Battle of Mosul

Battle of Mosul (2016)
For other Mosul oensives, see Battle of Mosul (disam- 1.1 General background
biguation).
Main articles: Fall of Mosul and Mosul oensive (2015)
The Battle of Mosul (Arabic: ; Central Kurdish: ) is a joint oensive by Iraqi government forces with allied militias, Iraqi Kurdistan, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[47][48][49] The
oensive, dubbed Operation "We Are Coming, Nineveh" ( ; Qadimun Ya Naynawa),[50][51] began on 16 October 2016 with forces besieging ISILcontrolled areas in the Nineveh Governorate surrounding
Mosul.[52][53][54] The battle for Mosul is considered key
in the military intervention against ISIL, which seized the
city in June 2014.[55] Outnumbering ISIL forces 10 to 1,
it is the largest deployment of Iraqi forces since the 2003
invasion by U.S. and coalition forces.[56]
Mosul is Iraqs second most populous city. It fell to

800 ISIL militants in June 2014 because of the largely
Sunni populations deep distrust of the primarily Shia
Iraqi government and its corrupt armed forces.[37][59] It
was in the Great Mosque in Mosul that ISIL leader Abu
Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the beginning of ISILs selfproclaimed caliphate which spans Iraq and Syria.[59]
The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The
city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities
including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and
Shabak people, who suered considerably under the virulently murderous Sunni Arab ISIL.[60] Mosul remains
[61]
The operation follows the Mosul oensive in 2015 the last stronghold of ISIL in Iraq, and the anticipated
to reclaim it was hyped as the mother of all
and 2016. The oensive began with Iraqi troops and oensive[62][63][64][65]
battles.
Peshmerga ghters engaging ISIL on three fronts outside
Mosul, going village to village in the surrounding area.
More than 120 towns and villages were liberated from
ISIL control in the rst two weeks of ghting. At dawn 1.2 Preparations for the battle
on 1 November, Iraqi Special Operations Forces entered
the city on the eastern front.[57] Met with erce ght- Main article: Mosul oensive (2016)
ing, the Iraqi advance into the city was slowed by elaborate defenses including road blocks, booby traps, sui- In the weeks leading up to the ground oensive, the UScide bombers and snipers along with the presence of led CJTF - OIR coalition bombed ISIL targets, and the
civilians.[58]
Iraqi Army made gradual advances on the city.[56] Royal
The Battle of Mosul is concurrent with the Raqqa oen- Air Force's Reaper drones, Typhoons and Tornados tarsive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on ISILs geted "rocket launchers, ammunition stockpiles, artillery
pieces and mortar positions in the 72 hours before the
stronghold in Syria.
ground assault began.[66] Leaets dropped on the city by
the Iraqi army advised young male residents to rise up
against ISIL when the battle began.[61] To prepare de1 Background
fenses against the assault, ISIL operatives dug 4 m2 holes
around the city, which they planned to ll with burning oil
to reduce visibility[56] and slow advances.[36] They also
built hundreds of elaborate tunnels in the villages surrounding Mosul, rigged with explosives and booby-traps,
and laid improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and mines
along the roads.[67] There was considerable concern that
ISIL may employ chemical weapons against soldiers and
civilians.[68]
Quaryat Tarjala
Hasan
Sahami
According to Iraqi sources, the assault towards Mosul

was being waged from Al-Khazer axis (east of Mosul),
Mosul Dam (northern axis), Baashiqa axis (eastern axis),
Al-Qayyarah axis (southern axis), and Talul el-Baj- AlKhadr axis (southwestern axis).[69]
as of : 2016/08/08
08/10
08/10
Kurds
into K. control
into IS. control
Map of the Kurdish-launched Mosul oensive, as of August 2016
1.3
BACKGROUND
Forces involved in the oensive
Peshmerga soldiers prepare to conduct a combined arms livere exercise with an Italian instructor near Erbil, on 12 October
2016.
U.S. Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend, commander of the Combined Joint Task Force, at Qayyarah Aireld West, 22 September
2016
About 3,0005,000 ISIL ghters were estimated to be

in Mosul, according to the United States Department
of Defense.[70] Other estimates ranged as low as 2,000
and high as 9,000 ISIL ghters.[37] Mosul Eye estimated
approximately 8,0009,000 ghters loyal to ISIL, with
"[h]alf of them... highly trained, and the rest... either teen-agers or not well trained. About ten percent
of the ghters are foreign (Arabs and non-Arabs). The
rest are Iraqis. Most are from Ninevehs townships and
districts.[71]
The Iraqi-led coalition was initially estimated by CNN to
have 94,000 members,[72] but this number was later revised upward to 108,500;[73] 54,000 to 60,000 Iraqi security forces (ISF) soldiers, 16,000 Popular Mobilization
Forces (PMF) ghters, and 40,000 Peshmerga (including
approximately 200 Iranian Kurdish female ghters from
PAK)[74] are deployed in the battle.[35][36]
Among the PMF units, the Christian Nineveh Plain
Forces composed of Assyrians are among the paramilitary forces in the Iraqi coalition.[75] Shia militias including several brigades of the paramilitary organization
Hashd al-Shaabi, the Peace Companies, Kata'ib Hezbollah, the League of the Righteous, the Badr Organization, Saraya Ashura, Saraya Khorasani, Kata'ib al-Imam
Ali, Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba and Turkmen Brigades
also took part.[13][76] The Ezidi community of the Sinjar region contribute Sinjar Resistance Units (YB) and
zdxan Womens Units (YJ),[29] which are operating
in concert with Sunni Arab Shammar tribal militias and
Peoples Defence Forces (HPG) of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).[77]
An international coalition of 60 nations, led by the United
States, is supporting Iraqs war against ISIL, providing logistical and air support, intelligence and advice.[78] The
international coalition forces are headquartered 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Mosul at Qayyarah Aireld
West (or Q-West) in Qayyarah, which was reclaimed
from ISIL in June.[79] About 560 U.S. troops from the
101st Airborne Division were deployed to Q-West for

the battle, including command and control elements, a
security detachment, an aireld operations team, and logistics and communications specialists.[80] The U.S. deployed HIMARS rocket launchers and M777 howitzers,
manned by the 101sts 2nd Brigade Combat Team and the
Golf Company, 526th Brigade Support Battalion. The
French army deployed four CAESAR howitzers and 150
to 200 soldiers at Qayyarah, with 600 more French troops
announced at the end of September.[81] An additional
150 French soldiers are in Erbil, east of Mosul, training Peshmerga.[76] The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle,
with a squadron of 24 Rafale M jets, was deployed from
Toulon to the Syrian coast to support the operation against
ISIL through airstrikes and reconnaissance missions; 12
other Rafale jets are operating out of French Air Force
bases in Jordan and the UAE.[82][83] 80 Australian special forces soldiers and 210 CANSOFCOM soldiers were
also deployed to assist the Peshmerga. In addition, the
Canadian Forces 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment was
also reported to be in the area, working to intercept and
relay ISIL communications, while a Role 2 Canadian
Army eld hospital with 60 personnel has been set up to
treat Kurdish casualties.[84][85]
An Iraqi soldier during a course on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense training at Camp Taji. Coalition
forces have expressed fears ISIL may use chemical weapons during the Battle of Mosul.
2.1
October: Initial advances
The Ba'ath loyalists group, known to be led by Saddam

