1.

Energy Crisis
a. Cause
Government actions like tax hikes, nationalisation of energy
companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and
demand of energy away from its economic equilibrium. Market
failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A
crisis

can

develop

due

to

industrial

actions

like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause

may

be over-consumption,

aginginfrastructure, choke

point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that

restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during very cold
winters due to increased consumption of energy.
Large fluctuations and manipulations in future derivatives can
have a substantial impact on price. Large investment banks control
80% of oil derivatives as of May 2012, compared to 30% only a
decade ago. This increase contributed to an improvement of global
energy output from 117 687 TWh in 2000 to 143 851TWh in
2008. Limitations on free trade of derivatives could reverse this
trend of growth in energy production. Kuwaiti Oil Minister Hani
Hussein stated that "Under the supply and demand theory, oil prices
today are not justified," in an interview with Upstream.
Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor
interruptions to energy supplies. A crisis could possibly emerge after
infrastructure damage from severe weather. Attacks by terrorists
or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem for
energy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle Eastfacility
potentially causing global shortages. Political events, for example,
when governments change due to regime change, monarchy
collapse, military occupation, and coupmay disrupt oil and gas
production and create shortages. Fuel shortage can also be due to
the excess and useless use of the fuels.

b. Effect
The macroeconomic implications of a supply shock-induced
energy crisis are large, because energy is the resource used to
exploit all other resources. When energy markets fail, an energy
shortage

develops.

intentionally

Electricity

engineered rolling

consumers

may

blackouts during

experience
periods

of

insufficient supply or unexpected power outages, regardless of the

cause.
Industrialized nations are dependent on oil, and efforts to restrict
the supply of oil would have an adverse effect on the economies of
oil

producers.

For

the

consumer,

the

price

ofnatural

gas, gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises. An
early

response

from

stakeholders

is

the

call

for

reports,

investigations and commissions into the price of fuels. There are

also movements towards the development of more sustainable
urban infrastructure.

In 2006, survey respondents in theUnited States were willing to pay

more for a plug-in hybrid car

Global New Investments in Renewable Energy[15]

In the market, new technology and energy efficiency measures

become desirable for consumers seeking to decrease transport
costs.[16]January 30, 2008 Planet Ark. Examples include:

In 1980 Briggs & Stratton developed the first gasoline hybrid

electric automobile; also are appearing plug-in hybrids.

the growth of advanced biofuels.

innovations like the Dahon, a folding bicycle

modernized and electrifying passenger transport

Railway electrification systems and new engines such as

the Ganz-Mavag locomotive

variable compression ratio for vehicles

Other

responses

include

the

development

of unconventional

oil sources such as synthetic fuel from places like the Athabasca Oil
Sands,

more renewable

of alternative
towards local

energy

propulsion.
foods and

There

commercialization and
may

be

use

a Relocation trend

possibly microgeneration, solar

thermal

collectors and other green energy sources.

Tourism trends and gas-guzzler ownership varies with fuel costs.
Energy

shortages

from nuclear

can

power

influence

public

plants to

opinion
electric

Building construction techniquesimproved insulation,

on

subjects
blankets.
reflective

roofs, thermally efficient windows, etc.change to reduce heating

costs.

2. High Cost
a. Cause
High request: One cause of inflation is the increase in
demand while supply (products that can be produced or
products that are commercially available) can not meet or
comply with the request, then there was a price increase,

the ends - ends can lead to inflation (if the goods are goods
very influential, such as fuel).
Of rising production costs: When the cost price of
production of a product increases, the price of the products
will also rise. In addition to the above two factors that
cause inflation, there are again some other factors that
cause inflation, maybe I mentioned above may be a picture
of how inflation can occur.
b. Effect
Inflation can cause interference with economic stability in
which economic operators are reluctant to do speculations
in the economy. In addition, inflation could also worsen the
welfare of society as a result of declining purchasing power
of the general public as a result of rising prices. Besides the
income distribution was getting worse due not everyone
can adjust to inflation.
Explained a lot of sense given inflation experts. Inflation
according to A.P. Lehnerinflasi is a situation where there is
excess demand (Excess Demand) for goods in the overall
economy. Other experts are Ackley provide understanding
of inflation as a continuous price increases of goods and
services in general (not the kind of goods only and for a
moment).
Meanwhile,

according

to

Boediono,

inflation

as

the

tendency of prices to rise in general and continuously. The

price increase of one or two items alone can not be called
inflation, unless the increase is extended to or result in
increases in most of the other goods.

