Jakarta Urban Transport Policy:

Racing with Fast Motorization

Dr. Heru Sutomo
Centre for Transportation and Logistics Studies (PUSTRAL)
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Structure

Introduction
The problems
Current strategy
MRT+Railway
BRT
Traffic Restraint
Challenges

Introduction
Sound economic performance despite world
recession
Motorization at its peak
Decentralization: move away integration with the
urbanized greater Jakarta
Transport: Jakarta is a model for other cities
Sustainability of BRT success
President commitment to reduce CO2 26% in 2020

TRANSPORT PROFILE IN JAKARTA

TRIPS

VEHICLES

Total 20.7 million per day (2008 )

Approx 6.5 mil. (2009); Private: 98,6%; Public:
1,4%

Average growth: 10% per year

Additional cars: 240/day; Motorcycles: 890/day
Private 44% -- (car population 98.6%)

Public : 53% -- (bus-population 1,4%)

Sub-urban rail: 3% (2008)

MODAL
SHARE

ROAD
NETWORK

Road length 7.650 km

Road area 40,1 km2 (6,2% of tolal area)

Growth: 0,01% per year

Vehicle operating cost wasted: US$ 1.8 bill./year

CONGESTION
Fuel wasted US$ 1.1 bill./year
COST

The problems

Severe and widespread congestion

Motorcycles growth: the fastest
Safety issues emerging
Motorcyclists are associated with the low income
group: social problems
Growing cyclists But not responded
Poor pedestrian& public transport infrastructure
New Road and Traffic Act (2009): MoT no longer in
control

Vehicle Growth vs. Road Area

Ilustrasi Utilisasi Jumlah Kendaraan (Roda 4)
Terhadap Luas Jalan di DKI Jakarta

3.300

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15

3.000
2.700
2.400
2.100

Posisi di tahun
2009

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1.800
1994

Road Area (mil. m2)

Unit kend.
Roda 4 (x 1000)

1.500
1.200

jalan

Year

kend.

Without drastic
intervention total
vehicles (in area) will
be equivalent to the
total road area in 2014
Severe congestion
predicted

ROAD RATIO VS CARS PER 10 POPULATION

Jakarta
60

Road Defiency
City

50
40

Tokyo

Paris

30
20
10

Road network can

accommodate 1,05 million
cars out of 1,55 million
registered

Singapura

London

New York

Road Ratio

Jakarta
Paris
London
New York
Singapura
4
Tokyo

Road ratio
6.26%
24%
21%
33%
12%
22%

Cars per
1000 pop
172
380
300
550
100
240

Car per 10^4 Population

The OPTIONS
-Increase Road Ratio to
12% by building 5.950 km
new roads
Or
- Reduce Traffic by 32,6%

PREDICTED ECONOMIC LOSSES

Study on Integrated Transportation Master Plan (SITRAMP) :
In 2020, if no significant intervention on high motorization
in Jakarta, estimated economic loss would be Rp 65 Triliun
(US$ 7 billion):
- Loss due to vehicle operating cost = US$ 3 billion
- Loss due to time wasted = US$ 4 billion

NOT considering health and environmental costs!

Current Strategy

3 Macro
Transport
Strategies

MRT/Subway+Rail

MASS
TRANSIT
DEVELOPMENT

LRT/Monorail

BRT/Busway

Restrict Usage

MACRO
TRANSPORT
PLAN

TRAFFIC
RESTRAINT

Road Pricing/ERP
Parking Control
Park n Ride
ATCS
Widening/segregated

ROAD NETWORK
DEVELOPMENT

Network development
Pedestrianization

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
 Expansion/Improve Jabotabek Railway
 Airport link developed by PT.Railink
 Reintroduce Loop Line, Ciliwung Blue Line, Nov 2007.

Complementary Measures:





Introduce Transit Oriented Development

Tackling at-grade crossing.
Developing feeder and integrated ticketing system.
Facilitating Airport-Link development

ANCOL

TANJUNGPRIOK

KP. BANDAN
Bandara

ANGKE

1,364 km

DURI

PESING

19,297 km

SAWAHBESAR

Dipo
Thb
TANAHABANG

RAWABUAYA

PASARSENEN
JUANDA

9,890 km
GAMBIR

PALMERAH

PORIS

KEMAYORAN

MANGGABESAR

KALIDERES

RAJAWALI

JAYAKARTA

GROGOL
TAMANKOTA
BOJONGINDAH

29,738 km

KRAMAT

KEBAYORAN

SUDIMARA

MAMPANG

23,278 km

CIKINI
MANGGARAI
SUDIRMAN

PONDOKRANJI

KARET

TANGERANG
Stabling Tng

GANGSENTIONG

GONDANGDIA
1

BATUCEPER

BY Mri

PONDOKJATI

Dipo
Bud

TEBET
CAWANG

DURENKALIBATA
RAWABUNTU

SERPONG

6,751 km

JAKARTAKOTA

Dipo
Jng
JATINEGARA
CIPINANG
KLENDER
BUARAN

PASARMINGGUBARU
PASARMINGGU

Stabling Srp
44,920 km

14,802 km

KLENDERBARU

CAKUNG

TANJUNGBARAT
RAWABEBEK

LENTENGAGUNG
UNIV. PANCASILA

KRANJI
BEKASI

UNIV. INDONESIA
Stabling Bks
PONDOKCINA
KA Loop Line

DEPOKBARU

KA Bandara

DEPOK
Dipo
Depok

CITAYAM
BOJONGGEDE

CILEBUT
BOGOR
Stabling Boo

Revitalization JABOTABEK Railway

BRT/BUSWAY
PROGRESS

Januari 2004 Corr I (Blok M-Kota)