Hussein's former vice president Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri,
issued a statement before the start of operations calling
for the people of the city to make an uprising against
ISIL and announced that they will ght the terrorist
organization.[86][87]
2
2.1
Battle timeline
1617 October
3
known as the Freedom Bridge was destroyed on 17 October. Peshmerga sources blamed ISIL for its destruction,
while ISIL claimed it was blown up by airstrikes.[95]
18 October
On 18 October, The Iraqi government declared that 20
villages near Mosul were captured from ISIL in the rst
24 hours of ghting by the Peshmerga and Iraqi forces.[96]
On the southern front, Iraqi troops retook several villages
near Qayyarah, including al-Sirt, Bajwaniya, al-Hud and
al-Mashraf, and parts of the al-Hamdaniya District southeast of Mosul. Iraqi Federal Police also regained control of 56 oilelds in the Qayyarah district.[97] According
to reports, the Peshmerga were met with little resistance
on the eastern front, while Iraqi and PMF ghters coming from the south were facing tougher resistance from
ISIL.[98]
The coalition strategy was reported to be encircling Mosul completely before Iraqi troops advanced into the citycenter.[99] Early in the day on 18 October, Iraqi forces
in the east came close to Qaraqosh (Bakhdida), once the
largest Christian town in Iraq, and ghters in the south
were closing in on Hammam al-'Alil.[92] Iraqi Army later
stormed Qaraqosh and fought with ISIL ghters who remained holed up.[100][101][102] The Iraqi and Peshmerga
A U.S. Army M109A6 Paladin conducts a re mission at advance had been slowed down during the same day due
Qayyarah Aireld West, in support of the Iraqi security forces to suicide bombers, roadside IEDs and oil res. In order to eliminate any ISIL presence completely from the
push toward Mosul, 17 October 2016.
villages on the outskirts of the city, they were carrying
[103][104]
The PeshOn 16 October, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi de- out street-by-street search operations.
clared the beginning of the assault to recapture the city of merga later paused their advance while the Iraqi Army
[105]
Mosul.[54] Ocials reported howitzers ring on ISIL tar- continued its advance.
[52]
gets later that day. The main assault began on 17 October at approximately 6 a.m.[61] with shelling and arrival of
armored vehicles to the front lines.[88] The Peshmerga in
the Khazir region east of Mosul started the ground assault
by advancing on ISIL-held villages from three fronts,
with Iraqi security forces advancing from the south.[89]
Iraqi troops advanced on the Bartella area east of Mosul while ISIL ghters red mortars at Peshmerga.[90]
The President of Iraqi Kurdistan, Massoud Barzani, said
that Peshmerga and Iraqi ghters retook 200 square kilometers (80 square miles) from ISIL on the rst day of
ghting.[91] Iraqi ocials reported that heavy losses of
life and equipment were inicted upon ISIL ghters in
the Hamdaniya district southeast of Mosul. ISIL ghters who were injured in the battle were reported to have
been bused towards the groups Syrian headquarters of
Raqqa for medical aid.[35] The anti-ISIL coalition destroyed 52 targets during the day[92] Family members of
ISIL ghters ed from Mosul to the village of Nawran
due to the shelling. It was also reported that some ght- Iraqi security forces transport combat equipment including M1A1
ers had started shaving their beards and were getting rid Abrams tanks and BMP-1 infantry ghting vehicles to tactical
of their Afghan uniforms.[93] The group was also reported assembly areas with assistance from the 313th Movement Control
to have evacuated and shifted its headquarters from west Battalion forward element, on 18 October 2016, near Makhmur,
side of Mosul to its east side.[94] A bridge into Mosul Iraq
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
Pro-government ghters in the south of Mosul were battling pockets of ISIL ghters and snipers as they tried to
reclaim the village of Abbasi,[106] and expected to soon
take control of the village of Zawiya.[107] Fighting resumed in the village of Kani Harami, which was captured
by the Iraqi Army a day earlier but recaptured by ISIL on
18 October as the Army lacked reinforcements.[101] The
Army also retook the village of Al-Hud on the Tigris,
where villagers had risen up against ISIL and killed at
least 9 militants.[108][109] State police also secured the AlMishraq sulfur plant south of Mosul.[110] The al-Shura
district was stated by its mayor to have been captured by
the Iraqi security forces.[111] Joint airstrikes by Iraqi and
coalition warplanes on ISIL headquarters in Mosul destroyed 13 targets and killed 35 militants.[112]
reported to be within 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the outskirts of Mosul.[119] The village of Kani Harami was captured after heavy ghting in the morning with the militants retreating to Abbasiyah.[120] A total of 22 towns
were reported to have been captured, with 12 by the Peshmerga and 10 by the ISF.[121] Nofal Hammadi, governor
of the Nineveh Governorate, declared that 40% of the
province had been retaken from ISIL.[122]
Al-Houd, injuring two ISIL militants before they were

captured along with a few other militants who attacked a
group of ISIL militants in the same village in coordination
with the PMF on the day before. In total, 30 Naqshabandi
militants were captured.[116]
The Peshmerga also announced a large-scale operation

to the north and northeast of Mosul, aiming to retake the
Christian towns of Tesqopa and Bashiqa.[126][130] During
the day, the Peshmerga liberated 6 villages, including 4
on the Bashiqa front line and 2 on the Nawaran front.
In addition, they also entered another 4 villages. They
briey captured the village of Tiz Khirab but were forced
to withdraw.[131] On the southern front, Iraqi forces resumed their push north after a brief pause[132] and recaptured six villages east of Qayyarah.[131]
The oensive to retake the town of Bashiqa northeast

of Mosul, originally scheduled for dawn, was delayed
due to lack of logistical support.[123] Thousands of Peshmerga were reportedly preparing to retake Bashiqa.[124]
The international coalitions commander Gary Voelsky
also stated that a majority of ISIL leaders were eeing
Mosul and predicted foreign ghters will form the maAs the Iraqi Army advanced on Mosul, rebellion against jority of militants remaining in the city.[125][126]
ISIL broke out in the city. The groups Islamic Police revolted and attacked four headquarters of the or- 20 October
ganisation. The revolt was put down with 7 rebellious
leaders being killed and many militants being executed. The ghting grew more intense on 20 October.[127] A
A group of rebels attacked a headquarters of the group large convoy of Golden Division arrived at positions rethe next day, killed 2 militants and raised the Iraqi ag taken by the Peshmerga forces.[128] They also captured
over the building. ISIL patrols in the city were also Bartella. ISIL ghters detonated 9 truck bombs during
attacked.[113][114][115]
the ghting.[129] According to Maj. Gen. Maan al-Saadi
A group of Naqshabandi Army militants reportedly at- of the Iraqi Army, 200 ISIL ghters were killed in the
[127]
tacked an ISIL controlled checkpoint in the village of ght for Bartella.
19 October
A U.S. bomb disposal expert embedded with the Peshmerga was killed after the vehicle he was riding in drove
over a roadside bomb.[133] ISIL also set Al-Mishraq sulfur plant on re, causing two deaths and nearly 1,000
hospitalizations from sulfur fume inhalation.[134] An ISIL
ambush near Bashiqa left dozens of Peshmerga dead or
wounded.[132] The group was also reported to be digging
trenches to slow the advancement of coalition troops.[135]
21 October
Airmen assigned to the 379th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron prepare to load a Joint Direct Attack Munition
onto an aircraft on 19 October as part of the U.S.-led airstrikes
supporting the oensive.
The Iraqi army resumed ghting on 19 October, surrounding Qaraqosh with ISIL deploying snipers and car
bombs.[117][118] Lt. Gen. Qassim al-Maliki declared that
Iraqi forces had captured 13 villages north and northeast
of Al Quwayr, south of Mosul. The Iraqi Army was also
ISIL launched multiple attacks in Kirkuk on 21 October

divert military resources. Multiple explosio/ref> On the
southern front, Iraqi troops retook several villages near
Qayyarah, including al-Sirt, Bajwaniya, al-Hud and alMashraf, and parts of the al-Hamdaniya District southeast of Mosul. Iraqi Federal Police also regained control
of 56 oilelds in the Qayyarah district.ns and gun battles
in the city, mostly centered on a government compound
were reported. A suicide bomber killed 13 workers, including four Iranians, at a power plant in Dibis. A senior
2.1
Peshmerga commander said that attackers had entered by

