Singaporean Secondary Maths 1A

Factors and Multiples
.aaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Targets
.
.
.
.
.
Recognise prime numbers.
Write a composite number as a product of prime factors.

Express the prime factorisation of a number in index notation.
Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) and the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two
or more numbers.
Find squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots.
ffi r".trrr""au"mpm -1.
--
We can write a whole number greater than 1 as a product of two whole numbers.
E.g. 18=1x18
L8
-Zx9
18=3x6
:. 7 ,2,3 , 6,9 and 18 are called factors of

gl.
Teaclrer's
Nate that 18 is divisible by each of its factors.
ilu"-;;-ffiR*-2.
Factors of a number are whole numbers which multiply to give that number.
.l
The common factors of two numbers are the factors that the numbers har e in
J.
common.
E.g.
Factors of 12: ,-tr , 2,

Factors of
2l:
,$,
4,6
, 12
:i:r,U.,:,,t,Ltlitll]:.r
'{'
,,,}i',J ,21
The common factors o\ 12 and 2I are
and 3.
-t-/
@ Casco Publications Pte
Lttl
,:l!_R
Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples
t
i{ti:\=-::
-.-E:
4.
When rve multiply a number by a non-zero whole number, we

number.
2x3
-eet
multiple of the
2x5 = 10
3x5=15 f Multiplesof-i
4 x 5 -20
5 x 5 -25
-6
3x3=9
4x3 -12
5x3=15
The multiples of 3 are 3 , 6 ,9 , 12, 15, ... and

the multiples of 5 are 5 , 10, 15 ,20 ,25 , ...
The common multiple of two numbers is a number that is ,, ::' .. :
'=
numbers.
E.,q. Multiples of 4
are
4,
,'i2 ,
16,20 ,'24, ,28
,32,36 . ..
Multiples of 6 are 6, l? , 18 , 24 ,30 , 36 , ...

The flrst three common multiples of 4 and 6 are
12
.21 and i a
1.2 ) Prime Numbers, Prime Factorisation and lndex Notation
1.
A prime number is a whole number greater than
1 that has
exactlr t\\
r-r
;1:--:
factors, 1 and itself.
F..P.
5=lx5
Since 5 has no other whole number factors other than 1 and itself.
it is :, i. r, "
.-
number.
2.
The numbers 2,
3.
A composite number is a whole number greater than I that ha: r:-
3,5,J,
11, 13,17, ... are prime numbers.

.
different factors.
E.g.
6
6
= I x 6 I) J factors
-2x3 )
.'. 6 is a composite number.
-+.
The numbers 4,6,8,9, 10 , tZ, 14, 15,16,... are con.rf' - .;

words, all whole numbers greater than 1 that are not printc .
numbers.
Teaclrer's
Irp
\{athematics Tutor
lA
lrt
LLLI
5.
The table below shows all the prime and composite numbers from 1 to 100.
ii
},
13
t4
15
L6
25
!il!tli:
11
t2
2t
,) r)
10
ffi
18
it#.:
20
26
2l
28
'a#
30
35
36
ffi
38
39
40
!ffi
48
51
58
ffi
24
32 33 34
4T'
42 ffi 44
4s
46
51
s2 ffi s4
ss
56
LL
r:r:li::ii,
23
,iir::iiiir:
,,iji:+r:
ni:tr::r:: :,
,j.::,j:tl:ii
ffi
72
l.f$
81
82
ffi
64
74
84
9l
92
93
94
62
r.,,
63
.:, iii
.,
All prime numbers
rrir,,
49 50
$1 60
75
66 ffi
76 t7
78
85
86
81
88
,'1*,g-.
90
95
96
97
98
99
100
!!:r:;:
65
68
69
70
ji'l
:'i
':::
80
are shaded.
All other numbers from 4 to 100 which
are not prime numbers are composite
numbers.
6.
Prime factors are factors of a number that are also prime.
E.g.
1.
The factors of 18 are 1,2,3,6,9 and 18.

The prime factors of 18 arc 2 and 3.
The process of expressing a composite number as the product of prime factors is

called prime factorisation.
8.
We can use either the factor tree or repeated division to express a composite
number as a product of its prime factors.
Casco Publications Pte
Ltd
ffi
{R
=Jry&_
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Express 180 as a product of prime factors.
SOLUTION:
Method 1 (Using the Factor Tree)

180
Steps:
/\
,/\
2x90
/ / \
2x2x45
/ / /\
/
numbers.
Continue to factorise if any of the factors
':l
2x2 x 3 x 15
/ /
1
*
Write the number to be factorised at the

top of the tree.
Express the number as a product of tu o
/\
2x2 x 3 x 3 x 5
180 = 2x2 x 3 x 3 x 5
".4,1t
'iiit:,,ril
-2tx32x5
is not prime.
Continue to factorise until the last rou
of the tree shows only prime factors.
Index Notation
If the factors
appear more than once, we Can use the index rtot&tirr,,.

product.
the
to represent
E.g. 3x3x3x3x3=35
3s is read
base
3t
'3 to the power of 5'
'-
index
In index notation, 3 is called ti,base and the number at the tt-r!-. :
is called the index.
E.g. 2x2x2x5x5 =23x51

Method 2 (Using Repeated Division)
2
180
90
45
J-
15
Steps
1
Start by dividing the number by the S1tr., : '
number. Here, we begin with 2.