Inflation can be interpreted as a process of rising prices in

general and continuously or inflation is also a process of
decline in currency values continuously. Inflation is the
process of an event, not a high-low level of prices. That is,
the high level of prices is considered not necessarily
indicate inflation. Inflation is considered to occur if the
price increase takes place continuously.
3. Black Out
External factors, among others:
Lightning
trees
Occupation / other sources
beast
excavation
Internal factors :
Can be caused by the condition of the components and
equipment installed in the network, either due to age or due
to installation errors (human error).
From some of the above, network intrusion is most common
disorder caused by trees, ranging from a tree branch that
touches the network to a fallen tree, which resulted in the
collapse of the network. For it should as a fellow user of
electricity, and the rest as a human being PLN I urge readers
together - together can keep the electricity grid that is around
us, that is by not planting trees under the network and not cut
down a tree that is near the network without notice to the PLN
officers.

4. Electric Power Resources

Today almost all the equipment used by humans to work using
the energy listerik. Lights, tivi, fan, refrigerators, mobile
phones, and rice cookers are some examples of household
appliances that use energy listerik. In addition to household

appliances, many other appliances that use energy listerik,

such as computers, saws listerik, even trains listerik.
From where do we get the energy source listerik? One is from
the battery. Listerik small appliances typically use battery.
These objects eg mobile phones, flashlights, toy cars, and
clocks. Batre save some energy listerik to be discharged after
being used within a certain time. Furthermore, the battery
should be replaced or recharged.
Sources of Electric Energy
Battery. At the end there are two poles of the battery is
positive and negative poles. If the outside of the battery packs
we open will be a visible layer of zinc, zinc layer serves as the
negative pole. Objects that serve as a positive pole is a
charcoal rod located in the central part. The carbon rod
surrounded by black powder which is an electrolyte. The
electrolyte is a substance that dissolves or decomposes in the
form of ions and subsequently the solution became conductor
electrically. Because the battery electrolyte in the form of
powder, batteries are also often called dry element. On the
outer surface of the battery typically there is writing, such as
1.5 volts. That is, the battery voltage of 1.5 volts of electricity.
Volt is the unit used to express the power supply voltage.
Akkumulator (Aki). Aki also called wet elements in the form of
a liquid as its electrolyte (sulfuric acid). Aki including the
secondary cell, because in addition to producing an electric
current, the battery can also be charged the electric current
back. The inside of the battery consists of a slab of lead and
lead peroxide dipped in a solution of sulfuric acid. The slab
consists of lead plates Positive and negative plates, for plate
made of Lead Peroxide positive, while negative plates are only
made of metallic lead. Among the positive plates and plates
negetif by dividing so that no contact can lead to shortcircuiting. Lead and lead peroxide reacts with sulfuric acid, the
result of a chemical reaction that produces electricity.