posing as IDPs.[136] Iraqi government forces meanwhile
reported that they had retaken 2 more villages south of
Mosul and killed 15 militants.[137]
22 October
On 22 October, Iraqi police declared that ISILs attack on
Kirkuk had been repelled and all attackers had been killed
or had blown themselves up.[138] Iraqi ocials also stated
that 80 people were killed in Kirkuk, primarily Kurdish
security forces, and about 170 injured; 56 ISIL militants
were also killed.[139] A reporter of Trkmeneli TV also
U.S. Army and Iraqi military leaders discuss battle plans at Qaydied in the attack,[138] while at least seven journalists were
yarah Aireld West, 25 October.
[140]
injured.
A large-scale oensive began to retake the Christian town
of Qaraqosh which remained under ISIL control after
several days of ghting.[141] Iraqi troops also advanced
on the town of Tel Keppe, north of Mosul.[142] Shifting
winds sent the gas from the ablaze Al Mishraq sulphur
plant to Qayyarah Aireld West, where U.S. and coalition
forces were forced to use gas masks.[138] A journalist was
also killed by a sniper in the al-Shura area.[138]
kilometres (1.2 mi) of the city and were pausing to wait

for reinforcements before proceeding.[151] Turkish military supporting the Peshmerga destroyed several ISIL targets in the Bashiqa region of Northern Iraq.[152][153] ISIL
also used the burning oil trenches to impede the visibility
of the Iraqi Air Force and international coalition air force
and executed 9 deserters.[154]
Mosul Eye reported that ISIL had executed detainees

and teens aged 1518 comprised the majority of ISIL 26 October
ghters in Mosul. The group was also reported to have
planted bombs and booby traps throughout the city and
was preparing for battle.[143]
2324 October
The Peshmerga claimed on 23 October that they had recaptured Bashiqa,[144][145] however it was reported on the
following day that they were still trying to capture it with
the help of Turkish military.[146] The Peshmerga General Command also stated that Peshmerge had cordoned
o 8 villages and had secured a signicant stretch of the
Bashiqa-Mosul highway. It also stated that they were now
within 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) of the city.[147]
ISIL increased its counterattacks in order to distract the
pro-government advancing towards Mosul. In addition
to the attack on Kirkuk on 21 October, ISIL ghters
struck Ar-Rutbah as well as Sinjar. Yazidi provincial
chief Mahma Xelil said that at least 15 ISIL ghters were
killed and two Peshmerga wounded in a two-hour battle in
Sinjar. ISIL claimed its forces destroyed two Peshmerga
vehicles, killing all on board.[148] Nearly 800 ISIL ghters
had been killed while 78 villages were reported to have
been retaken from the group as of 24 October.[149] The
attack on Kirkuk was also brought to an end by 24 October, with 74 militants being killed and others including
the leader of the attackers being arrested.[150]
A French Dassault Rafale is refueled from a KC-10 Extender on

26 October near Iraq. The French Air Force has 24 Rafale-Ms
supporting the coalition forces.
Iraqi forces were met with heavy resistance from ISIL

as they attempted to clear the militants from villages in
Shora, south of Mosul.[155] Hundreds of ISIL suicide
bombers were reported to have been sent from Syria to
defend Mosul.[156]
Meanwhile, Peshmerga forces captured the village of

Derk, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northeast of Mosul, where
they discovered a large ISIL tunnel containing a large
cache of weapons.[157] Stephen Townsend, the commander of US forces in Iraq, stated that coalition forces had
25 October
delivered more than 2,100 aerial bombs, artillery and
mortar shells, rockets and missiles since the oensive
Iraqi Special Operations Forces, advancing on Mosul to retake Mosul started. The Iraqi government stated
from the east of the city, were reported to be within 2 that that 57 Iraqi soldiers had been killed and about 250
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
wounded while 20 to 30 Peshmerga ghters are thought 30 October

to have been killed.[158]
The Peshmerga stated on 30 October that they had cap27 October
tured six more villages to north and east of Mosul, and had
seized control of several major roads and landmarks.[170]
Captain Fahd al-Laithi of Iraqs National Information It also stated that it had captured 500 square kilometers
Agency stated that 13 militants were killed in a coalition of territory since the operation began.[171] PMF meanairstrike that targeted an IS concentration in the Hamam while stated that they had captured eight more villages
al-Alil district while Iraqi forces had managed to retake 2 to the southwest of Mosul.[172] SOHR stated that at least
villages to the south of Mosul.[159] The head of the United 480 Syrian ghters including 300 child soldiers (known
States Central Command, Gen. Joseph Votel stated that as Cubs of the Caliphate) brought to Iraq by ISIL had
800-900 militants had been killed in the battle.[158]
been killed since the oensive began.[173]
28 October
31 October
U.S. military ocials estimated on 28 October that

were 3,000 to 5,000 ISIL ghters left defending Mosul
while 1,500 to 2,000 militants were stationed outside the
city.[160] Abdulrahman al Wagga, a member of Nineveh
provincial council, stated that Iraqi forces had retaken the
town of Al-Shura, to the south of Mosul and had evacuated 5,000 to 6,000 civilians from there. He further
stated that the area was now being cleared of homemade
bombs and booby traps while security forces had almost
surrounded Hammam al-Alil.[161] He also stated Iraqi security forces might storm Hammam al-Alil in the next
few hours but that it would depend on the situation on
the ground, as civilians were still present and ISIL militants were using a scorched earth policy by destroying
A U.S. soldier of the 101st Airborne Division and a member of
houses, buildings and bridges to slow them down.[162]
Peshmerga and Iraqi forces also captured Fadiliya, which
lies just 4 km away from Mosul.[163] UN meanwhile
stated that ISIL had taken tens of thousands of civilians
to use as human shields in Mosul, including at least 5,000
families from around Al-Shura and 2,210 families from
the Nimrud area of Hamdaniya. Those who refused to go
were executed[161][164]
29 October
The PMF stated on 29 October they had launched an offensive towards the west of Mosul with an aim to capture
villages west of Mosul and reach the town of Tal Afar in
order to prevent ISIL ghters from retreating into neighboring Syria or any reinforcement for their defense of
Mosul. They have been tasked with recapturing around
14,000 km2 of territory from the group.[165][166][167] They
also stated that they would not enter Mosul.[168] Meanwhile, Iraqi Army and PMF captured 15 villages from
ISIL.[167]
the Iraqi Special Operations Forces discuss assessment of Iraqi

security force checkpoints on 31 October at Qayyarah Aireld
West.
On 31 October, a major Iraqi operation was launched on

Bazwaya, to the east of Mosul. The ISOF came under
heavy re from ISIL but managed to capture the town
along with several nearby villages.[174] After capturing
Bazwaya, ISOF were less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from
Mosul.[175]
Several Iraqi military ocials stated that ISOF will begin its push into Mosul shortly.[176][177][178] The U.S.-led
coalition meanwhile aimed to target ISIL militants from
the air if they attempted to ee the city. The US Department of Defense stated that hundreds of militants were
believed to have already escaped.[179] Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi meanwhile called on ISIL ghters in
Mosul to surrender.[175]
2.2 November: Entering East Mosul,

