Review of Crude Oil Properties

Specific gravity
Solution gas-oil ratio
Density of oil
- Calculation from composition (C3+)
- Calculation from composition (C1~ C3+)
- Calculation if composition is not known
Bubble point pressure
Formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility
Viscosity
 Formation Volume Factor BO
Definition (FVF, BO):
Vr: Volume of oil at reservoir T and P
Vr Vsc: Volume of oil at standard condition
Bo (14.7 psia and 60F)
Vsc Units: barrels of oil at reservoir conditions
per barrel of stock-tank oil (res bbl/STB),
always at 60F
BO > 1
- temperature high in reservoir
- Gas is dissolved in oil under reservoir conditions.
Shrinkage factor: 1/Bo
 Formation Volume Factor, Bo

Above bubble point pressure,

Below bubble point pressure,
 Estimation from Correlation Chart Chart #22

You need:
Gas-oil ratio
Gas gravity
Tank oil gravity
Temperature
Ex. 2.11: Estimation of Bo from Correlation Chart
We have an oil with the following properties:
g=0.786, o=40.7API, T=220F, read Bo values from
correlation chart under various Rs conditions.

Solution:
Estimation from chart #22
Rs = 600 SCF/STB, Bo = 1.35
Rs = 1000 SCF/STB, Bo = 1.52
 Two Phase (Total) Formation Volume
Factor, Bt
Definition: Volume in barrels one stock tank barrel and
its initial complement of dissolved gas occupies at
reservoir condition (res bbl / STB).

Bt Bo Bg ( Rsoi Rso )
Bo: single phase formation volume factor
Bg: gas formation volume factor
Rsoi: initial solution gas-oil ratio in reservoir
Rso: solution gas-oil ratio
Two Phase Formation Volume Factor, Bt

Bt Bo Bg ( Rsoi Rso )
Above bubble point pressure,
Rsoi = Rso, Bt = Bo

Below bubble point pressure

Bt > Bo
 Estimation of Bt from Correlation Charts

You need:
Gas-oil ratio
Gas gravity
Tank oil gravity (API)
Temperature
Pressure

Chart #20
 Ex. 2.12, Estimation of Bt from Correlation Chart
We have an oil with the following properties: g= 0.786, o
=40.7API, T = 220F, P = 2000 psia. Read Bt values
under various Rs conditions from correlation chart.
Solution:

Estimation from chart #20

Rso = 600 SCF/STB, Bt = 1.50
Rso = 1000 SCF/STB, Bt = 2.00
 Isothermal Compressibility
co: oil compressibility
1 dV
co v: volume
V dp T
p: pressure

Definition: change of volume per change of

pressure under constant temperature
condition.
Simplified calculation:
1 V2 V1
co
V p2 p1
V: V1, V2, or the average
 Isothermal Compressibility

p < pb: Villena-Lanzi correlation for black oil

ln(co ) 0.664 1.430 ln( p) 0.395ln( pb ) 0.390 ln(T )
0.455ln( Rsob ) 0.262 ln( o , API )
31.0(10) 6 co ( psia) 6600(10) 6 , 500 p ( psig ) 5300, 763 pb ( psig ) 5300, 78 T ( F ) 330
1.5 GOR, gas oilratio( SCF / STB) 1947, 6.0 o , API ( API ) 52.0, 0.58 g 1.20

p > pb: Vasquez and Beggs correlation

co (5Rsob 17.2T 1180 g 12.61o , API 1433) /( 105 )
126 p ( psig ) 9500, 1.006 Bo (bbl / STB ) 2.226
9.3 GOR, gas oilratio( SCF / STB ) 2199
15.3 o , API ( API ) 59.5, 0.511 g 1.351
 Viscosity
Viscosity ~ f(T, P, composition)

Above pb, viscosity increases with p

Below pb, viscosity decreases with p
 Viscosity Estimation Correlation
p < pb, dead oil (No solution gas):
log10 [log10 ( od 1)] 1.8653 0.025086 o , API 0.5644 log(T )
where od dead oil viscosity, cp, T = temperature, deg F
Conditions: 59 < T(F) < 176, -58 < Tpour (F) < 59, 5.0 < o , API < 58.0

p < pb, live oil (with solution gas)

o AodB
where A= 10.715(R so 100) 0.515 , B 5.44( Rso 150) 0.338
conditions:
0<p(psig)<5250, 70<T(F)<295, 16<o,API ( API ) 58
20<GOR, gas-oil ratio (SCF/STB)<2070
 Viscosity Estimation Correlation Chart
Dead oil Live oil

