SECTION 7

Tutorial A
This section provides a step-by step tutorial describing the piping system input. This tutorial also
includes descriptions of various output reports.

In This Section
System Overview ........................................................................... 113
Reviewing Static Results ............................................................... 134
Conclusions ................................................................................... 147

System Overview
This tutorial presents the flexibility and stress analysis of a piping system using CAESAR II. This
process includes:
Creation and entry of the pipe stress model.
Analysis and evaluation of the results.
Re-design of the system.
The system chosen for this purpose exercises common modeling situations as illustrated in the
figure below. This system illustrates part of a refining process that moves crude from the bottom
pump to a steam stripper unit. The end-suction top-discharge pump has a 10-inch suction
nozzle and an 8-inch discharge nozzle. The 8-inch line runs through a check valve with a 6-inch
bypass to a spring hanger support. It then runs over a hard support before entering the vertical
vessel.

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The boundaries of this system are the pump discharge nozzle and the vessel nozzle. The pump
support (or base) point and the vessel foundation are also acceptable choices. The pump nozzle
is a satisfactory boundary because the movement of that point (as the pump heats up in
operation) is certain and easily calculated from the thermal strain between the pump nozzle and
the base point. The vessel nozzle is an adequate boundary because of the known thermal
growth of the vessel and the greater stiffness of the vessel with respect to the 8-inch pipe. You
can take an opposite approach by running the model all the way to an immovable point, such as
the vessel foundation.
The check valve sits on top of the welding tee for the 6-inch bypass piping. The 6-inch line runs
through a gate valve before reentering the 8-inch line through a second welding tee above the
check valve. The total weight and length of this valve assembly is unknown at this time.
Because of this, the valve lengths and weights are pulled from the CAESAR II generic database.
The spring hanger above this valve assembly is quite sensitive to the weights used here. The
difference between the actual installed valve weights and modeled weights should be used to
adjust the spring pre-load. Verify that the hot load on the spring is toward the center of the
manufacturers-recommended spring working range to allow errors in load estimation. If there is
any appreciable change in these weights, the system should be reanalyzed.
The hanger is included at the top of the vertical run to carry the deadweight and absorb its
thermal growth. The hanger is attached to the elbow and in line with the vertical pipe at the near
end of the elbow.
Near is a term associated with the path used to define the elbow. By coding up the
vertical leg and then the horizontal leg, the weld point on the vertical run of the elbow is the near
end and the horizontal run weld point is the far end.
The other end of the hanger is attached to some available structure above this point. Because of
the vertical thermal growth of the hanger attachment point, a simple rod hanger is not
acceptable. The analysis is set to force CAESAR II to select a variable or constant support
hanger at this point. The software selects a variable spring support. For that reason, specify the
Anvil table for its selection.
The horizontal piping rests on an unspecified support at the far end of the next elbow. This
support, modeled as a rigid, nonlinear restraint acting on the pipe centerline, allows the piping to
grow upward but prevents downward motion. In cases where a more accurate model for
supporting structures is required, include structural steel in the model and analysis.

Preparing the Drawing

The following figure shows the drawing used to construct the model. Notice the node numbers.
These labels are assigned in the following situations:
A change in geometry, such as a pipe diameter or wall thickness.
A change in direction, such as a change in materials or temperature or pressure operating
conditions.
The application of boundary conditions such as restraints, point loads, and displacements.
Any other location for which you want output.

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For this tutorial, the progression is incremented by fives, starting with node 5 at the pump
nozzle. These nodes are the basis through which the piping stress isometric is tabulated for the
analysis. The bypass piping uses the same progression, but starts with node 600. In reviewing
the results, the 600 series indicates 6-inch pipe.

The elbows are shown squared with the node assigned to the intersection. The elbows are
defined so that output is available for the near, mid, and far points of the bend (at 0, 45, and
90-degrees). The hanger is sized at the near point (node 28) of the first elbow.
Other information required for the model is collected on this drawing before the analysis is
started. Most of the data should be readily available, but some research may be required. Items
such as pump nozzle deflections and valve data details can slow down the input session if not
noted on the drawing. The next figure shows the dimensions for this system.

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Generating CAESAR II Input

1. Set the numeric increment between nodes. This model uses an increment of 5 between
node numbers. The default nodal increment is 10, so you must change this. Click Tools >
Configure/Setup from the main menu.
The CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box displays.
2. Click the Geometry Directives category, and then select 5 in the Auto Node Number
Increment list.