reaching Tal Afar
Mosul Eye conrmed that civilians from outside Mosul
had been abducted and forced into the city by ISIL which
was conscating homes from people for their own use. A
new escape route from Mosul had been set up by Syrian
Kurds, who were charging $3,000 per person to smuggle people out of the city to Turkey. The blog also reported that all bridges into the city were booby-trapped
with IEDs.[169]
1 November
The operation to enter the city began at dawn on 1
November. The forces began their assault in Mosuls eastern Karama district, with artillery, tank and machine-gun
re on ISIL positions as they prepared the larger push into
2.2
November: Entering East Mosul, reaching Tal Afar
the city.[180] Airstrikes by the U.S.-led coalition were tar- Meanwhile, the Iraqi Armys 9th Armored Division was
geting ISIL positions, and ISIL had started tire res to reported to have entered the neighborhood of al-Intisar
reduce visibility.[57]
in eastern Mosul.[193] while Mosuls Fifth Bridge, located
[194]
Heavy ghting occurred in the Gogjali district, at the over the Tigris river, was destroyed by airstrikes.
gate of the entrance to eastern Mosul, where ISIL militants used car bombs and sniper re to try to halt the
advance.[181] The Golden Division entered Mosuls city
limits that afternoon, engaging in street ghts with ISIL
militants.[181] Shortly after, the Iraqi Army announced
that they had captured Mosuls state television building
on the citys left bank.[182][183] The Gogjali district was
reported to be under Iraqi control by the evening, while
Iraqi Armys 9th Division and the 3rd Brigade had entered the neighborhood of Judaydat al-Mufti on the left
bank of Mosul. Near midnight, the Iraqi war media ofce reported that airstrikes had killed 116 militants inside
Mosul including 29 in Ghabat, 10 at an ISIL headquarters, 10 at a weapons depot and 67 at a hotel pool. They
also stated that Iraqi forces suered no casualties.[181][184]
Meanwhile, Iraqi forces captured 2 villages on the northern front.[181]
Brigadier Saad Maan, the spokesperson of Iraqs Interior Ministry, stated that the plan of the joint command in Nineveh was going faster than the Army had
planned.[185] In the western front, at least fteen PMU
ghters were killed when they entered abandoned villages booby-trapped with explosives.[186] ISIL also executed fty deserters in Mosul.[187]
2 November
On 2 November, ISOF continued ghting remaining
ISIL ghters in the eastern section of Gogjali.[188] Iraqi
Brigadier General Haider Fadhil said his troops were
forced to hold their positions in eastern Mosul as poor
weather conditions were limiting visibility for drones
and aircraft, and preventing them from advancing.[189]
Meanwhile, eight militants were killed in Mosul by Iraqi
forces.[190]
The PMU announced that it had captured 115 km that
day after erce ghting with ISIL, including six villages,
and had surrounded three ISIL-held villages. They also
claimed that they had reached a highway to the southwest
of Mosul and had cut the rst supply line to Mosul from
Raqqa.[188] The Iraqi Army in the southern front launched
an oensive in the morning to recapture Hamam al-Alil
and engaged in heavy ghting with the group.[191] Meanwhile, Iraqi Federal Police captured two villages in the
south.[188]
U.S. and Iraqi authorities stated the oensive was ahead

of schedule while Brigadier Saad Maan stated that the
priority of protecting civilian lives and infrastructure
would possibly slow their advance into the city.[195]
4 November
The Iraqi Army recaptured six districts in Mosul, including the eastern district of al-Zahra of which they claimed
to have captured 90%. They were also forced to withdraw
from Karama district because of heavy resistance.[196]
Meanwhile, ISIL was reported to be abducting Mosuls
boys to use as child soldiers.[187]
5 November
Fighting continued in the morning, with clashes most intense in the neighborhood of al-Bakr.[197] The eastern
neighborhoods of Kirkukli and al-Zahra in the east and
Al-Tahrir in the north-east were under Iraqi control while
the southern neighborhoods of Qudes and Karama reportedly remained under ISIL control.[198] Fighting resumed in the Gogjali district, after militants emerged via
tunnels during the night.[199]
CNNs Arwa Damon, who was embedded with ISOF
in Mosul, reported being trapped for 28 hours near the
neighborhoods of Kirkukli and Khadraa after an ambush
on their military convoy forced them to run into buildings
for cover and hide among civilians. Despite multiple soldiers being injured, backup forces were unable to assist
as they were also under attack.[200]
ISIL claimed it had killed fteen Iraqi soldiers and destroyed six military vehicles.[198] Meanwhile, satellite images released by private U.S. rm Stratfor revealed ISIL
had installed defenses including rubble blocking main
routes to the city center, rows of concrete barricades, and
earthen berms. The images also showed evidence that
ISIL had leveled buildings and cleared the terrain around
a former military base on the west bank and around the
Mosul International Airport.[197]
The Iraqi army continued its assault on three fronts to
Hamam al-Alil.[198] In the early afternoon, Iraqi forces
entered the town center with heavy clashes continuing.
ISIL ghters were reportedly traveling by motorcycle to
avoid airstrikes. During the night, Hamam al-Alil was
reported to have been retaken by Iraqi forces.[199]
3 November
6 November
ISIL released an audio le purportedly from their leader
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in which he said he was con- On 6 November, Iraqi forces in southwestern front stated
dent of victory in Mosul, and urged ISIL ghters not to that they are 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Mosul International Airport after taking control of Hamam al-Alil the
retreat.[192]
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
previous day.[201] They also stormed the Al-Sada district,

their rst entrance into northern Mosul.[202] The Iraq War
Media Oce announced that Abu Hamza al-Ansari, a
key ISIL leader from Algeria, was killed in southern Mosul during clashes with the Iraqi Armys 15th Division.[23]
In eastern Mosul, the Golden Division (controlling Zahra

district and at least half of Aden district where clashes
were ongoing) as well as elements of the 9th division
(controlling Intisar district) were reported to be regrouping and clearing neighborhoods once occupied by ISIL,
from Mosul for
Blogger Mosul Eye reported that ISIL had begun installing as well as screening residents eeing
[212]
any
militants
hiding
among
them.
On
the southern
[203]
Meanwhile, a
bombs around residential buildings.
front,
pro-government
forces
advanced
towards
the anKurdish ocial stated that three militants had been killed
cient city of Nimrud.[213] Iraqi ocials announced that
[23]
in an uprising by civilians in eastern Mosul.
the new ISIL war ocial, Khaled al-Mitwiti, had been
killed,[214] while the Abbas Rajab village was captured
7 November
by Iraqi forces.[215]
The Peshmerga, backed by coalition airstrikes, launched
an oensive from three fronts in the morning to take the
town of Bashiqa, which was still held by ISIL and had
been surrounded for about two weeks.[204] About 100
to 200 ISIL militants were estimated to be left in the
town.[205] In the early afternoon, the t/ref> Iraqi troops
also advanced on the town of Tel Keppe, north of Mosul.own was reported to be fully under Peshmerga control,
though ISIL pockets remained.[204]
On the southern front, Hamam al-Alil, which had been
reported to be under Iraqi control two days earlier, was
fully captured by pro-government forces.[206] In eastern Mosul, the ISOF surrounded the neighborhoods of
Karama, Malayyin al-Salasa, Shquq Khazraa, Zahra,
Karkuli, Aden, and Zahabi. The Iraqi Armys 9th armored division and the 3rd Brigade liberated the village
of Manarat Shabak east of the city, and made an incursion
into the eastern Mosul neighborhoods of Hay Intisar, Judaydah al-Mufti, and Hay Shaima. Meanwhile, the Iraqi
Federal Police captured two villages near Hammam AlAlil.[204]
8 November
11 November
On the southern front, Iraqi forces were preparing to
advance up the western bank of the Tigris River toward Mosul International Airport.[216] In eastern Mosul, Iraqi forces launched a new oensive to regain control of the neighborhood of Karkukli.[217] Iraqi antiterror units were reported to have entered the Qadesiyya
neighborhood.[218]
12 November
On 12 November, heavy clashes were reported in the alSalam neighborhood of east Mosul.[219] Iraqi Army announced that it had captured al-Arbajiya district and was
clearing the adjacent al-Qadisiya al-Thaniya district.[220]
They also reached Palestine neighborhood in southeast
Mosul and were engaged in battle with ISIL in the Quds
neighborhood.[219] The PMU announced that the Sinjar
Resistance Units (YB) as its part, had started the operation to capture villages around Sinjar from ISIL.[221]
After a number of its senior leaders were killed by a coalition air strike in east Mosul, ISIL imposed a curfew in
the city.[222] A local source also stated that the group was
evacuating families of its ghters from west to east Mosul, denoting a severe collapse of defenses on the western front.[223] Its ghters were meanwhile using drones
for surveillance as well as suicide bombers and snipers
against the Iraqi Army.[219]
The Peshmerga killed twelve ISIL ghters trying to ee