Continue to divide using the same ,':numbers until you get a quotient ,-.
180 =
2x2 x 3 x 3 x 5
The product of the divisors

factorisation of 180.
rl..
=/ xJ x5
;+!=*=t1,
al
4 i: MathematicsTutor lA
ii''H=="+'
!(
ngn.rt
1.
cr-*r" rr.
__
The largest common factor among the common factors of two or more numbers
is called the highest common factor (HCF) of the given numbers.
E.g.
Factors
Factors
of
of
1,2,3,4,6,and12.
18 are 1 ,2,3,6, 9 and 18.
12 are
'
thehiehestcommonfacror
The common factors of 12 and 18 are 1,2,3 and'',5,

The highest common factor of 12 and 18 is 6.
2.
Another method to find the HCF of two or more numbers is by using prime
factorisation which is the more efflcient way.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the highest common factor of 225 and 210.

SOLUTION:
225 =
32x52
270 -2x 33x5
ll
HCF =
32x5
_45
.'. The HCF of 225 and270 is 45.
Note!
x5x5
270-2x3x3x3x5
225= 3x3
..---::=S+=<11=;jiisj
HCF= 3x3
x5
=.15
/'l
J.
We can also repeatly divide the numbers by prime factors to find the HCF.
/
I
I
P:tblictttiotir Pi, i,t
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Find the highest common factor of 54,90 and 108'
SOLUTION:
5+,90, to8
3 lzl,+s,
3 | e. ls,
54
irnallest'eo
--'t$ffie
<-- ',piyi46 by co*rnon@fuefab'io,ffit'.
'ttre
.:
'.-",
Divide by common Prime factor 3'
18
13.s.6
on prime factoi
HCF=2x3x3 =18
.'. The HCF of 54. 90 and 108 is 18.
%-
woRKED EXAMPLE 3:
T:A group of 120 girl guides and 150 boy scouts took part in a camping competition'
>
were divided equally into mixed groups. Each group had the same number of bor '.'.girls.
(a)
(b)
What was the largest number of groups that could be formed?

How many boys and girls were there in each group?
SOLUTION:
(a)
by 120 and 150 since all the .. '

'and boys were exactly divided. So the largest number of groups forrued '
The number of groups formed must be divisible

highest common factor (HCF).
it$!;
,l,it
120, 150
lil,
:.,:lrrlr:
60, l5
20, 25
't
:iit,,:rl:,::
f]::iii:i
4,5
I
I
I
HC]Fi-)
.t.
'l
TIhe
x3x5
=30
la rsest nu mber
of groups that can be formed was 30.
120+30=4.
150+30=5.
(b)
The number of girls in each group is

The number of boYs in each grouP is
1.
The smallest common multiple among the common multiple: g' ;

numbers is called the lowest common multiple (LCM) of the
-'-.:,r-i
: \
Ctr'.
.:
."
- --
.g.
Multiples of 8: 8 , 16, 24, 32, 40 , 48, ...

Multiples of 12: 72 , 24, 36 , 48 , 60, ...
The common multiples of 8 and 12 are ,fi$i ,48,
...
i
I
the lowest common multiple
.'. The LCM of 8 and 12 rs 24.
2.
Another method to flnd the LCM of two or more numbers is by using prime
factorisation.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the lowest common multiple of 24 and 90.
SOLUTION:
24 = 23 x3
90=2 x32x5
lil.
To get the LCM, multiply the highest power of

each set of common prime factors. AIso include
any uncommon factors.
LCM -23 x32 x 5

= 360
.'. The LCM of 24 and 90 is 360.
3.
We can also flnd the LCM of two or more numbers by repeatly dividing the
numbers by their prime factors.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Find the lowest common multiple of
2I, 63 and 105.
LUTION :
I zt, ez , 105
I 7 ,21, 35
3+l 1,3, l-.1fft'i
5 | 1,
1,
,-,
If u nu*b*f't'u;t*-t'$i
r --]6;;;6,fi[,ifi'4i+
,Ht$.r'***U*t
5- 315
63tand 105 is 315.
' Publiccttiorts Pre Lrc!
chapter 1: Factors and Multiples
-ffi,,-
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
Express 2520 as a product of prime factors in index notation'
in inder nor.liHence, find the LcM of 22 x 35 x 78 and 2520, giving your answer
(a)
(b)
SOLUTION:
(a)
2 r 2520
2520=23x32x5x1
,l*
,[:ts
2a1260
,[*
,,
,7a
'[
2'x3'
(b)
23 x32
llll
x78
x 5 x 7 ------i'g
LCM --2'x3sx5 x78

.'. The LCM of
22
35
x 78 and 2520 is 23 x
3s
x5x
78
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
and phone booths are
On a stretch of road, bus stops are located at intervals of 315 m
first bus stop.
l0cated at intervals of 525 m.A phone booth is l0cated at the
(a) How far along the road from the first phone booth would you be able to find the
next phone booth located at a bus stop?
(b) How many phone booths and bus stops would you pass by before you find a phonc
booth at a bus stop for the second time?
SOLUTION:
Bus
'.oo
lffi
i-
fffil
f315 m
Phone f@l
booth
,:...r+er\l;
Mathematics Tutor
315 m
l@l
525 m
S j'
,i'i:**-.+'
315 m
lA
525 m
3 1-5 nr
(a)
.n ce
when a phone booth is next found at a bus stop, flnd the
;.
3r5,525
$,,-
105, 175
21,
7"''"'
J-,
3,
1,
:'5:.''
35
5
5
J- X 5
: boot
otth that is located at a bus stop
is
1575 m away from the
:h.
(b)
Number of bus stops
booth S
B lsqqs-e
1.
1575
+ 315
--
When a number is multiplied by itself, the product is called the square of the
number.
E.g.
2.
5x5
- 25 or
52
= 25 *-i5ii;[r;*#'A[irr$
5 is the positive square root of 25.
J25
-5
22=1 and J4=2