3. Click Save and Exit

to save this change and return to the main menu.
4. Click File > New, and type Tutor as the file name in the New Job Name Specification
dialog box. Note the data directory in which to store the file. You can click Browse to
navigate to another folder in which to store your CAESAR II data files if necessary.

5. Click Input > Piping from the main menu to start the input session.
If the job is new, CAESAR II presents the list of input units that are used. Otherwise, if a job
named Tutor already exists on the computer, the Classic Piping Input dialog box opens
with the first piping element active. If this is the case, exit the Classic Piping Input dialog
box. Return to the main menu to pick an unused job name. .
The Review Current Units dialog box displays if the file is new and did not previously
exist in the data directory.

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6. If the Units File Label box on the Review Current Units dialog box does not show English
units, click Cancel, and then select Tools > Configure Setup. Next, click the Database
Definitions category and select English in the Units File Name list. If the English units are
shown, click OK to continue.

You can use the Tab key, the arrow keys, or the mouse to navigate the dialog box. Use the
graphics view to review the work that you have completed. To fix errors, navigate to the
appropriate element using PgUp and change the entry.
7. CAESAR II automatically generates the From and To nodes when you start a new element.
The cursor is initially positioned in the From box. The From box should read 5 if the node
increment is set to 5 in the CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box. If not, click Edit >
Insert to reset it. If it does not read 5, clear the box and type 5.
8. Use the Tab, Enter, or Down Arrow key to move to the To box. Type 10 in the To field if
necessary.
9. Type 2- in the DY box to specify the element length of 2 feet.
The dash ( - ) symbol indicates feet. Node 10 marks the centerline intersection of the
8-inch main line with the 6-inch by-pass.
10. Type 8 in the Diameter box to specify the nominal pipe size of 8 inches. When you leave
this cell, the actual outer diameter (OD) replaces the nominal value.
11. Type S in the Wt/Sch box. When you leave this cell, the S is replaced by the actual wall
thickness.
12. Type the Mill Tol% and corrosion allowance next. Fractions are allowed in the Mill Tol% cell.

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13. Type 600 in the Temp 1 box and 30 in the Pressure 1 box. Omit the units in these entries
because CAESAR II already has the units information. The completed first column of data
displays in the following figure.

14. At the top of the second column, double-click the Displacements check box to display the
Displacement Auxiliary Data tab.
15. For node 5, type 0.077 for the DY anchor displacement and 0.046 for the DZ anchor
displacement. These two numbers are calculated as the thermal growth of the pump
discharge nozzle from the base support point.

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16. Type 0 for the other four degrees of freedom.
Without the entry of zero (or any other definition of these boundaries), node 5 would be free
to move in these four directions. The figure below shows the displacements.

17. Specify the pipe material by selecting (1 )Low Carbon Steel from the Material list.
Material properties are read in automatically from the CAESAR II material database. The
software fills in values for ambient Elastic Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Pipe Density.
The material number is also referenced to pick up the coefficient of expansion for the
specified temperatures.
18. Double-click the Allowable Stress check box to activate the Allowable Stress Auxiliary
Data tab.
The first 21 materials are generic and do not have allowable stress values associated with
them in the database. However, the other materials in the list also fill in the allowable stress
values as found in the database.
19. Type 20000 in the SC box to specify the cold allowable stress of 20,000 psi (do not use
commas).
20. Type 17300 in the SH1 box to specify the hot allowable stress of 17,300 psi.
The cold and hot allowable stresses (Sc and Sh) as defined by the piping code are entered
for the type of piping material to analyze. These values are not extracted from the database
for generic materials as used in this example. You can use exponential format in these
boxes to simplify data entry and reduce mistakes.

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21. Select B31.3 from the Code list if it is not already selected by default. The default code is
defined in the CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box.
The material property and allowable stress entries are shown in the following figure.

Node 10 is the intersection of the 8-inch and 6-inch lines. This intersection is constructed
using an 8 x 6 welding tee. Piping codes recognize the reduced strength of this piping
component by increasing the calculated stress at this point in the system. For CAESAR II to
include this stress intensification factor in the stress calculation, the node must be identified
as a welding tee.
22. Double-click the SIFs and Tees check box to display the SIFs and Tees Auxiliary Data
tab.
23. Specify node 10 as the intersection node.