Bashiqa.[207] In the western front, PMU forces were reported to have advanced to a distance of 25 km towards
strategically important Tal Afar military air base, south
of the city.[208] CJTFOIR also stated it had carried out
an airstrike on an ISIL headquarters building near Tal
Afar.[209] ISIL senior commander Mahmoud Shukri alNuaimi was also reported to have been killed in a coali- 13 November
tion airstrike in western Mosul.[24]
ISOF captured majority of the Intisar district in southern

Mosul while ISIL had reportedly deployed armed child
soldiers in Mosul.[210] Aid agencies were unable to reach
Mosuls neighborhoods retaken by Iraqi forces because of
the danger of boobytraps and snipers.[211]
On 13 November, Iraqi forces recaptured the ancient

Assyrian city of Nimrud as well as the adjacent modern town.[224][225] Iraqi forces meanwhile captured the
Karkojli neighborhood in eastern Mosul.[226] Brig. Gen.
Maan al Saadi, the commander of the 2nd Group of
ISOF, stated ISIL was collapsing and losing control, with
Iraqi forces now only two days away from seizing a neighborhood where they planned to ght for four days.[227]
10 November
14 November
9 November
2.2
November: Entering East Mosul, reaching Tal Afar
On 14 November, thirty ISIL ghters, including senior

leaders, were killed as PMU forces captured the village of al-Abbas.[228] They also captured two more villages, and stated ISIL received severe human and material losses.[229] Meanwhile, twenty militants were killed
in airstrikes by the Iraqi air Force.[230]
forces managed to liberate the areas of Hayy Adan, alAkhaa and the water project in Mosul, within the eastern axis of Nineveh liberation operations. The Wali of
Islamic State in Hayy Adan, Marwan Hamed Saleh alHayali, was killed.[243]
To the West, Iraqi army troops arrived on the outskirts of

Pro-government forces on the southern front captured the Tal Afar to reinforce PMF and were preparing to retake
village of Bo Youssef and were 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) the town.[244]
from Mosul airport.[228] ISIL meanwhile launched three
attacks using rockets lled with mustard gas on Qayyarah, 21 November
causing seven casualties.[231]
Elements of the 9th division of the Iraqi army captured
the village of al-Sallamiya, in the eastern section of Mosul. Meanwhile, PMF reported taking control of alOn 15 November, 49 militants were killed in airstrikes by Ulamaa district after killing multiple ISIS militants.[245]
the United States Air Force on the al-Bakr neighborhood
of Mosul.[232] Troops of the Golden Division meanwhile 22 November
began storming areas in northern and eastern Mosul, including the neighborhoods of al-Akhaa, al-Bakr and alHadbaa. Two car bombs were destroyed while three suicide bombers were killed.[233] On the Western front, the
Badr Organization announced that it had captured two
villages and advanced 10 kilometers in the western axis
of the oensive.[234]
15 November
Kursabad
(Khorsabad)
Tel Kepe
(Tall Kayf)
Alabiyah
Base
(Qaryat
al Ashiq)
Tuaym
(Tuwaim)
Bashika
(?)
Badush
Ciment
factory
Alabiyah
Base
Badush
Gonaisiya
Al Mayjarim
Bard Allah
(Bartella)
Al Malawi
Hasan Shami
?
(Ali Rashsh)
Julukhan
?
(Bakhdida)
Muhallabiyah
Yarghanti
(Dozen of houses)
Tappah
Kabarli
16 November
Adhbah
Al Ukaydat
Tawajinat
11/24
Qaryat Bakhirah
Adayah
Arbid
Umarkan
Hawsalat
Qaryat Kubbat Ablat
Keys:
On 16 November, fourteen civilians were killed by

ISIL in the al-Zahraa neighborhood under government
control.[235] On the southern front, the 9th Division captured Tal Akoub village,[236] reaching Hayy al-Salam and
advancing towards the 4th Bridge. ISIL meanwhile withdrew from Hayy Albu Saif and al-Ghazlani, near the
southern entrance of Mosul, as the Federal Police advanced on them. The counter-terrorism forces were also
4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Mosuls center and were in
control of the Hayy al-Bakr area.[237]
ISIS
Qaryat as Salmani
Hammam
al-Alil
Hamirah
Jirin
(Jurn)
Iraqi Persh.
Iraqi Army
Infographic of Mosul control lines (around 22 November 2016).
Brig. Gen. Haider Fadel of the Iraqi special forces told

The Associated Press that IS ghters were targeting his
forces with rockets and mortars as they slowly advanced
in the densely populated Zohour neighborhood. We are
cautiously advancing. There are too many civilians still
living there, he said.[246]
PMF meanwhile took control of Tal Afar military airbase

west of the city Mosul, killing a large number of ISIL This eort impedes Daeshs freedom of movement in
Mosul. It inhibits their ability to resupply or reinforce
ghters in the process.[238][239]
their ghters throughout the city, An ocial said using
an Arabic acronym for the militant group.[247]
18 November
On 18 November, in the West, PMF were securing and
clearing Tal Afar military airbase, which they had captured from ISIL two days earlier, and preparing the assault on the city proper.[240] In the vicinity, they were attacking further villages, in an area infamous for Sunni Islamist militancy and outstanding support for ISIL among
the population.[241] PMF control had already been established in over 16 villages in the surrounding area, during
preceding days.[242]
23 November
On 23 November, PMF reported cutting the road between Sinjar and Tal Afar, their Shia component groups
advancing from the South linking up with the Sinjar
Resistance Units and zdxan Womens Units to the
North, thus completing the encirclement of the Mosul
pocket.[248]
25 November
20 November
Iraqi Federal Police said that fty IS militants were killed
The Anti-Terrorism Directorate said in a statement aired and 32 others were arrested. The operations have also
by the state-owned television that the Anti-Terrorism resulted in the destruction of four barracks.[249]
10
HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
world in 2016.[255] Save the Children warned that massive civilian bloodshed was likely unless safe routes were
[256]
The U.S. government has
On 30 November, PMF said they captured 12 villages allowed to let civilians ee.
accused
ISIL
of
using
Mosul
civilians
as human shields.
[250]
from ISIL in the Tal Afar area over the past ve days.
30 November
At the end of November, the Iraqi military assessed that it

had taken control of 19 neighbourhoods in eastern Mosul
during the month, constituting somewhat less than 30 percent of the area of Mosul east of the Tigris.[251] While the
Golden Division Special Operations Forces have persistently advanced into East Mosul, the 9th Division has
taken one neighbourhood in the southeast, the 16th Division has not yet breached Mosul city limits from the north,
and the 15th Division, advancing from the southwest, is
still several kilometres away from the western Mosul.[252]
2.3
December
3.1 ISIL abuses and abductions

Fears that civilians could be used as human shields by
ISIL were realized as it was conrmed the group had been
abducting civilians from villages for this purpose, which
received widespread condemnation from human rights
groups and the United Nations Security Council.[257][258]
ISIL has reportedly threatened to execute civilians trying to ee. Snipers, landmines and trenches are preventing people from attempting to escape.[56] Iraqi ocials,
via radio broadcasts and leaets dropped over the city,
warned civilians to stay in their homes. Leaets advised
residents of various precautions to take including instructions to tape over their windows to protect from ying
glass and to disconnect gas pipes.[61][259]
Shortly after the battle began, news surfaced of ISIL
kidnapping and executing civilians in Mosul. Pentagon
spokesman Capt. Je Davis stated that ISIL was using
civilians as human shields and holding people against their
will in the city.[260]
Ongoing battle as of December 7th 2016.
6 December
The International Business Times reported that ISIL has

forced boys from Mosul as young as 12 to ght for it, and
that ISIL had trained the children to behead prisoners
and make suicide bombs.[261]
An Iraqi intelligence source stated on 21 October that
ISIL executed 284 men and boys abducted from Mosul
for the purpose of using them as human shields. The civilians were shot and put in a mass grave. A United Nations
ocial said the UN is gravely worried about the fate of
200 families from Samalia and 350 families from Najaa
who were abducted Monday by ISIL, who could be used
as human shields.[262]
Twenty airstrikes by the US-Led coalition were heard on