32=9 and J9 =3
42=16 and JG=4
3.
The numbers whose square roots are whole numbers are called perfect squares.
1,4,9,16,25, ... are perfect squares.
- Casco Publications
Pte Lrd
{ffi
%-,
woRKED ExAMPLE 1:
using prime factorisation, find the square root of 5184.
SOLUTION:
2 I 5t84
5184 =26 x3o
J5184
2[;;
2ux
r-=---;= ,l(2' x 3')'
2l
Ds6
za
=2'x3'
=8x9
648
za 3M
2l 162
-'7)
rJl
3an
3f-,
,E
1
Split the prime factors into 2 equal groups'
5184 =26 x3o

= (2'
gqb,{
1.
x3')'
a@1q___---
-------
the cube of the

When a number is multiplied by itself thrice, the product is called
number.
E.g.
5x5x5
- 125 or
5r is read as'5 cubed'.
5i = I 25
2.
125 is the cube of 5 and 5 is the cube root
of 125.
E.g. Vl25 = 5
23
t3
=8
- .t1
43-64
3.
118
llil
=2
=z
1{6+ =+
cubes.
The numbers whose cube roots are whole numbers are called perfect
I , 8, 2-l , 64, 125, ... are Perfect cubes
Mathematics Tutor 1A
'
O Crt.ic'i, Piti'' . -::'
- -, "
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the cube root of 1728.

SOLUTION
1728 =26 x33
imx
- ilr ,3'
"*
= il(z, x 3),
=22
x3
=4x3
_ 1a
- tL
zI nzs
zaB64
,l ou
za
216
l-
ro8
2a
s4
3l
JI
3a;
^l
.
1
1728=2ux3,-Splittheprimefactorsirrto3equa1grotrps.
= (2' x 3) x (:2'x3) x (22 x 3)
= (2. x 3),
ffiij
Tutorial
1.
Express each
of the follorvin-e as a product of prime factors, giving your answer in inde''
notation.
1l
(a)
48
(b)
tz0
(c)
315
(d)
468
(e)
825
(f
t8e2
(e)
202s
(h)
43s6
\lutherllatlcs Tr-rtor 1A
@ Ctt.st'L' Piti': ,
-, '; ' 'r'' -'
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of the following.
(a) 60 and72
(b) 36 and 78
(c)
75 and3l5
(d)
(e)
150 and 375
(f ) 3185 and 4235
Cctsco Pwblications Pte
Ltd
56 and 126
ffi
(g) l5l2 and 1584
(i)
(k)
,,.G
36,54 and 198
55, 165 and 605
(h)
j)
(1;
2646 and 4536
84, 105 and 147
132, 156 and 252
@ Casco Ptrblications Pte Ltri
Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of the following.
(a)
18 and 42
(b)
54 and 15
(c)
98 and 140
(d)
t44 and 306
(e)
243 and 561
(f)
108 and 504
__i
''-'i;l'r
-,, Pttblit'tttiotrt Pic Ltti

--r - -
r.{=
'
tS t:
'titY'.'""-,
,,ffi
'w
(g)
261 and 609
(h) 294 and 980
(i)
14,25 and 35
(j)
18,63 and
(k)
36,45 and ll7
(1)
196,616 and728
ig 16 Ei Mathematics Tutor 1A
81
@ Cascrt
Prtlr!,,..;. .
.-
Find the HCF and LCM of the following.
(a)
18 and 60
(b)
42 and 105
(c)
28,35 and 84
(d)
54,72 and 162
(e)
84,96 and 560
(f
P:tblications Pte Ltd
126,168 and 567
Chapter
l:
Factors and
Multiples
ffi
Find the HCF and LCM of the following, giving your answers as a product of prime factors in
index notation.
(a) 2' x 33 x7 and,23 x 32 x 5
(b)
33
x 5ttx 13 and 32 x
58
2sx3ax7x13and
24x32x5x132
(d)
22
xJ x 11, 23 x72 x
13 and
(c)
(e) 23 x32 xJ6 and7938
{'ffi]
\w,
Mathemarics Tutor
tA
22 xJ3
(f)
32x5 x
13
113 and4725
O Crlrt r'
-P
11
6.
Using prime factorisation, flnd the square root of the following.
(a) 196
(c)
t52t
(d)
te36
422s
(h)
e2t6
(f
(e)
(g)
(b) s76
seze
.!.i;";;.
:.'
bl i t'ctti
ons Pte Ltcl
Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples tio 19 .ij

.,
:.:
Using prime factorisation, flnd the cube root of the following.

(a)
1728
(b) 27 44
(c)
3315
(d) s832
(e)
9261
(f)
10 648
(h)
39 304
(e) t3 824
,..s-.
i,
.'i' ZO
u*5:,'
Mathematics Tutor IA
@ Casco Publicuiit,it
f r-,
8. (a)
(b)
Express each of the following as

notation.
product of its prime factors, giving your answer in index
(ii)
(i) 2016
s880
Hence, find the highest common factor of 2016 and 5880.
The product of the prime factors of three numbers are given below.
96 -2s x3
112 =24 x7
504 =23 x32 x7
Find
(a)
(b)
the highest common factor of 96, ll2 and 504,

the lowest common multiple of 96, ll2 and 504.
The HCF and LCM of 264 and P are 12 and 5544 respectively. Find the smallest possible r-alue
,rf P.
,il1()i 1\ Pte
Ltd
{.#
Find the largest prime factor of 3060.

The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 8 and 504 respectively. If one of the numbers is
56, flnd the smallest value of the other number.
Find the largest whole number that is a factor of both ll7 and675.
11. (a)
(b)
(c)
12. (a)
(b)
13
Express 520 as a product of its prime factors.

Given that the LCM of 26 and an integer P rs 520, flnd the smallest possible value of P.
The HCF and LCM of 408 and X are 68 and 2040 respectively. Find the smallest possible value
of X.
))
,,@'Casco Publications Pte
l;r:
as the product of its prime factors 5544=23 x32 x7 x 11.