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24. Select 3 - Welding from the Type list.
CAESAR II calculates the SIFs at this intersection according to the piping code selected
(B31.3 in this case). No additional input is required.

With an insulation thickness specified, CAESAR II assumes a density for calcium silicate.
For the purposes of this tutorial.
25. Type 3 in the Insul Thk box, and select Calcium Silicate from the list in the Insulation
Density box.
CAESAR II automatically converts that selection to the density value for that particular type
of insulation.
26. Optionally, type 11.5/1728 in the Insulation Density box.
CAESAR II converts the value to 0.0067.
27. Type 0.8SG in the Fluid Density box to indicate 80% of the deadweight of water.
CAESAR II converts the value to the proper units.

28. Press ALT-C, select Edit > Continue, or click Continue

toolbar to define the next length of pipe.

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The To node of the previous element now appears as the From node. Also, all the
distributed data values (the information that carries on from one pipe to the next) remain.
You only need to the add element length and any new boundary conditions or changes from
the previous element. You only need to change the distributed data when the values
change. Allowable Stress data carries forward, even though the check box on subsequent
elements is cleared. Do not select this box unless you have a change in material, code, or
temperature. Uniform Loads and Wind also carry forward without selecting the check box.
None of the other check boxes in the input carry forward.
This second element runs from the intersection point to the beginning of the check valve.
This short run finishes out the welding tee and is bounded by nodes 10 and 15 as entered
by CAESAR II. The length of this element is 7-inches in the Y direction.
29. Type 7 in the DY box to finish the description of the second element.

The next element (15-20) is the flanged check valve. This element includes the flanged
valve and the mating flanges as these piping components are stiffer than the attached pipe.
If the length and weight of this rigid element were known, this data could be specified
directly by typing the length in the DY box, enabling the Rigid box and then typing the Rigid
Weight in the Auxiliary Data area. Here, for lack of better data and for convenience, the
CAESAR II CADWorx Valve/Flange database is accessed to automatically generate this
input.

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30. Click Model > Valve, or click Valve/Flange Database
on the Input Tools toolbar.
The Valve and Flange Database: <database name> dialog box displays. If the following
dialog box does not appear, refer to the "Configuration and Environment" section of the
CAESAR II User's Guide.

31. Select Check from the Rigid Type list, and click OK.
A 150 psi class flanged check valve is entered between nodes 15 and 20. CAESAR II
makes three entries on the dialog box; the element length, Rigid is selected, and the weight
displays in the Rigid Auxiliary Data area. The rigid element runs 2 ft. 3.75 in. in the +Y
direction and weighs 470 pounds. When FLG is selected in the End Type list, this rigid
element includes the added length and weight of the mating flanges.
32. The bypass piping rejoins the main line through a second welding tee, which sits on top the
check valve. The run of pipe to the intersection of the main line and bypass centerlines is 7
inches (half of the total length of the 8-inches x 6-inches welding tee).
The next figure shows the definition of this element 20 - 25 and the specification of the
welding tee at 25.

33. The next node is located at the intersection of the vertical pipe centerline and the horizontal
pipe centerline above it. This construction point at node 30 is not actually a node on the
piping system. Any additional input specified at 30 and all output for node 30 is located at
the far weld point of the elbow, which connects the vertical and horizontal runs. The
dimension of 10 ft. 2 in. runs from node 25 to node 30. Select the Bend check box to specify
the elbow. The bend specification automatically generates additional nodes around this
elbow locating the near weld point and the bend midpoint (designated by the letter M). Node
28 is listed in the auxiliary data box at angle 0 and the elbow midpoint is listed as node 29.

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These added nodes appear as output points and they may also be used to locate restraints.
By default, a long radius elbow (1.5 times the nominal pipe size) is added at the change in
pipe direction. You can also change the bend radius.

34. The hanger to be sized at this elbow is placed at node 28 in line with the vertical run of pipe.
To specify the hanger sizing information, double-click the Hanger check box. The Hanger
Auxiliary Data tab, like that shown in the next figure, should display node 28 in the Node
box. The Allow Short Range Springs box should not be checked.
For this first pass through the analysis, the default settings are used with no additional
hanger design data. Press F1 on any of these boxes for more information. Here, the hanger
is chosen from the table 1 ANVIL hanger catalog. Additionally, a short-range spring is not
permitted at this point as the mid-range spring is probably cheaper.