the morning of December 6th following an assault on the
cities strategic main bridge that is currently held by IS.
In the overnight hours, IS launched a counter-attack in
the southeastern area of Mosul, near al-Salam; however,
casualty gures from either side were not announced.[253] UN sources stated that four people died from inhaling
toxic fumes after ISIL set re to the Al-Mishraq Chemical Factory on 23 October.[263]
7 December
Following the overnight IS attack, Iraqi forces continued
to secure the al-Salam area, including the retaking of a
hospital[254] as well as the neighborhoods of Al-Barid,
Masarif and Al-Alam.
Humanitarian issues
On 26 October, CNN reported that ISIL has been carrying out retribution killings of civilians as revenge for
others welcoming Iraqi and Peshmerga troops in liberated
villages.[156]
According to Ravina Shamdasani, of the Oce of the
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ISIL executed 232 people near Mosul in late October for defying its orders and had taken tens of thousands of people
to use as human shields against advancing Iraqi forces.
She claimed that ISIL executed 42 civilians in Hamam
al-Alil, south of Mosul. Also on Wednesday ISIL executed 190 former Iraqi Security Forces for refusing to
join them, in the Al Ghazlani base near Mosul.[162]
Up to 1.5 million civilians live in the city, sparking serious concerns of a massive humanitarian crisis.[255] Lise
Grande, the United Nations' humanitarian coordinator
in Iraq, stated, In a worst-case scenario, we're literally
looking at the single largest humanitarian operation in the Iraqi forces evacuated more than 1,000 civilians from the
3.2
Allegations against anti-ISIL forces
11
front lines surrounding Mosul on 26 October, moving

them to the Khazir region.[264] Civilians on the southern
front had reported that their relatives had been taken by
retreating ISIL ghters to be used as human shields.[155]
a new crime: the presence of 100 beheaded bodies of

citizens killed by terrorists, and a special team will be
sent to inspect this heinous crime, the oce said in a
statement.[204]
In October 2016, Iraqi government has launched a military operation in Mosul to eject ISIL. Based on reports provided by the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights
Monitor, more than million residents in Mosul are at risk
and many of them were killed or used as human shields
against the advance of Iraqi army. Euro-Mediterranean
Human Rights Monitor warns that Iraqi government and
international forces have to put an end to the humanitarian crisis in Mosul and provide its residents with their
basic needs. ISIL has driven some of Mosuls residents
out of their neighborhoods while others were prevented
from eeing to the regions controlled by Iraqi army. Human rights are violated by both ISIL, which drove about
550 families from the villages of As-Semalyya and AnNejafyya, and Iraqi troops which captured 1,500 civilians
from mosques and schools in the Dybka refugee camp.
On 21 October 2016, Another human rights violation
committed by Iraqi army and police as they arrested almost hundreds of civilians and executing some villagers
in the south of Mosul claiming that they are hosting ISIL
militias. On the same day, Iraqi airstrikes targeted a funeral in Kirkuk province causing death of 20 people and
injuring dozens others. Mosuls population reached to
1.5 million people, including 600,000 children who are
besieged by ISIL militias and suering from the shortage of food, water, electricity and medical care. ISIL
militias monopolize the local hospitals in Mosul and AlHemdanyya District to treat only its supporters and members. About 690 families have been evacuated from the
Makhmoor District east of Mosul and Al-Hemdanyya
District to the Al- Hood camp.[265]
The United Nations reported on 8 November that ISIL

had abducted 295 former Iraqi Security Forces members
and 1,500 families from Hamam al-Alil, forcing them to
retreat with the militants into Mosul.[271]
On 9 November, it was reported that ISIL killed at least
20 civilians after accusing them of being spies. Five crucied bodies were displayed at a trac intersection, while
others were left hanging from trac signals and electricity poles.[272] Civilians who had ed the city in the past
few days reported that ISIL was using suicide bombs to
attack residents in addition to Iraqi forces.[273]
BBC News reported on 11 November that ISIL executed
40 civilians in Mosul after accusing them of being spies.
One man was killed for defying the ban on mobile phone
use. They were shot and their bodies displayed around
the city.[274]
The U.N. Oce of Human Rights provided new details that ISIL is using chemical weapons and has stockpiled large quantities of ammonia and sulfur. We
can only speculate how they intend to use this, U.N.
spokeswoman Ravina Shamdasani said. We are simply
raising the alarm that this is happening, that this is being
stockpiled.[275]
On 17 November, Iraqi forces found two more mass
graves near Hamam Alil, containing at least 250 bodies.
One of the graves was inside a well. We believe the well
contains more than 200 bodies. ISIS used this mass grave
to kill and dump people over the past two years, Iraqi
Federal Police Commander Brig. Gen. Faris Radhi Abbas told CNN.[276]
On 31 October, a member of the Nineveh Provincial

Council stated that that ISIL executed 300 civilians and
former security members in the village of Moshairefa, 3.2 Allegations against anti-ISIL forces
north of Mosul. They had been imprisoned and accused
of collaborating with the government.[266]
On 17 October, the Iraqi central government and KRG
Mosul Eye reported on 3 November that mortar strikes authorities launched a military operation to retake Mosul city captured by ISIL in June 2014. In response, ISIL
killed ve civilians in Mosul.[267]
assaulted numbers of buildings and police stations in KurTwo roadside bombs struck a convoy of civilians eeing
dish areas, located in the southeast of Mosul, causing
Hawija on 4 November as the families were being taken
death of 100 security force members and civilians. Kurto the town of Al-Alam. At least 18 people were killed,
dish authorities are attacking and ejecting Arabs living in
a police ocer said.[268]
Kirkuk into the streets or unsafe areas in order to take
On 7 November, the Iraqi War Media Oce announced revenge on ISIL, which attacked the city on 21 October
that the bodies of estimated 300 people were found 2016. On 23 October, the security committee of Kirkuk
in a mass grave at the agriculture college in Hamam Governorate has declared that people who live in Kirkuk
al-Alil, south of Mosul. Many had been decapitated. but were not in camps, have to leave the city or move into
Iraqi forces made the discovery after noticing the smell. a camp for displaced people.
Abdul Rahman al-Waggaa, a member of the Nineveh
On 23 and 24 October the Kurdish authorities forced
provincial council, said ISIL had used the college as a
325 families to leave their homes and destroyed about
killing eld.[269][270] The Iraqi War Media Oce said
100 homes in southern Kirkuk. On 25 October, Kurdish
there would be an investigation into the murders: Inbulldozers and excavators demolished dozens of homes,
side the building of the Faculty of Agriculture there is
and displaced families from Hawija living in ve homes
12
4 CONTEXT
to leave Kirkuk, which is mostly residential. More than that it might do so again inside Mosul, where more than
12,000 were expelled by Kurdish forces to live in unsafe a million civilians live.[288]
conditions in Kirkuk.[277]
On 3 November, Kurdish and UN aid workers said more
The presence of several militias with histories of hu- than 40,000 refugees had ed to Kurdistan in the rst few
man rights abuses was criticized; Human Rights Watch weeks of ghting. Ten new refugee camps have been built
called for Shia militias from the Popular Mobilization in the Dohuk Governorate, Erbil Governorate and in the
Forces (PMF) to not enter Mosul, following allegations town of Khazir.[289] According to the United Nations and
of severe abuse of Sunni Muslims in anti-ISIL operations UNICEF, 22,000 people had been displaced, including
in Fallujah, Tikrit and Amirli.[278][279][280] Iraqi Prime more than 9,000 children.[290]
Minister Haider al-Abadi later stated that only the Iraqi On 6 November, the United Nations High Commissioner
army and the Iraqi national police will enter the city for Refugees (UNHCR) stated that 33,996 people had
itself.[54][281]
been displaced from the Mosul District. 63 percent of
On 21 October, International Business Times reported
that disturbing and graphic footage posted to social media allegedly shows Iraqi security forces torturing and interrogating young children for information about ISIL as
they attempt to retake Mosul from the Islamic State terror
group.[282]
On 11 November, video emerged of the Iraqi army apparently torturing and murdering an Iraqi child. The boy,
identied as Muhammad Ali Al-Hadidi, was dragged
through the desert and shot dead before a tank was driven
over him. The men in the video were identied as Shia
and yelled sectarian slurs at the child, a Sunni. The video
caused extreme outrage on social media, with Arabic
speakers using the hashtag #CrushedByATank (Arabic:
_#). The soldiers were wearing the insignia of
the Iraqi Special Forces.[283]
families are missing civil documentation and 21 percent