Express 308 as the product of its prime factors.
If the LCM of 308 and R is 5544, flnd the smallest possible value of R.
14. Written
(a)
(b)
15.
Written as the product of its prime factors 817 5 = 33 x 52 x 13.

(a) Write 7 65 as a product of its prime factors.
(b) Find the greatest integer that will divide both 877 5 and 7 65 exactly.
(c) Find the smallest integerp such that765p is a multiple of 8775.
Written as the product of its prime factors:
308=22xlxIl
952=23xJx17
(a) Find the largest integer which is a factor of both 308 and 952.
(b) Find the smallest integer value of p such that 308p is a multiple of 952.
: .,ir it'ations Pte
Ltd
Chapter
l:
Factors and
Multiples
,!st'%,',
r\$,1,
It.
(a)
(b)
18. (a)
(b)
19. (a)
(b)
(c)
ffi
When M is multipliedby 2016, the product is a perfect square. Find the smallest value of
M.
Find the sum of the flrst perfect square that ends with the digit 5 and the first perfect cube
that ends with the digit 7.
Find the composite numbers that are factors of both 36 and 54.
Find the smallest number which when divided by 24 and 36 leaves a remainder of 11.

Given that3024y is a perfect square, find the smallest possible value of y.
Find the highest common factor of 3024 and 22 x 32 x 5 .
C,1.,
.:
20. (a)
(b)
(c)
21. (a)
(b)
(c)
22. (a)
(b)
(c)
Given that3465=32x5x7 x ll,flndthehighestcommonfactor of 2457 and3465.

Given that2457ft is a perfect square, write down the smallest positive integer value of k.
Express 504 as the product of its prime factors.

Written as the product of its prime factors, 624 = 2t x 3 x 13.
Find the highest common factor of 504 and 624.
Find the smallest possible value of m such that 504m is a perfect cube.
Express 315 and 588 as a product of its prime factors.

Hence, flnd the lowest common multiple of 315 and 588.
Given that 588p is a perfect cube, write down the smallest positive integer value of p.
Cctsco Publications Pte
Ltd
.#
23. (a)
(b)
(c)
24.

Given that 2904p is a perfect square, write down the smallest possible integer value of p.
Given that2904q is a perfect cube, write down the smallest possible integer value of q.
The numbers P and Q, expressed as the products of its prime factors are given below.
P=2j x5rx 11ax l3

Q=25x5x73x13r
Find the value of each of the following, giving your answer as a product of its prime factors:
(a) the HCF of P and Q,
(b) the LCM of P and Q,
(c) the smallest value of m such that Pm is a perfect square,
(d) the smallest positive value of n such that Qn is a perfect cube.
25. (a)
(b)
,,:S
'kf/
Write 7056 as a product of its prime factors.

Hence, find the value
,{ 26 S; Mathematics Tutor lA
of &056
@ Casco Publication.s Pte L:.
,D,,
t:m*n a-s fhe product of its prime factors:

-lll="x3-'
-i,-'=j
-A
.&. Frnd
x)--1
:lnn
and, J2025
Hence. find the lowest conlmon multiple
of
i,lnn
and JZOX
\\rrite 9261 as a product of its prime factors.

'I
(a)
(b)
of ilg26l
Find the lowest common multiple
of V926t
and 117.

Hence, flnd the smallest possible integer value of x such that
Casco Publications Pte Ltd
J504. is a whole number.
29
. (a) Express 2144 as a product of its prime factors.

(b)
(c)
Hence,
1"6 1t27aa
Find the smallest possible value of m such that2744m is a multiple of 6.
30. (a) It 2352 = 2" x 3t' x J' , flnd the values of a, b and c.
(b) Gir,en that the HCF of 2352 and2't x 33 x 52 x7'is
of d and
31.
588, find the smallest possible values
e.
Written as the product of its prime factors,

288 = 25 x3',
5616-2!x3qx13'.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Write down the values ofp, q andr.

Find the smallest possible integer x such that288x is a perfect cube.
Find the smallest possible integer y such that 288y is a multiple of 5616.
i_=.++sqiir..
,i 28 ',
ttr,sq{
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publications Pte Li..'
32.
Express 3969 as a product of prime factors, leaving your answer in index notation. Hence,
(a)
evaluate
&%9
(b)
Express 5832 as a product of prime factors,leaving your answer in index notation. Hence,
(c)
evaluate :15t32 .
Using your answers from parts (a) and (b), flnd
(i) the HCF and
(ii)
the LCM
of J3%9 uno Vss:z
33. Given thatlsx
152
= 57 600, find rhe value
of /SZ
OOO
. ,,q
34. It is given that
=22
x3ax 52x116,
B -33 x5xJ2xllsand
C
-23 x
3s
112.
Find, in index notation

(a) the HCF and LCM of A, B and C,
(b) the square root of A,
(c) the cube root of 33C.
l- Ccrsco Publications Pte Ltd
u*E\.
Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples iq 29
"$j
'--*:"fJ'
35.
The numbers, A,
and C, expressed as products
of their prime factors are given below.
A=25 x32x53x I7
B-Zax33xJ2xIJ3
C -25 x3a xI72
(a)
(b)
(c)
36.
Find the value of each of the following, giving your answer as a product of prime factors
in index notation,
(i) the HCF of A, B and C,
(ii) the LCM of A, B and C.
Given that B x D is a perfect square, find the smallest value of D.
Given that C x E is a perfect cube, flnd the smallest value of F whete F =
Evaluate the following.