Dinamo and Generator. Dinamo typically used to turn the

lights on bicycles. Dinamo consists of a coil placed in a
magnetic field, when the head of the armature (the part that
attaches to the bicycle tire) spinning the spindle also rotates.
Turnover coil in a magnetic field to produce electrical energy.
A wheel rotation speed affects a large electric current is
generated. The faster the wheel spins the greater the
electrical energy produced. So dynamo converts the energy of
motion into electrical energy.
Source of electrical energy which converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy which is another generator. In the
generator works almost the same way with the dynamo, but
the electrical energy generated is greater. Generators that are
usually driven by large windmills or turbines. The turbine is
rotated by using water power from the dam or dams.
Solar Cells. The sun is a source of enormous energy. Solar
energy in the form of heat and light energy. Along with the
development of technology, solar energy can be converted
into electrical energy. Tool is able to convert so-called solar
cells. The solar cells can be installed on the roof of the house.
The solar cells would capture the solar energy and stores it in
an electric element. Furthermore, the energy can be used to
power electrical equipment. Moreover, solar cells are also
used in calculators and solar cars. Space stations also utilize
solar energy.
Nuclear. Nuclear is a source of enormous energy. Nuclear
energy is produced from the reaction of atoms inside a
reactor. Nuclear can be used as material for atomic bombs. In
addition, can be used as a nuclear power plant. The use of
nuclear as a source of electrical energy does not cause
pollution. However, the nuclear leak to watch. Leaks can
cause disability or even death.
5. Burning
a. Cause

Lightning strikes in tinder dry forests due to prolonged

drought.
Human carelessness among others throw cigarette butts

carelessly and forgot to put out the fire in the camp.

Volcanic activity as affected by lava flows or heat clouds

of volcanic eruptions.
Deliberate actions such as clearing land for agriculture

or open up new agricultural land and acts of vandalism.

Fire in basement / ground fire in the peat soil area that

could spark fires on the ground during the dry season.

b. Effect
- Spread the emission of carbon dioxide gas into the
atmosphere. The forest fires in 1997 caused the
emission / spread as much as 2.6 billion tons of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere (source majala Nature
2002). As a proportion of total carbon dioxide emissions
-

worldwide in that year was 6 billion tons.

The killing of wildlife and extinction of both plants due to
fire, smoke trapped or habitat destruction. Fires can also
cause many species endemic / typical in a rural area
partly extinct before they could be identified /

examined.
Cause flooding for several weeks during the rainy

season and drought in the dry season.

Drought can cause delays caused by river transport path

and causing famine in remote areas.

Drought will also reduce the volume of water reservoirs
during the dry season which resulted in interruption of

the power plant (HEPP) in the dry season.

The loss of the raw material timber industry, furniture /
furniture. Furthermore this can lead to a logging
company was forced to close due to lack of raw
materials and tens of thousands of workers becoming

unemployed / job loss.

The increasing number of patients with upper
respiratory tract infections (ARI) and lung cancer. This
can lead to death for elderly people and children. This

smoke pollution can exacerbate the disease TBC /

-

asthma.
Smoke from causing disturbances in various aspects of
community life, among others, education, religion and
the economy. Many schools are forced to be closed
when the haze is at a dangerous level. Residents are
advised not to travel if there is no urgent need. This is
disturbing religious activities and reduce trade /
economy. Smoke disruption also occurs in
communications and transport / transport form of lower
limit of view. Many airports are closed during the
morning in the dry season due to limited sight distance
can be dangerous for flight. Frequent accidents collision

between boats on rivers, because of limited visibility.

Destruction of buildings, cars, public facilities and other
possessions.

6. Illegal Installation (fir ini ttg koslet, yg installisasi listrik itu

gdpt lg)
Penyebab :
Insulators from a poor conductor (as a result of poor
installation)
- Isolator which is brittle or already have a pretty good power
isolator
- Peeled cable insulation
- The use of electrical equipment or power lines passing
through the strong current-carrying power or specified
Thus, we should be able to prevent the occurrence of fire due
to electrical short circuit which is located in the homes of our
own. And here are some tips to prevent fires due to electrical
short circuit:
1. Do not accumulate electrical plug or plugs too much on one
source of electricity
2. Use electrical materials such as cables, switches, plugs,
plug telahterjamin quality and labeled SNI (Indonesian
National Standard)

3. Use the electric circuit breaker (fuse) in accordance with the

power connected, do not overbid or reduced
4. If the fuse broken fibers do not connect with a wire that is
not a function because each fuse has measured the ability to
receive a certain load
5. Use the appropriate cable type and size designation and
current-carrying capacity
6. Do not leave any wires exposed or open joints
7. Avoid the use of electricity illegally.