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35. The piping system continues on to the elbow at node 35. The distance is the distance
between the intersections of the pipe centerlines, not the physical length of the straight
piece of pipe between the elbows. Here, -12 ft. is in the X direction.
The X run of pipe finishes off the elbow at 30 by creating a 90-degree turn.
36. Double-click the Bend check box to generate the long radius elbow at 35 with the two extra
nodes. There is also a support at the far weld point of this bend. This far end of the bend is
node 35 in the model so the restraint is specified at node 35.
This support does not allow the pipe to move downward, but it cannot prevent the pipe from
moving upward.
37. This non-linear restraint (a restraint whose stiffness is a function of load or displacement
rather than remaining constant) is specified as a +Y type. The +Y indicates that the restraint
supplies a positive Y (upward) load to the pipe. Most designers interpret the +Y as indicating
the pipe is free to move in the +Y direction.
With no stiffness specified with this restraint, CAESAR II sets this to a very stiff (rigid)
restraint. This means that under any practical load, the pipe does not push the restraint
down.
Up to four restraints can be specified in this auxiliary data tab. Except for the anchor
designation, a restraint is a vector. If there was a guide restraining lateral motion of node 35,
an X restraint would also be defined here as the second restraint.
Press F1 for more information about these restraint parameters.

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38. From the second elbow, the pipe runs in the Z direction for 18-feet where it terminates at the
intersection with the vessel wall. As with the pump connection at node 5, node 40 is a
satisfactory boundary for this model. The thermal growth of the vessel at this point is
calculated and entered as displacements of node 40.

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

45.

The model now returns to the 6-inch by-pass piping around the 8-inch check valve above
the pump. The welding tee nodes of 10 and 25 are completely defined as reducing tees
when these 6-inch piping elements are modeled. The figure below shows the changes
required to start the 6-inch line.
The input processor automatically shifts the previous To Node to the current From Node.
Add a new element. Change the From node to 10 because the model is no longer
continuing from node 40.
Change the To node to 605 because the 600 series of node numbers indicates 6-inch pipe.
The DX length of -2 ft. is measured from the 8-inch centerline to the centerline of the vertical
6-inch line.
Type 6 in the Diameter box.
Type S in the Wt/Sch box.
Specify an elbow at node 605 by double-clicking the Bend check box.
CAESAR II automatically generates a long radius elbow for this 6-inch line. This elbow is
flanged on one end. The flange acts like a stiffening ring, which reduces the bending
flexibility of the elbow. This characteristic of flanged elbows is addressed by the piping
codes through a modification of the flexibility factor and stress intensification for the elbow.
Select 1 -Single Flange from the Type drop list in the Bend Auxiliary Data tab.

46. The 6-inch piping continues up to node 610, which marks the beginning of the gate valve.
The distance between the horizontal centerline (nodes 10 to 610) and the bottom of the
valve is 9 inch in the Y direction. This 9-inch specification puts node 610 at the far end of the
bend defined on the previous element. The input locations of nodes 605 and 610 are
coincident, which would produce a zero-length element.

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CAESAR II inserts a length for this element 605-610 equal to 5% of the bend radius. In this
case, the value is 0.45 in. This 5% default value, which can be changed in the CAESAR II
configuration, prevents the generation of a zero length element.

47. The next element is the 6-inch 150-psi class, flanged gate valve running from 610 to 615.
Use the Valve/Flange database (with the Valve/Flange Database
command) for this
rigid element. Select the 150 psi flanged gate valve (default), and click OK.
CAESAR II returns from the database with rigid Y run, 17.750 in. long, weighing 225
pounds. As with the 8-in. check valve, the deadweight and length of the attached flanges
should be included in this analysis. (Select NOFLG in the End Type list if you do not want
these included.)

48. Click Distance

on the Input Tools toolbar or select Edit > Distance to find the distance
from 615 to 620. This is the length required to bring the pipe up level with the intersection at
node 25.

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49. The Y-distance in this case between 615 and 25 is 15-inches, so type this distance in the
DY box for 615 to 620.
50. Specify a bend here because the next element connects the current element to the
intersection at node 25.