(a)
Jsl * l,[n x5'
(c)
ll2 x 2'
(e) .,fzr -
.J169
i*===*"'\t\
30 i,
'it}:*-=-jti'
--_,-
Mathematics Tutor
lA
- :hn
(b) 6'- \Eo ooo + ilTG
(d) 53 + 182 - Goo + <hE
+'[ts' - e x {-e+
@ Casco Publication -t P:.
40. Two
comets travelling through the galaxy passes through our solar system every 84 years and
126 years. The last time they passed our solar system together was in the year 1168. When will
they pass through our solar system together agatn?
41.
A gift shop uses 1155 boxes of chocolates, 462bottles of wine and 693 tins of cookies to make
as many gift hampers as possible. Each hamper has the same number of boxes of chocolates, the
same number of bottles of r,vine and the same number of tins of cookies.
(a) What is the greatest number of gift hampers that can be made?
(b) How many boxes of chocolates, bottles of wine and tins of cookies are there in each gift
hamper?
42.
Three security guards, A,B and C,take24 mrnttes, 36 minutes and t hour respectively to patrol
around a building using 3 different routes. Each route starts and ends at the guard house. A11 the
security guards start patrolling the building from the guard house at the same time. How long
will it take before all 3 security guards are back at the guard house agarn? Give your answer in
hours.
,frt,
iWJ,,
Mathematics rutor
IA
ltd
43.
145 boys and264 girls were selected to go on a volunteer programme to visit several villages in
Thailand. Two days before the trip, one of the boys contracted chicken pox and had to withdraw
from the programme. The remaining boys and girls are to be equally divided into as many
groups as possible in order to visit as many villages.
(a) What is the largest number of groups that can be formed?
(b) How many boys and girls are there in each group?
44.
Three trucks A, B and C deliver goods to a supermarket ever\' 1 8 dar s. l-i dar s and 36 days
respectively. If all three trucks deliver goods to the supermarket todar . hou man\ dar s later u,i1l
they next meet together?
45. Along the footpath of a park, a bench can be found after every
60 m while a \\.ater fountain can

be found after every 168 m. A shelter can also be found where a bench and a \\ ater irruntain are
located together. These three features can flrst be found at the start of the footpath.
(a) After how many metres can the shelter, the bench and the water fountain be found together
next?
(b)
Cctsco
How many water fountains can be found between any two consecutive shelters l
Prblications Pte Ltd
,.:ffi
\?y"
46.
The rectangular floor of a courtyard measuringT56 cm by 360 cm is to be tiled using identical

square tiles.
(a)
(b)
47.
Find the area of the largest square tile that can be used without cutting any of the tiles.
How many of these tiles are needed to completely cover the floor?
Jason has 1000 small cubes, each side measuring 1 cm. He uses these cubes
cubes with sides 2 cm,3 cm, 4 cm and so on.
ffi':2cm
(a)
to make larger
ffi:
3cm
What is the length of the side of the largest cube that he can make using all the small cubes
he has?
(b)
(c)
,ffi'
Find the length of the side of a cube that he made using 729 small cubes.
He dismantles the cube from part (b) and arranged them in the shape of a square
with no cubes left over. What is the length of the side of the square?
i{ 34 Ei Mathematics Tutor lA
'w-.
cm high
@ Casco Publications Pte Lr,;
THTNI(ING SKI LLS GORNER

A prime number is less than 100 and rhe sum
of its digits is 5.
what is the number?
If it is I
less than a multipl e of J ,
A two-digit even number is a multiple of 11. Multiplying

the digits to-pether rvill get a perfect
cube or a perfect square. What is the number?
E:tp.'1'g55
.,
the following as a product of prime factors,

giving your answers in index notation.
1317x78+79x6)
l\ffi
=;'-e.findtheHCFandLCMot|3(7x78+78x6)andffi,givingyour
:r'in index notation.
i..ffi
''\=5t-='
-1.
The numbers S andT,expressed as the products of its prime factors are given below.
.S
= 2r x
5a
-2) x
32
x 11'
x 5'x lI2
If
the HCF and LCM of S and

values of x,y and z.
T are 22 x 5 x LI2 and 23 x
32 x5a
11' respectively, flnd the
5.
All
6.
Palm trees are to be planted along 2 different hiking paths A and B of distance 3780 m and
4680 m respectively. A palm tree is to be planted at the beginning and at the end of each path.
The distance between any two consecutive palm trees on both paths are the same.
(a) Find the greatest possible distance between two consecutive palm trees on both paths.
(b) How many palm trees are to be planted on both paths altogether?
the pupils in the Mathematics Club were each given a box of jelly beans on Children's Day.
The girls received 923 jelly beans altogether and the boys received I15l jelly beans altogether.
How many pupils are there in the Mathematics Club altogether?
(Assume that there are the same number of jelly beans in each box.)
..-;.***qr.
:0 i; MathematicsTutor lA
t;i35**-*i.
Ltd
Real Numbers
ffi
o a a a a aa aaa
.
.
.
E)
aaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaacaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
L se negative numbers.
Represent and order numbers on a number line.
Identify integers, rational numbers and real numbers.

Perform the four operations on integers. rational numbers and real numbers.
nuti.
1.
cr"..ptr
Numbers with the 'negative sign'
E.g.
2.
-1 .-2. -3. -4.
-5.
('-')
are called negative numbers.
...
Integers refer to whole numbers and negative numbers.
E.g.
a
__
.....,
-3,-2,-I,0, 1 ,2,3,4, ... are integers.
Positive integers are whole numbers that are greater than zero.
E.g. 1,2,3,4,5,...
4.
Negative integers are whole numbers that are smaller than zero.
E.g. -t.-2.-3.-4.-5.
...
5.
Zero is an integer that is neither positive nor negative.
6.
A number line showing integers is shown below:
-54-3-2-1012345
Negative integers
1.
Positive integers/Natural numbers
The arrows on both ends of the number line show that the line can be extended on
both ends.
-'.,j-' .i.- ,'P
,-
Llri
Chapter 2: Real Numbers
Every number on the number line is greater than any number to its left.
8.
2345
-54-3-2-101
E.g. 2 is greater than -3 and is denotedby
We can also write
), (,>
9.
and
2>
-3.
-3 is smaller than2 and is denoted by -3 <2.
( are called inequality signs.
> means 'is greater than'.