Chart #19
 Viscosity Estimation Correlation
p > pb

o ob ( p / pb ) m
where m= 2.6p1.187 exp[-11.513-8.98(10)-5 p]
ob oil viscosity at the bubble point pressure, cp
conditions:
126< p(psig) <9500, 15.3<o,API ( API ) 59.5
0.511 g 1.351
9.3<GOR, gas-oil ratio (SCF/STB)<2199
0.117<o (cp ) 148.0
 Type of Oil

Black oil
Volatile oil
Black Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir

Separator
 Black Oil

Contain more relatively heavier

components
Critical T is far away from reservoir T
Rso < 2000 scf/STB
Bo < 2.0 res bbl/STB
Not always black, but usually dark colors
 Volatile Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir

Separator
Comparison: Black and Volatile Oil

Pressure path in
reservoir

Separator
 Volatile Oil

Contain more intermediate components

(ethane to hexane)
Critical T is close to reservoir T
2000 < Rso < 3300 scf/STB
Bo > 2.0 res bbl/STB
2. Fluid and Rock Properties

2.1 Rock properties

2.2 Gas properties
2.3 Liquid properties
 Oil properties:
Specific gravity
Bubble point pressure
Formation volume factor
Solution gas-oil ratio
Density
Total Formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility
Oil viscosity,
Gas properties:
z factor
Formation volume factor
Gas viscosity
Specific gravity,
Questions: How do we obtain raw data on these
properties?
 Reservoir Sample Collection
Bottom-hole sample or subsurface sample

Put in figures
 Reservoir Sample Collection
Separator samples, surface samples,
recombination samples

Put in figures
2. Fluid and Rock Properties

2.1 Rock properties

2.2 Gas properties
2.3 Liquid properties
2.4 Reservoir fluid properties PVT study
 Reservoir Fluid Studies PVT study

Oil Properties
Gas properties
Quantities of separator gas, stock-
tank gas, and stock-tank oil

Important properties in material balance equation

Reservoir Fluid Studies PVT study
Oil properties:
Bubble point pressure
Formation volume factor
Solution gas-oil ratio
Total Formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility
Oil viscosity,
Gas properties:
z factor
Formation volume factor of gas
Gas viscosity
Specific gravity,
 PVT Study Procedures

Composition measurement
Flash vaporization
Differential vaporization
Separator tests
Viscosity measurement
 Composition Analysis

Usually determine the composition of C1-

C6, and lump all others to heptanes plus.

Heptanes plus composition

We get: mole fraction of each component.

 Flash Vaporization

Put in figures

p1>pb, Vt,1 p2>pb, Vt,2 p3, Vt,3 p4, Vt,4 p5, Vt,5

p decrease gradually
 Flash Vaporization

Put in figures

Start at Tr, Pr >= Pb

Pressure is reduced gradually.
Agitation to keep liquid-gas equilibrium.
No gas or liquid is removed from the cell.
Also called: flash vaporization, flash liberation, pressure-
volume relations, constant composition expansion, flash
expansion.
What we Get from Flash Vaporization?

Determination of:
Put in figure 10-2
pb
Vsat
specific volume = Vsat / mass
relative volume:
V / Vsat, (Vt/Vb)F:
Ex. 2.13: The data from a
flash vaporization on a black
oil at 220 deg F is given
below. Determine the bubble
point pressure and prepare a
table of pressure and relative
volume for the reservoir fluid
study.

Solution:
1. Plot pressure against total volume, determine
pb = 2620 psig, Vb = 63.316 cc
2. Determine relative volume = Vt / Vb
Ex. 2.13: The data from a flash vaporization on a black oil
at 220 deg F is given below. Determine the bubble point
pressure and prepare a table of pressure and relative volume
for the reservoir fluid study.
 Differential Vaporization

p1>=pb, Vo,1 p2, Vo,2 p3, Vo,3

p decrease gradually until atmospheric P

 Differential Vaporization

Start at Tr, P >= Pb

Pressure is reduced gradually.
Agitation to keep liquid-gas equilibrium.
Gas expelled from cell while keeping p constant.
Gas quantity and properties determined.
Vo determined at each p until atmospheric p
residual oil at T = 60 deg F and P = Pa
Called: differential liberation, differential expansion
 What we Get from Differential Vaporization
Oil:
Vo at various p (Reservoir conditions)
Vresidual oil (standard condition): Vo,sc
Relative volume = Vo / Vresidual oil (= BoD)
Gas:
Vg at cell condition (Reservoir conditions): Vr
Vg at standard condition: Vg,sc
Also know: pr, psc, Tr, Tsc z
Vr prTsc
z factor Vsc pscTr
zTr cu ft
Bg Bg 0.0282
pr scf
How is Gas-oil Ratio (Rso) Determined?