The Y value of the distance between nodes 615 and 25 provides the dimension for the
element from 615 to 620.
For the element running from 620 to 25, you know from the previous Distance command
that it is 2 ft. in the X-direction. If you do not have this information, you can use the Close
command (Edit > Close Loop).
Loop
CAESAR II calculates this dimension and displays it in the appropriate DX, DY, and DZ
fields.
51. Create the element and type 25 for the To node.
52. Click Close Loop
.
DX displays a value of 2 ft., as shown in the following figure.

The close loop on element 620 to 25 fills in the distances for DX, DY, and DZ boxes.

Input Review
Two options are available on any input screen to review the data: Plot and List. While the input
can be checked by paging through each input screen, these commands are useful in confirming
or editing the entire model.
By default, a plot of the model displays to the right of the Classic Piping Input dialog box. The
size of this plot area can be increased if the Classic Piping Input dialog box is collapsed. To
collapse the dialog box, click Auto Hide
in the upper right corner of the dialog box.

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To display the Classic Piping Input dialog box and the model side by side, click the Classic
Piping Input tab in the upper left corner of the dialog box and then click Auto Hide . The
volume plot of the current piping system displays. You can use the toolbar buttons and menu
commands to perform various functions.
To display the node numbers, press N or click Node Numbers on the Plot Tools toolbar. The
following figure shows the tutor model with the node numbers displayed.

Click Orbit
, and then use the arrow keys to rotate the plot. You can also use the arrow keys
. Scrolling the mouse zooms the model and
or mouse to pan the plot after clicking Pan
pressing the center mouse button pans the plot. Clicking the right mouse button, and then
clicking Operators > Pan from the pop-up menu provides an alternative method of panning the
plot. The model then follows the cursor. The plus sign (+) zooms in and the minus sign (-) zooms
out. There are toolbar buttons and menu items to alter the pan view and to display element and
restraint information on the plot. Use these different items to become familiar with them. To reset
the plot to the default, click Reset
on the Reset toolbar or click View > Reset. To print a copy
of the display click File > Print or click Print

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Because the graphics are included in the input processor, the graphic must be clicked to
set the focus before printing.

The V key toggles different views. The volume plot shown below is especially useful for larger
models because it uses less of the computer's resources.

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The illustration below shows a view down the Z-axis with a zoom and pan to show the pipe
valves. This volume plot shows the nodes and identifies the tees. To see the displacements
specified in the model, click Displacements
or Options > Displacements.

Click List , or Edit > List to quickly review and edit different categories of data in the job.
Clicking on the row number to the left of a line of data highlights the entire row. Hold the Shift
key while clicking on a second row of data to highlight all rows in between the two. Different
types of data sets are available by choosing the appropriate tab along the bottom of the dialog
box. Use the scroll bar along the bottom of the list to view more element data such as
temperatures and pressures. The Element list is shown in the following figure.

Ending the Input Session

If the input session is interrupted before all of the data is collected, save the model input before
exiting the input processor. To save the current input, click File > Save. CAESAR II interrupts
the input session and prompts you to save your work 30 minutes after the last save. Input data
can also be saved through the input exit processor, which is accessed through the File > Exit
command. The input processor can be re-entered later to continue the model creation.
After exiting and saving the input or running the Error Checker
data for this model under the filename Tutor._a.

, CAESAR II saves binary

All input files are composed of the job name with the added suffix _a. However, when you
close the piping input module the input file and the corresponding intermediate files are
compressed in .c2 format.

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CAESAR II checks the job for errors and lists a variety of notes and warnings. This tutorial
should generate three notes during the error checking. Two notes are regarding the hanger in
the model, and the third one is the center of gravity report. The software must size one hanger
and certain analyses are required to perform this hanger sizing. All the error, warning, and notes
are presented in a grid format. The analysis may proceed with notes and warnings, but fatal
errors must be corrected before continuing. If no fatal errors are found, CAESAR II builds the
intermediate (scratch) files for the static analysis. With the scratch files created, the input
process is complete and control is returned to the CAESAR II piping input.

Performing the Static Analysis

1. After error checking the model, review the load cases.
2. Click Edit > Edit Static Load Cases, or click Edit Static Load Cases
on the CAESAR II
Tools toolbar to display the load case editor.
CAESAR II begins with a standard set of load cases based upon the piping code selected
and the loads defined in input. For the job Tutor, size the hanger before the standard
structural and stress analyses are performed. This hanger sizing algorithm requires two
analyses before the standard three cases are analyzed. The five recommended load cases
are shown below.
3. Click Recommend.