< means 'is smaller than'.
) means 'is greater than or equal to'.
( means 'is smaller than or equal to'.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Show the numbers 6,
3,-2, 0 and 5 on a nnmber
1ine.
SOLUTION:
I
-3-2-1
01134561
WoRKED EXAMPLE 2:
Draw a number line to represent each of the follorving.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Integers > 0 but < 5.

Prime number < 14.
Composite numbers which are greater than 5 but smaller than 12.
SOLUTION:
(a)
(b)
01234561891011t213t4
5618
',L,. ::I:rtiC.
TLTIOI
lA
91011t2
Ltd
A prime numtler is a natural number that has eractll

factors, i.e. I and itself.
2,3,5,7 ,11, 13 , lJ , 19,23,29,31,
ditierent
... are prime numbers.
A composite number is a natural number that has more
than
2 diff'erent factors.
1,6,8,9,
I
:
10.
10, 12,14,15, 16, 18, ... are composite numbers.
which is not a
than I which
In other
other words any natural number greater than
prime number is a composite number.
I, 2, 3, 4,, 5, 6, J , ... afe called natural numbers.
The natural numbers are also
called positive integers.

11.
The numerical or absolute value of a numbet x,, denoted by

from zero on the number line.
lrl, is its distance
Since distance can never be negative, the numerical or absolute value of a number
is always positive.
E.g. l2l = 2,|101 = 0, l-21=
rqqfl,rll4!+try.ti9t"f Er.ryry
1.
__
Rules for adding two integers:
Method
Sign of numbers
Both numbers have the same signs.
1.
2.
(+a)+(+b)=+(a+b)
(-a)+(-b)=-(a+b)
Both numbers have different signs.
1.
Add the numbers while ignoring

their signs.
Write the sum using their
common sign.
E.g. (+3) + (+8) = *11 = 11
E.g. (-3) + (-8) = -(3 + 8) = -11
Subtract the numbers while
ignoring their signs.
2.
The answer has the same sign

as the number having the lar-eer
numerical value.
(+a) + (-b) = +(a (+a) + (-b) = -(b (-a) + (+b) - -(a (-a) + (+b) - +(b -
b) rf a> b
a) if b > a
b) tf a> b
a) if b > a
E.g. 12+(-4) -12-4=8

E.g. 5 + (-11) =-(11 -5) --$
E.g.-8+3=-(8-3)=-5
E.g. -9 + 15 = 15 -9 = 6
a
,
,!.:r.-,, Publiccttious Pte Ltcl
_19
2.
To subtract integers, change the sign of the integer being subtracted and add using
the addition rules for integers.
E.g.
8-
15 = 8 +
(-15)=-(15-8) --7
- J = -tl + (-7) = -(11+7)

-6 -(-10) - -6+ 10 = 10 -6 -4
3-(-13)=3+13=16
-11
= -18
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
(a)
The hi-ehest and lou est temperatures of Town A were 3"C and -12"C respectively.
Find the ditterence betu'een these two temperatures.
(b)
The lori'est temperature in Torvn B rvas -23'C. The difference between the lowest
and highest terrperatllres u.as 12"C. Find the highest temperature in Town B.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Difference = 3"C - (-11"C)

= 3oC + 12"C
=
(b)
15oC
Highest temperature = -23"C + 12'C

=
\,
1-:.1:.l.rii.: TLrtor I \
-1loC
e Crt.iir, Pul.ii - Li I. r' ;'r P:,
.l :..'
Multiplication and Division of Integers
1.
Rules for multiplying integers:
Multiplication
Examples
(+a)x(+b)-+(axb)
3x4-12
(-a) x (-b) = +(ax b)

(+a) x (-b) = -(ax b)
(-a) x (+b) - -(ax b)
(-5)x(-6)=+(5x6)=30
8
x (-3) = -(8 x3) = -24
(-12)x4=-(LZx4)=-43
Rules for signs:
2.
(+)x(+)=(+)
The product of two positive integers is a positive integer.
(-)x(-)=(+)
The product of two negative integers is a positive

integer.
(+)x(-)=(-)
(-)x(+)=(-)
The product of a positive and a negative integer is

negative integer.
Rules for dividing two integers:
Division
,:,r.].
(+a)+(+b)=+(a+b)
16+2-8
(-a)+(-b)=+(a+b)
(+a)+(-b)=-(a+b)
(-a)+(+b)--(a+b)
(-20) +(-5)
,:t ,,
:.
,,
Rules for signs:
(+)+(+)=(+)
(-)+(-)=(+)
(+) + (-)= (-)
(-)+(+)=(-)
@ Ca.sco Publications Pte
Ltd
Examples
=+(20+5)-4
36+(-4)=-(36 +4)--9
(-24) + 8 = -(24 + 8) = -3
Rules for Operating on lntegers
1.
Addition and multiplication of integers obey the Commutative Law.

Commutative Law of Addition of integers:
a+b=b+a
Commutative Law of Multiplication of integers:
axb=bxa
E.g.
Fo
"'b'' )
2.
+(-10)=(-10) +2--8
x (-10) = (-10) xZ - -20
Addition and multiplication of integers obey the Associative Law.
of integers:
E.g.
+(-5)] +8 =3 + [(-5)+ 8] =6
t3 x(-5)l x8 =3x t(-5)x 8l = -120
[3
8.e.2
3.
Multiplication of integers is distributive over

(a) addition,
(b) subtraction.
Distributive Law of Multiplication oyer Addition of integers:
ax(b+c)-(axb)+(axc)
Distributive Law of Multiplication oyer Subtraction of integers:
=-'#.*.flir
E.g.
,.l',,{.a
x b} - (a x c)
1 -2x (-3 + 5)=-2 x(-3) +(-2)x 5 =--1
8.g.2 -2x (-8 - 6) =-2 x (-8) - (-T x 6 = lS

1.
The order of operations on integers is the sanre a: those for whole numlrer.
Order of operations
1.
2.
ft,
\0,;,,
Simplify expressions within the brackets flrst.