Vg , sc
RsD
Vo , sc

Vg , sc (entire process)
Bubble point RsDb
gas-oil ratio: Vo , sc
 How is Relative Total Volume
Determined?

BtD BoD Bg ( RsDb RsD )

 PVT Study Procedures

Composition measurement
Flash vaporization
Differential vaporization
Separator tests
Oil viscosity measurement
What we Get from Flash Vaporization?

Determination of:
Put in figure 10-2
pb
Vsat
specific volume = Vsat / mass
relative volume:
V / Vsat, (Vt/Vb)F:
 What we Get from Differential Vaporization
Oil:
Vo at various p (Reservoir conditions)
Vresidual oil (standard condition): Vo,sc
Relative volume = Vo / Vresidual oil (= BoD)
Gas:
Vg at cell condition (Reservoir conditions): Vr
Vg at standard condition: Vg,sc
Also know: pr, psc, Tr, Tsc z
Vr prTsc
z factor Vsc pscTr
zTr cu ft
Bg Bg 0.0282
pr scf
 Vg , sc
Gas-oil ratio: RsD
Vo , sc

Vg , sc (entire process)
Bubble point RsDb
gas-oil ratio: Vo , sc

Total relative BtD BoD Bg ( RsDb RsD )

volume:
Ex.2.14: The data from a differential vaporization on a
black oil at 220 deg F are given below. Prepare a table
of solution gas-oil ratios, relative oil volumes, and
relative total volumes by this differential process. Also
include z-factor and formation volume factors of the
increments of gas removed.
Ex.2.14 All calculation will be shown for pressure at 2100 psig.
1. Calculate gas-oil ratio:
Solution Vg , sc (0.21256 0.02265 0.01966) scf
R sD 684 scf/residual bbl
Vo , sc (39.572 cc residual oil)(6.29 10 bbl/cc)
-6

1'. Calculate gas-oil ratio at bubble point:

Vg , sc (all ) 0.21256 scf
R sDb 854scf/residual bbl
Vo , sc (39.572 cc residual oil)(6.29 10-6 bbl/cc)
2. Calculate relative oil volume:
59.952 reservoir cc res bbl
BoD 1.515
39.572 residual cc residual bbl
3. Calculate z-factor
VR p R Tsc (4.292 cc)(35.315 10-6 cu ft/cc)(2114.7 psia)(520R)
z= 0.851
Vsc psc TR (0.01966 scf)(14.65 psia)(680R)
4. Calculate formation volume factor of gas
zT cu ft cu ft
Bg 0.0282 r 0.0282 0.851 680 / 2114.7 0.00771
pr scf scf
(another way of calculating Bg ?)
5. BtD BoD Bg ( RsDb RsD )
res bbl 0.00771 cu ft/scf scf
1.515 + (854 684)
residual bbl 5.615 cu ft/bbl residual oil bbl
res bbl
BtD 1.748
residual bbl
Ex.2.14 Solution
 Separator Tests

Stock tank T, P

Separator T, P

Reservoir T, P >= Pb
 Separator Tests

Volume of liquid expelled from the cell

BoSb
Volume of liquid arriving in the stock tank

Volume of separator gas +volume of stock-tank gas

RsSb
Volume of liquid in the stock tank
 Selection of Separator Conditions
Optimum separator pressure: the pressure that
produces the maximum amount of stock-tank fluid.
minimum RsSb, BoSb, maximum API
Typical range: 100 to 120 psig
Ex 2.15. Given the following separator test data of a black oil,
calculate gas-oil ratio and formation volume factor. Volume of oil
at bubble-point pressure and reservoir temperature = 182.637 cc;
volume of separator liquid at 100 psig and 75 deg F = 131.588cc;
volume of stock-tank oil at 0 psig and 75 deg F = 124.773 cc;
volume of stock-tank oil at 0 psig and 60 deg F = 123.906; volume
of gas removed from separator = 0.52706 scf, volume of gas
removed from stock tank = 0.07139 scf.

182.637 cc
BoSb 1.474 res bbl/STB
123.906 cc
volume of gas from separator + volume of gas from stock tank
R sSb
volume of gas from stock tank
0.52706 scf + 0.07139 scf

123.906 cc (6.29 10-6 bbl/cc)
767.9 scf/STB