CAESAR II creates load sets to analyze the operating conditions of the piping system and
the installed conditions of the piping system.
The operating condition for this analysis consists of the deadweight of the pipe, its contents
and insulation, the design temperature and pressure, and the pre-load on the just selected
hanger at node 28. The installed condition includes the deadweight and hanger pre-load. In
addition to these structural analyses, certain stress conditions must be addressed.
For the piping code used here, the sustained and expansion stresses must be calculated.
Sustained stresses include deadweight, pre-loads, and pressure. Sustained stresses can be

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taken from the installed condition analysis if the pressure loads are included. CAESAR II
includes the pressure term in the installed case because pressure, in most cases, has no
impact on the structural loads on the piping. With the installed case structural analysis also
serving as the sustained case stress analysis, no additional load case must be added to
calculate the sustained stresses.
Expansion stresses reflect the change in system position from its installed position to its
operating position. Because of system non-linearity, this change in position cannot be
determined by analyzing thermal loads alone.
By default, CAESAR II constructs a third load case to calculate the expansion stress
(range). This case is not a third, complete analysis of the system. Instead, it is a product of
the operating and installed structural analyses already performed. The difference in system
displacements between these two cases is the displacements stress range from which the
expansion stresses are calculated. The third class of stress in piping occasional stresses
(as opposed to expansion and sustained) is not included in the recommended analyses
and must be specified by you. Likewise, Fatigue (FAT) stress cases are provided only when
specifically required by the active piping code (TD/12, for example).
For most systems, the recommended load cases are exactly what you want to analyze.
Case 1 calculates the deadweight carried by the proposed spring at node 28.
Case 2 also calculates only one number, the vertical travel of the proposed spring. All the
load categories, which compose the operating load case, are used for this analysis. These
are deadweight, displacements, thermal set 1, and pressure set 1. With these two
numbersthe load carried by the hanger and the amount of travel it must accommodate
CAESAR II enters the Anvil catalog and selects the appropriate spring. This spring and its
proper pre-load are installed in the model for the remaining analyses.
Case 3 is the operating Hanger Load case. It is identical to case 2 but has the sized hanger
pre-load included in the category (H). This analysis produces the operating forces and
moments on the supports, and the deflections of all points in the system. Case 3 is a
structural analysis case and not a B31.3 stress analysis case. The refining piping code does
not recognize pipe stress in the operating condition as a test for system failure and does not
establish a limit for this state of stress.
Case 4 is both a structural and stress case. By eliminating the (assumed) thermal effects
(D1+T1), the analysis is of the cold system. By including pressure (P1), this case also has
the necessary components to be used to report the systems sustained stresses.
Case 5 (L3-L4) is an algebraic combination of two basic load cases. The displacements of
case 4 are subtracted from the displacements of case 3 to produce these results. This case
develops the displacement range of the system in its growth from the installed position to
the operating position. This displacement range is used for the calculation of the systems
expansion stresses.
4. To proceed with the analysis, click File > Analyze, or click Run the Analysis
.
The software continues with the data processing by building, sorting, and storing the
equation (matrix) data for the system and the basic load cases. This process may be
terminated at any time by clicking Cancel. When this is done, the CAESAR II Solution
Module displays.
CAESAR II analyzes the basic loads (hanger design, operating, and installed) before exiting
the dialog box. At this point, the solution dialog box is replaced with messages concerning
the post processing of this data. The displacement results of cases 3 and 4 are used with
the element stiffness matrices to calculate the forces, moments, and stresses throughout the
system. The difference between these two sets of displacements is used to establish the
displacement range of the piping system as defined in load case 5. This new displacement
set is similarly used to calculate forces, moments, and stresses. At the completion of this

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step, all the results are loaded into the binary data file Tutor._p and the CAESAR II output
processor dialog box displays so that output for this job may be reviewed. The ._p file can
only be examined through the output processor. The analysis need not be rerun to review
these results at a later time. Instead, click Output > Statics from the main menu to display
the output from the TUTOR._P file.

Reviewing Static Results

Whether entering the output processor directly from the static analysis or through the main
menu, the Static Output Processor dialog box displays.