Working from left to right. perform rnultiplication or division betore
addition or subtraction.
Mathematics Tutor I A
@ Casco Publicatiorts Pte
Ltd
'%*
woRKED EXAMpLE 1:
Evaluate each of the following.
25 - 36 + (-4) + (-11)
(a)
(b) (-10) - (-6) + (-e) + 3
(c) (3-s)'x4+ t(-18) +(-2)l+(-z)'
(d) {-1s - tls + (-9)l'} + (-3)
SOLUTION:
(a)
25
= 25
(-4) + (-11)
(-9) + (-11)
36 +
-25+9-ll
-23
(b)
(-10) - (-6) + (-e) +

= (-10) - (-6) + (-3)
=-10
.---
, rr,i .,:;:,l
.r'1
:r'.,1
i' :i:",'
rr -'
.l:i:r:.:'
r'i
I'
.,-i'P*r*o di#ion fiist.,
1.
,'
:,f
rr
rrl:
: ,r:
i:
+6-3
1,
(c)
5)' x 4 +t(-18) + (-2)l + (-Z)'

= (-2)' x 4 + (-18 - 2) + (-2)'
(3
=(-2)'x4+(-20)+(-Z)'
=
.t
8it*
= -32 + (-5)
--32-5
- -3J
(d)
{-1s - t1s + (-9)l'} + (-3)

= t-15 - (15 - g)'z] + (-:)
= (-15 - 6') + (-3)
= (-15 -36) + (-3)
= (-51) + (-3)
_ 11
tt
-
Rational Numbers
1.
A rational number is any number that can be written as a ratio of two integers. In
other words, a number is a rational number if it can be written as a fraction where
both the numerator and denominator are integers.
integers
E.g.
. -,,,
3 I 5 .2
-5'z'3"3
Pritlicutiorts Pte Ltcl
t_
Chapter
l: R:r. \,. ::::
).
All
integers are rational numbers since each integer,
E.g.
3.
3 and -6 arerational numbers since Z =
n,can be written
and
-6
utTn
]
-6
I
I
Most decimals can be expressed as rational numbers too.
E.g.
0.5 and 3.2 arerational numbers since O.S =
*10
and
a.r
?)
l0
Recall:
51
r02
I
]10unO I2
ur. equivalent fractions.
is said to be in its simplest form or in its lowest terms.
Here, the numerator and denominator have uo more common
factors.
32 16 nl
l0 5 --5
*5
,, called an improper fraction. The numerator is sreater
than or equal to the denominator in an improper fraction.

I
3:5
is called a mixed number. It represents the sum of
whole nurnber and a proper fraction.
A proper fraction
has its numerator smaller than its
denominator.
l3
E.s.-.-and
q are proper fracl"ions.
5
,... .,
aaaitir" r"a sqp1rg.tir"
"r
n"tir"rl
,. ,., . ..
:i
To add or subtract rational numbers, express the rational numbers as equivalent fractions
in the same denominators flrst.
\lathematics Tr-rtor 1A
Ltd
%.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the value
ott) * r+ . (-r*)
SOLUTION:
,* *r* * (r*)
=t) *r+ -z[
=(7
+3-2).(+.+-+)
\2 3 6)
=8+
(-=)
=8+
.\:r%u\
rhe LCM of z,3and6
is 6.
_8!6
=
<--
Reduce to lorvest terms.
8;J
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Evaluate
(a) 6!6 .34
(b) [-'i) . [-?] .l-i)
SOLUTION:
l___,we
use,i
'u ur*
*.
f , I _ 3')
(a) e!64- 21 =(5_z) + [tao)
(t
:)
=3+[a-2.]
=3+
=3+
.5
t2
--12
_.. ,.-r,.,71irrii\
ptt Lttl
+-l
(b)
(-i) . [-?) . (j)

=-['].+.i)
*'
= -(s * I*+. +)
'
s una
""o''
- 5+48+lo)
=-[)+n )
=-('.#)
=-[s.r*)
=
-20
-81
Muttiplication and Division of Rational Numbers

1.
To multiply two rational numbers:

(a) Convert all mixed numbers to improper fractions flrst.
(b) Simplify the fractions first by crossing out the common factors
(c)
(d)
of
the
numerators and denominators'

Multiply the numerators, then the denominators.
Reduce answer to its simplest form'
0
where
a,b,cand dareintegers andb *0and
d*0'
2.
To divide a rational number by another rational number:

(a) Convert al1 mixed numbers to improper fractions flrst'
(b) Invert the second fraction by interchanging its numerator and denominator'
(c)Multiplythenumerators,thenthedenominators.
o c
bdbc
,''
"
u .Ll
ax
bxc'
where
a,b, c and d
are integers and
b*0.c+0andd*0.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Evaluate
(a) (-';) * ,+'

