, as in, "To sing beautifully is desirable." Beautifully modifies
"to sing," but "to sing" is an infinitive, making "beautifully" an infinitive
adjective instead of an adverb.
2. The Functions of Adjective
Adjectives tell us more about a noun. They can:
Comparable
Dapat dibandingkan
b. By adding suffix a letter less on the nouns it means contrary from the
meaning of noun.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Care
Careless
Ceroboh
c. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ious or ous on nouns.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Danger
Dangerous
berbahaya
d. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ful or iful on nouns it means full of.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Beauty
Beautiful
Cantik
e. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter y or on nouns it means full of.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Anger
Angry
Marah
f. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ical on nouns it means to be related
with.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Botany
Botanical
yang berhubungan
dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan
g. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ic or tic on nouns it means to be
related with.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Aristocrat
Aristocratic
Aristokratis
h. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter al or ous on nouns it means to be
related with.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Monument
Monumental
Sangat Besar
i. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ial on nouns it means to be related
with.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Mater
Material
material / bahan
j. By adding suffix a letter suffix a letter ive on noun it means to have a
characteristic.
Example : Verb
Adjective
Meaning
Adapt
Adaptive
Dapat menyesuaiakan diri
REFERENCES
Part Three, The English syntax
Rahman, A. Faidhal. 2010. English Grammar. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Widyatama
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_kinds_of_nouns
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/adverbs_position.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English ( a practical reference guide ). New Jersey :
Prentice-Hall, INC.
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ADJECTIVES4.cfm
http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/position-adjectives-general-rules/