Januari 2006 Corr II (Pulogadung-Harmoni) & III
(Harmoni-Kalideres)

Januari 2007 Corr IV (Pulogadung-Dukuh Atas), V
(Kampung Melayu-Ancol), VI (Ragunan-Kuningan) & VII
(Kampung Rambutan-Kampung Melayu)

Februari 2009 Corr VIII (Lebak Bulus Harmoni)

EXPECTED 2010 Corr IX (Pinang Ranti Pluit) & X
(Cililitan Tanjung Priok)

8 corridors total 123,35 km, serving 250.000 pax/day

10 CORRIDORS BRT 2009

TJ. PRIOK

1
0

ANCOL

1
KOTA

3
KALIDERES

GROGOL

PULOGADUNG
HI

KB. JERUK

PULOGEBANG

10 CORRIDORS
1. Blok M Kota
2. Pulogadung Harmoni

KP. MELAYU

BLOK M

6
CILILITAN

3. Kalideres Harmoni
9

4. Pulogadung Dukuh atas

5. Kp. Melayu - Ancol

RAGUNAN

6. Ragunan - Kuningan
7. Kp.Rambutan Kp.Melayu
8. Lebak Bulus Harmoni
9. Pinang Ranti Pluit
10. Cililitan Tanjung Priok

KP. RAMBUTAN

BRT Performances
YEAR

PASENGERS

GROWTH

COST
RECOVERY

2004

15.942.423

2005

20.798.196

30,46%

97,51%

2006

38.828.039

86,69%

75,18%

2007

61.446.334

58,24%

65,22%

2008

74.619.995

21,45%

66,61%

2009

83.205.397

21,45%

60,98%

89,91%

1ST Phase N-S Line

2nd Phase N - S
Line
East West
Line
Underground Station
Elevated Station

MRT NorthSouth Line

Project Profile

Tanjung
Priok

1st Phase

Kampung
Bandan
Beos

Length

14.5 Km (10.5 Km 22.7 Km (8.2

Elevated, 4 Km
underground
Underground)
extension)

Station

12 (8 Elevated, 4
Underground)

9 underground

Travel Time

28 minutes

51 minutes

Station Dist

0.8 2.2 km

0.8 2.2 km

Headway

5 minutes (2016)

5 minutes (2020)

Target Daily
Passenger

380.000 (2021)

630.000 (2030)
with TDM and TOD

Rolling Stock

17 sets (102 cars) 34 sets (204 cars)

Power

35 40 MVA

50 MVA

Depot

Lebak Bulus (90

cars)

North Jakarta

Operation

November 2016

2020

TO Tangerang
Duri

Sta. Dukuh Atas

Sta.
Setiabudi
Sta. Bendungan Hilir
Sta. Istora
Sta.
Senayan
Sta.
Sisingamangaraha
Sta. Blok M

TO Serpong

2nd Phase
(Extension)

Sta. Blok A

1
Sta. Haji
Nawi
Sta. Cipete Raya
Lebak
Bulus
Sta. Fatmawati

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS
Emission and Noise Level Condition
Existing Emissions Level
Emission

Condition
along
MRT 1st
Line
Corridor

Unit

Lebak Bulus

Cipete

Blok B

Sudirman

CO

g/Nm3

3617

5765

7800

2826

Pb

g/Nm3

0.29

1.84

1.26

0.68

SO

g/Nm3

NO

g/Nm3

59.9

14.4

55.1

59.8

TSP

g/Nm3

546

242

291

254

PM10

g/Nm3

381

186

201

197

Source : MRT Project EIA, 2005

Jakarta Pollution

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS
Emission Level Improvement
Emissions Level

MH. Thamrin Road

Emission
Condition
along
MRT 1st Line
Corridor

CO

10.109

HC

1.880

NOx

2.933

PM
2000

Reduction
After
5 years (tons)

355

Air pollutants will decrease due to

traffic modal shift from private

1684 1674

1500
1000
443 441

500

303 300
39

38

0
CO

HC
Without MRT

N0x
With MRT

Save CO + 93.600 tons through

modal shift

PM

Reduce vehicle growth due to MRT

service utilization

Ind.

Estimated cost for Public Transport

BRT/Busway 275 Km : US$ 275 million
Monorail 27.8 Km : US$ 600 million
MRT/Subway 14 Km : US$ 900 million

Traffic Restraint
3-in-1 introduced in 1992: enforcement?
Little effect and overshadowed by the
Jockey
No comprehensive parking policy
Large leakage of parking revenue
Wheel clamp: not effective
Road Pricing awaiting Parliament approval
No restraint for motorcycles-even promote

Challenges

Renewed Masterplan underway

Need for unified Grater Jakarta (Jabodetabek)
Transform old bus system into BRT + feeder
TOD to secure sustainability of MRT and BRT and Rail
services
TDM to reduce 32% traffic
Safety: focusing on motorcycles
Promote NMV and Pedestrian
Short term cost efficient: parking control

Thank you
www.pustral-ugm.org