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Usually, the first look at output is to verify that the piping model is responding as expected.
Checking deflections and restraint loads in the operating and installed cases should quickly
uncover any major problems with the system layout or input. If there are unusual results,
re-examine the input for correctness. If the output verifies the model, the results can be used to
collect pipe stresses, support and equipment loads, and any other useful data found in the
output. This information is useful in documenting a good piping design or troubleshooting an
inadequate one.
1. Selecting the (OPE) load case, and then click Graphical Output
.
A view of the operating displacements of this piping system displays.

As in other CAESAR II dialog boxes, both the toolbar buttons and menu items may be used
to select display options.

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2. From the menu, select Show > Displacement > Deflected Shape. The plot shows the
centerline plot along with a normalized deflected shape of the system in the operating
condition.

3. When you are finished viewing the plotted output for the operating case, change the case to
Sustained in the drop list on the left of the second toolbar.
4. Click Show > Stress > Overstress and verify that there are no over-stressed points in the
system.
5. Reset the plot, and click Show > Stress > Stress > Code to display the code-defined
stresses throughout the system.
The stress symbols appear on the screen and locate the highest stress points in the system.
6. Click Show > Stress > Maximum to list the stress values on the plot.
7. Press Enter to list the stresses one at a time starting with the highest.
The node number is shown in parenthesis following the stress value. The element
containing this node is highlighted. The highest (first) sustained stress listed is at node 40
(nozzle to vessel connection) with a value of 1591 psi.
For a quick review of the stresses as well as the displacements and restraint loads, the
Element Viewer can be displayed by clicking
on the toolbar. This information displays
in the next figure.

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8. Return to the output processor menu by clicking Window > <view>.

9. For a quick look at the selected hanger data, click Hanger Table with Text from the
General Computed Results column in the main output processor. Then, click View
Reports
.
The software reports the Anvil Fig. B-268 Size 10 spring selected at node 28.
This selection is based on the values found in the first two analyses. Both analyses provide
no load case reports in the output processor.
The expected hot load for the proposed support at node 28 (1209 lb.).
The thermal growth of node 28 (0.750 in.).
10. Return to the Output Menu, and select only the operating load case (OPE) Displacements
and Restraint Summary by holding down the Ctrl key.
The restraint loads at nodes 5 and 40 are compared to the pump and vessel load limits.
Note the different output tabs at the bottom of the screen.

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11. Return to the Output Menu, and select the sustained case (SUS) to examine the installed
condition of the piping system.
Turn off 3 and turn on 4. Both the operating and sustained cases can be reviewed
together by having both 3 and 4 highlighted at the same time.
12. Return to the Output Menu, and highlight the sustained and expansion cases (4 and 5) and
stresses.
Each stress report begins with a summary stating that the code stresses are below their
allowable stress. In the table that follows the summary, the stresses display for each node in
the system. These nodes are listed in pairs with their associated element. The last column
lists the ratio of actual stress to allowable stress in terms of percentage.
These results can be sent to the printer or to a file rather then sent to the screen. Before
creating the report, a title line for the hardcopy can be generated through Options-Title
Lines on the Output Menu.
13. Type the following two lines for the report header:
CAESAR II TUTORIAL
BOTTOMS PUMP TO STEAM STRIPPER
14. To send a specific output to the printer, click File > Print.
Use the output wizard to create a book of reports in a specific order and then send them to
an output device. Click More>> in the Static Output Processor to access the wizard.
Start the report with the hanger table by selecting it and clicking [Add].
15. Select the operating and sustained load cases and displacements and restraint summary
reports.
16. Click Add again.
17. Add the sustained and expansion stress reports by having only load cases 4, 5, and
Stresses highlighted.
18. Click Add to service this request.
This completes a typical output report after reviewing the reports order.
19. Select the output device, and then click Generate TOC, if needed.
20. Click Finish.
Segments of the output reports are included at the end of this section.
An input echo is available through the output processor. A complete input listing can start
the printed report or output file created by this processor.
To archive the static analysis electronically, the report can be sent to a data file rather than to
the printer. Use the above instructions substituting Save for Print, or use the appropriate output
choice on the wizard screen.
The first time you click Save, the software prompts you for a filename. The resulting data file,
Tutor.out, can be copied with the CAESAR II input and output files Tutor._a and Tutor._p to a
CD. These files, along with the configuration file (Caesar.cfg), and the time sequencing file
(Tutor.otl) provide a complete record of the analysis and should be stored with the drawing and
any listings.