of families are headed by a female. The previous 48 hours
saw a 53 percent increase in displacement.[46] The following day, WHO announced it had established 82 rapid
response teams to prepare for possible concerns among
civilians eeing Mosul, including health epidemics such
as cholera, and exposure to chemicals and smoke from
burning oil wells.[291] A particular concern is potential
disease outbreaks among young children who have not
been immunized since ISIL took over the city in June
2014.[292]
More than 900 Iraqi civilians have ed to the Al-Hawl
refugee camp located in the Rojava region of northeastern Syria, while another 700 civilians run away to the
Turkish-Iraqi borders.[293]
4 Context
3.3
Displacements and relief eorts
Italian Filippo Grandi, the UN High Commissioner for

Refugees, arrived in Erbil on 17 October to meet with
Kurdish ocials.[284] The UN has set up ve refugee
camps capable of taking up to 45,000 people and has the
capability of taking in up to 120,000 if more sites are
available for camps.[285] Dozens of families from Mosul
arrived in the Al-Hawl camp in Rojava, Northern Syria,
bringing the number of Iraqis in al-Hawl to more than
6,000. On 18 October, more than 2,000 refugees from
Mosul were attempting to cross into Syria, according to
the Peoples Defense Units (YPG).[101] The UN is attempting to communicate with citizens inside Mosul that
they should not ee to the West of the city toward Syria,
an area still under ISIL control, but to the camps in the
east.[286]
Australia announced it would donate USD$7.5 million
in humanitarian aid to the operation, and New Zealand
pledged NZ$1 million (USD$718,600).[287]
The World Health Organization (WHO) said it had
trained 90 Iraqi medics in mass casualty management
as part of its preparations for the Mosul operation, with
a special focus on responding to chemical attacks, AP reported. ISIL has previously used chemical weapons in
attacks on Iraqi and coalition forces, and there are fears
4.1 International reactions

France
Jean-Marc Ayrault, Frances Minister of Foreign
Aairs, said on 27 October, We know that we will
face signicant challenges and it is our responsibility to face them together, alongside Iraq, while fully
respecting its independence and sovereignty.[294]
Russia
President Vladimir Putin on 17 October said: We
hope that our American partners, and in this case
our French partners as well, will act selectively and
do everything to minimise and even better, to
rule out civilian casualties.[295]
Turkey
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has insisted, as of now without success, on a Turkish role
in the battle for Mosul (see Turkish involvement
below). On 26 October, Turkish FM Mevlt
avuolu said Fighting ISIL is necessary, but the
process after ISIL must be planned carefully.[296]
United States
President Barack Obama said on 18 October, Mosul will be a dicult ght and there will be advances
4.3
Turkish desire of involvement

and setbacks I am condent, just as ISIL has been
defeated in communities across Iraq, ISIL will be
defeated in Mosul as well, and that will be another
step toward their ultimate destruction. Secretary
of Defense Ash Carter on 16 October said in a
statement,[297] This is a decisive moment in the
campaign to deliver ISIL a lasting defeat.[298]
4.2
Media coverage and social media
Several media outlets including Al Jazeera and Channel

4 live streamed the rst days battle on Facebook, a
rst in war coverage.[299][300][301] Additional live video
feeds were available on YouTube and the streaming app
Periscope. Iraqi and Kurdish ocials are also joining in
on social media using the hashtag #FreeMosul.[302] Brendan Gauthier, assistant editor of Salon, noted that given
ISILs slick campaigns on social media, Its only appropriate then that the Iraqi militarys eort to reclaim Mosul from the PR machine turned extremist group be livestreamed.[303]
On 17 October, several Iraqi media outlets established the
National Media Alliance to support journalists reporting
on the battle. The groups include both government-run
and private media, including Al Iraqiya and Al Sumaria.
The alliance provides technical and journalistic services,
including a joint operations newsroom. It was formed to
counter ISIL propaganda and foster cooperation among
the various media groups in order to reduce chaos and
improve safety. Journalist Walid al-Tai told Al-Monitor,
One of the reasons behind the establishment of the alliance is to avoid any chaotic media coverage of the battle
as every media and military institution is sending its correspondents to battlefronts. This leads to conict in the
coverage of the ghting and a greater number of casualties among journalists.[304]
Journalist Mustafa Habib reported that Iraqi citizens are
coordinating eorts on Facebook and Twitter to counter
ISIL propaganda, such as fake photos and videos, that
may be used to intimidate locals in Mosul. A communications department of a Shia militia also announced it
would be contributing to a social media campaign, and
that 500 Iraqi journalists were embedded with the militias surrounding Mosul to report updates.[305]
On 27 October 2016, The New Yorker's Robin Wright interviewed the anonymous self-described historian Mosul
Eye, a purported Mosuli who has blogged from the city
about life in Mosul under ISIL despite death threats from
the group. Responding to Wrights questions, Mosul Eye
estimated the size and make-up of ISILs force in Mosul,
hopes for the future (gain back power over the city with
help of an international trusteeship to protect Mosul),
and the level of support for ISIL inside Mosul (There
is no support for ISIL in Mosul. They are left only with
weapons that they will use to kill themselves once the liberating forces make the decision to raid the city.).[71]
13
4.3 Turkish desire of involvement
The involvement of Turkey in the operation has considerably strained its relations with Iraq.[9] Turkey has 1,500 to
2,000 soldiers in Iraq,[306] including 500 Turkish soldiers
deployed to a base near Bashiqa, where they trained 1,500
Iraqi Sunni volunteers, mainly Turkmens, and Arabs to
recapture Mosul from ISIL.[307][308] Turkeys participation is against the wishes of the Iraqi government, which
has said the Turks are violating Iraqs sovereignty. Turkey
has refused to withdraw its forces.[9] Turkish President
Recep Tayyip Erdogan told the Turkish parliament on 1
October, We will play a role in the Mosul liberation operation and no one can prevent us from participating,[309]
and said their presence was to ensure that Mosul did
not fall to Kurdish or Shia control and become a threat
to Turkey.[310][311] Turkeys presence was criticized by
Kurds in northern Iraq,[312] and thousands of protestors
demonstrated at the Turkish Embassy in Baghdad on
18 October, demanding Turkish forces withdraw from
Iraq.[313] The United States has reportedly attempted to
persuade Iraq to cooperate with Turkey on the Mosul
oensive.[314] Al-Abadi declined the oer of Turkish assistance, saying, I know that the Turks want to participate. We tell them thank you, this is something the Iraqis
will handle and the Iraqis will liberate Mosul and the rest
of the territories.[315] However, on 23 October, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yldrm announced Turkish
troops had red on ISIL positions near Mosul after requests for assistance from the Peshmerga.[9]
The situation between Turkey and Iraq escalated on 1
November, the day Iraqi forces entered Mosul. Turkey
announced it was sending tanks and artillery from Ankara
to Silopi near the Iraqi border. Turkeys Minister of
Defense Fikri Ik said the deployment was a move
to prepare for important developments in the region
and be ready for any possible scenario and stated that
further action can be taken if Turkeys red lines are
crossed warning Shi'ite militias and PKK not to terrorize and take hold of Iraqi Turkmen-majority regions
in the area.[316][317][318] Prime Minister Al-Abadi warned
Turkey not to invade Iraq, predicting war if they did.
Al-Abadi, addressing journalists in Baghdad, said, We
warn Turkey if they want to enter Iraq, they will end up
becoming fragmented... We do not want to ght Turkey.
We do not want a confrontation with Turkey. God forbid, even if we engage in war with them, the Turks will
pay a heavy price. They will be damaged. Yes, we too
will be damaged, but whenever a country ghts a neighboring country, there will be no winner, both will end up
losing.[319]
On 7 November, Iraq rejected Turkeys proposal to continue running the Bashiqa military camp, no matter if it
were formally transferred under the auspices of the coalition forces, and suggested that Turkey hand over control
of the camp to Iraqs central government.[320]
14
See also
American-led intervention in Iraq (2014present)
Battle of Fallujah (2016)
REFERENCES
[15] Yezidi forces form alliance against IS. zd Press. 31