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Static Analysis Output Listing

The following figure is a CAESAR II tutorial output report:

The output listed in the example includes significant output only.

Notes, which discuss the results, are included with each report.
The following reports are included in this output:
Complete Hanger Report
Operating Case Displacement Report
Installed (Sustained) Case Displacement Report
Operating & Installed Restraint Summary
Sustained Stress Summary and Stress Report
Expansion Stress Summary and Stress Report. (Stresses in the operating condition are
not used in B31.3 analyses)
The hot load of 1209 lbf. was calculated in the initial weight run (load case 1) with a rigid Y
restraint installed at node 28. The load on the restraint was 1209 lbf.
A 1209 lbf. +Y load replaced the rigid Y restraint at 28 and then an operating case was analyzed
(load case 2). Node 28 moved 0.750 in. in the +Y direction in this analysis.

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CAESAR II entered the Anvil hanger table with these two values and selected an appropriate
mid-range spring. The size 10 spring has the hot load of 1209 lbf. in its working range. This
mid-range spring (short range springs were excluded) has a spring rate of 260 lbf./in. Assuming
that node 28 moves 0.750 inches between the cold to hot position, this increases the spring load
by (.750)(260) or 195 lbf. The cold load on the size 10 spring is 1222+195 or 1404 lbf. This cold
load is also within the working range of the size 10 spring so CAESAR II selects it.

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Node 28 again moves up 0.750 in. in the Y direction with the spring installed.

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Look at the zero position of nodes 5 and 40. When the imposed displacements are not
included in the analysis, the node is fixed with zero movement in each of the defined directions.

This restraint report lists the piping forces and moments on the restraint. It does not list the
restraint loads on the piping. The loads at node 5 are the nozzle loads and can be used without
sign change to check the API 610 allowable loads. Loads for node 40 can be used to check the
vessel stresses due to the nozzle loads.
The loads at 28 show the operating load and the actual installation load (with contents) for the
selected spring. The spring carries the designed load of 1209 pounds in the operation condition.

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The +Y restraint at node 35 shows it is nonlinear nature. In the cold condition, the restraint is
active. As the piping moves to the hot position, it disengages from the support. Refer back to the
displacement reports to confirm that the Y displacement is 0.0 in the installed (sustained)
condition and +Y in the operating condition.

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The summary shows that the sustained stresses throughout the system are below their
allowable values. The sustained stress closest to its allowable limit is at the vessel node 40.

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For the previous stress detail report, note the application of the tee and bend stress
intensification factors. The tee at 25 has SIFs other than 1.00 for all three listings: 25 to 28, 20 to
25, and 25 to 620. Bend SIFs are applied only on the bend side of the node compare node 28
on 25-28 and 28-29. No stresses are listed for rigid elements as no valid moment of inertia is
provided for these elements.

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The summary shows that the expansion stresses throughout the system are below their
allowable values. The expansion stress closest to its allowable limit occurs along the header at
the node 10 tee.

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For the previous stress detail report, compare the bend side of 30 with the straight side of 30.
The SIF doubles the calculated stress. Also note the changing allowable stress. This is the
result of applying an allowable stress, which takes credit for "unused" stress in the sustained
case.

Conclusions
The review of piping stresses shows that the piping has adequate wall thickness and support to
keep within the sustained allowable stress, as well as enough flexibility to remain below the
expansion allowable stress limit. A quick review of the system displacements does not reveal
any interference problems from pipe expansion.
Equipment loads must still be checked to ensure a safe and effective design. The pump loads at
node 5 may be compared to the API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard 610 (Seventh
Edition, February 1989), Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. The nozzle loads, too,
can be compared to the allowed maximum limits. The nozzle loads can be translated into local
stresses using Welding Research Council Bulletins 107 or 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical
Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles (WRC 107) or it's Supplement (WRC 297). These
local stresses can then be compared to allowable stress values established in "ASME Section
VIII Division 2 Appendix 4, Mandatory Design Based on Stress Analysis".
Because the loads on these boundary conditions are related to the piping system layout, the
piping system cannot be properly approved until these load limits are also verified. These
verifications are done in Tutorial B. For more information, see Tutorial B (on page 231).

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