October 2015.
[16] ISIS 'Goebbels who masterminded brutal execution
videos OBLITERATED in airstrike.
Nineveh Plains oensive
[17] ISIL Oil Minister Killed in Iraqi Forces Oensive Near

Mosul.
Second Battle of Tikrit
[18] ISIS leader among militants killed in Mosul district.
References
[1] Tomson, Chris (31 October 2016). Iraqi troops rush

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21
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22
EXTERNAL LINKS
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champ de bataille irakien (in French). RFI. 17 October
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[295] Osborne, Samuel (17 October 2016). Putin urges the
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dent. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
( Thousands of Iraqis Demonstrate to Demand
."Al
the Withdrawal of Turkish Troops(
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Hurra .)18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
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will be 'dicult ght'". CNN. Retrieved 7 November
Associated Press. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
2016.
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[299] Mezzoore, Gianluca (17 October 2016). The battle for [316] Milli Savunma Bakan Fikri Ik snrda (National Defence Minister Fikri Ik on the border)". Al Jazeera Trk.
Mosul is being live streamed on Facebook. Mashable.
[300] Morley, Nicole (17 October 2016). The battle to defeat [317] Krmz izgilerimiz alrsa... (If our red lines are
crossed...)". Al Jazeera Trk. 2 November 2016. ReIsis in Mosul is being livestreamed on Facebook. Metro.
[301] Paton, Callum (17 October 2016). Battle for Mosul: War [318] Iraq-Turkey tension rises amid battle for Mosul. Al
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broadcast live on Facebook as Iraqi Kurdish forces advance on Isis stronghold. International Business Times.
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[302] Chiel, Ethan (17 October 2016). The Battle to Retake
a City From ISIS Is Being Livestreamed. Fusion. Re[320] Baghdad proposes Ankara handover of Bashiqa camp to
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[303] Gauthier, Brendan (17 October 2016). The battle for
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October 2016.
7 External links
[304] Iraqi journalists join hands under National Media Alliance. Al-Monitor. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 8
November 2016.
Interactive Iraq map with current Mosul situation
[305] Habib, Mustafa (19 October 2016). 100,000+ Iraqi

Civilians Fighting The Battle For Mosul Online. Niqash.
CNN report 28 hours: Leading the Mosul attack,

under re then trapped
[306] Mathieu, Luc; Kodmani, Hala (16 October 2016). ""Le

gouvernement irakien n'a pas de plan pour le jour
d'aprs"". Libration.fr. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
ISIS Map
Coordinates:
43.2897E
354801N 431723E / 35.8003N
23
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1
Text
Battle of Mosul (2016) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016)?oldid=753510937 Contributors: Julesd, Everyking, Neutrality, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Bnicklin, Penwhale, Hohum, Koavf, Yug, Bgwhite, Ahpook, CambridgeBayWeather, StuRat, Nick-D, Snori, George Ho, Tdl1060, John, Ravi12346, Wolfdog, Jac16888, Mingus79, Wikid77, Yellowdesk, Punktuator, Keith
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Mr. Someguy, ZCash1104, Jackdude101, Arjayay, Another Believer, Eik Corell, Mortense, Lihaas, Blaylockjam10, Yobot, Eric-Wester,
Jarmund, AnomieBOT, Unready, Anotherclown, AustralianRupert, Berkaysnklf, Tobby72, Kai robert, LittleWink, Just a guy from the
KP, IJBall, John of Reading, Parkywiki, ZxxZxxZ, Jim Michael, Illegitimate Barrister, Scorpions13256, Unreal7, Sergii.Fiot, EkoGraf,
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2A1ZA, G1729, Gianluigi02, UNSC Luke 1021, SamHolt6, Ale Gandon, Adityaedits, Knowleje11, Andy Evans of Michi-gama, ProfesorKen, Yasmin zuhair, LtJester, SultanMazlum, O.celebi, MartinX33, ASha92, Imminent77, SeniorStar, Pannam2014, Bobslicker987,
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Battle of Mosul

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Battle of Mosul

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Battle of Mosul (2016)

Mosul is Iraqs second most populous city. It fell to

According to Iraqi sources, the assault towards Mosul

Map of the Kurdish-launched Mosul oensive, as of August 2016

Forces involved in the oensive

About 3,0005,000 ISIL ghters were estimated to be

101st Airborne Division were deployed to Q-West for

October: Initial advances

The Ba'ath loyalists group, known to be led by Saddam

Al-Houd, injuring two ISIL militants before they were

The Peshmerga also announced a large-scale operation

The oensive to retake the town of Bashiqa northeast

ISIL launched multiple attacks in Kirkuk on 21 October

October: Initial advances

Peshmerga commander said that attackers had entered by

kilometres (1.2 mi) of the city and were pausing to wait

Mosul Eye reported that ISIL had executed detainees

A French Dassault Rafale is refueled from a KC-10 Extender on

Iraqi forces were met with heavy resistance from ISIL

Meanwhile, Peshmerga forces captured the village of

wounded while 20 to 30 Peshmerga ghters are thought 30 October

U.S. military ocials estimated on 28 October that

the Iraqi Special Operations Forces discuss assessment of Iraqi

On 31 October, a major Iraqi operation was launched on

2.2 November: Entering East Mosul,

November: Entering East Mosul, reaching Tal Afar

U.S. and Iraqi authorities stated the oensive was ahead

previous day.[201] They also stormed the Al-Sada district,

In eastern Mosul, the Golden Division (controlling Zahra

The Peshmerga killed twelve ISIL ghters trying to ee

ISOF captured majority of the Intisar district in southern

On 13 November, Iraqi forces recaptured the ancient

November: Entering East Mosul, reaching Tal Afar

On 14 November, thirty ISIL ghters, including senior

To the West, Iraqi army troops arrived on the outskirts of

Qaryat Kubbat Ablat

On 16 November, fourteen civilians were killed by

Infographic of Mosul control lines (around 22 November 2016).

Brig. Gen. Haider Fadel of the Iraqi special forces told

PMF meanwhile took control of Tal Afar military airbase

At the end of November, the Iraqi military assessed that it

3.1 ISIL abuses and abductions

Ongoing battle as of December 7th 2016.

The International Business Times reported that ISIL has

Twenty airstrikes by the US-Led coalition were heard on

Allegations against anti-ISIL forces

front lines surrounding Mosul on 26 October, moving

a new crime: the presence of 100 beheaded bodies of

The United Nations reported on 8 November that ISIL

On 31 October, a member of the Nineveh Provincial

families are missing civil documentation and 21 percent

Displacements and relief eorts

Italian Filippo Grandi, the UN High Commissioner for

4.1 International reactions

Turkish desire of involvement

Media coverage and social media

Several media outlets including Al Jazeera and Channel

4.3 Turkish desire of involvement

[15] Yezidi forces form alliance against IS. zd Press. 31

Nineveh Plains oensive

[17] ISIL Oil Minister Killed in Iraqi Forces Oensive Near

Second Battle of Tikrit

[18] ISIS leader among militants killed in Mosul district.

[1] Tomson, Chris (31 October 2016). Iraqi troops rush