2)-r_ro)
,^\
(c) ([-rr,
= n)
[-
&
{+oi
\g
N{athematics Tutor 1A
(-12),
@ Casco Publicatiotts Pte Lrd
SOLUTION:
(a)
(.i) x:!
.u
5'
"v
16
/\
2t
5l
-_e
+ (-1 21 --
8r
\,/l-
-s "[
2
Clrange
'to 'x'
o*.
by inverting the seconcl fraction.
-t)
-12=-::
t )
12.)
lnvertinc
j_t2gives -i l
l-5
(c)
(
[-
z\
=
".,J
=-3t.1.1
=-5
<
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Evaluate
(i - i)
( r X z)
--
+ I
[ 4 e)'
|
SOLUTION:
(l__-___r x_l_
z') (:-s) ( r)
=
\\-./,4
rs ,
[-r8]
r)
-2.(
=
15
2
r{
'"
l.- 18,
,.6
18
1
.5
.t :- -,.1i,''i:\ Pit LlLl
Chapter 2: Real Nurrbers
47
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
Er aluate
a (-;-1) .[-+-t-;)]
s '-t1.)'*[-ri']l
,[_-o))= (-';)
b, IL_r;+[_,2/
SOLUTION:
(a) (-+-1) =[-]-( *)l

(_t_z\
=[ o *(_l*l)
,=[-4-6)
(-t+z\
lCI)
[-r)
\ t2)
5.
6,
I rz')
[- ,
=10
(b)
.[-,;)] . (-,;)
[-,;.(-' i)'
. (-,;)
=
[-z **r]-z;)
( s\
-l-r+2-l+(-:)*f-1]
-L
[-aJ + +)*[-';)*
simplirvexpresslons
withinbracketsfirst.
=[-:.!l+ry] .(-,;)
.
. (-,:)
[-, (-3 )]
= (--*) . (-,;)
_-JJ :
8
,3
JJ
84
(_
rt
o]
(, o')
.
xl\.
11,
9
4
_.1
-4
^J+8
I.I:
-.:.1'.:,i-. Ttrt,lr 1-\
@ Casco Pttblications Pte
Ltd
n.uN"*n.*
1.
A11
rational numbers can be expressed as a decimal by dividing the numerator by
the denominator.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Write
as a decimal.
SOLUTION:
I =5*g
tt
-
0.625
8 I5ôoo
0.625
-48
20
_16
40
-40
0.625 is called a terminating decimal.
A terminating decimal contains a finite number of digits. In

other words, there is an end to the division process.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Express each of the following as a decimal.
(a) ;1
,..
(b)
(c)
SOLUTION:
(a) ;5
1
0.333
=l+3
3llooo
-9
= 0.333...
= 0.3
rL
10
The dot above 3 shows
that the digit 3
is
-9
10
-9
1
l..ffi
(b)
0.1818
_M
rl
)2.0000
-11
= 0.1818...
90
= 0.i8'------
-88
I
I
20
The two dots above 1 and 8 indicate the

beginning and end of the set of digits that
is repeated.
1l
90
-88
2
(c)
0.5833
l
i=t+
t2
-60
= 0.5833...
l70ooo
12
100
0.583
.11
t2
-96
1.583
-36
40
-36
0.3 0.i8 and 0.583
are called repeating/recurring decimals.
We write a dot above the repeating digit.
repeating decimal has one or more digits that are repeated

in{rnitely. In other rvords.'rvhen you divide, you can keep on going
forever!
If there are three or more repeating digits, place the dot over the
first and the last repeating digits.
Fo
z7
= 0.I 85 185 185...
= o.i g5
2
0.285
1 =
11 285 714...
= 0.285I 14
r Some decimals continue without end, but do not have a repeating

:_pattern.
These decimals are called non-repeating. non-terminating
I
decimals.
E.g.
The ratio between the circumference of a circle and its

diameter is tt = 3 .141 592 6 ..,
n is not a rational number since it cannot be erpressed as a ratio

two integers.
11
The numbers
a1
.3.1,1.3.1-ll are rational numbers that are used
of
as
approximations for z
^gl0
l''1,:
t::tt.rlti. Tittor iA
on11'.
Casco Pnbliccttiorts Pte Ltcl
r --
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
I9
(a)
Find the fraction that is exactly halfway between
(b)
Express your answer in part (a) as a recurring decimal.
and
SOLUTION:
(a)
58
+= -13
13
9
.t
=^/1
-x92
13
18
(b)
0.7222
1* =13+18
0.7222...
0.12
Il3
0ooo
-t26
40
-36
40
-36
40
-36
4
2.
Real numbers consist of all the numbers on the number line.

Real numbers
r5
E.e.-2. o. S.7.
Rational numbers
(Terminating or
repeating decimals)
E.g.-2,0.
5"
15
;. ;
*.
Irrational numbers
(Non-terminating
and non-repeating
decimals)
E.g.tt,
tlT,
ZnE
Integers
E.g.
Whole numbers
(Zero and positive
-2,0,5
Negative Integers
Fo
-)
--l
integers)
E.g. o,5
Ltd
Chittrr1.'1'I Rl-,1
\.. r', .
,-"
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
.\ruan_ee the
-i. -3 +
following in ascending order.
-"./lo- .
T .o, ,ffi
SOLUTION:
3Jrl
-^lo = -3.t62...
t-
t-3
2a
=3
=z.slt...
J
1
Il=
1
J,
"5
-ll=-ll
The numbers zuranged in ascending order are:
-3 + , *..il-o- , -3, :,m , o,
WORKED EXAMPLE 5:
Consider the numbers:
?,0.6,
9',
Ji,s, 8,9, 13, rzr
Write down
(a) the prime numbers,
(b) the square numbers,
(c) the irrational numbers.
SOLUTION:
(a)
(b)
Prime numbers: 5,
13
Square numbers: 9, 121
tttf
32
(c)
Irrational numbers:
Ji
,o
,5l
"
- - -:- ,,:. i. Tfttrrf A

1
Ltd
woRKED ExAMpLE 6:
Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal
places.
(a)
ze
+ K-2.6q3 - (e.ss +3.45)zl
2392
(b)
0.36
(c)
5.433
- (-2.39)
SOLUTION:
(a) ,6;t
+ l(2.64)3
- (e.ss + 3.45)2)
= 10.509 218l
= 10.51 (conect to 2 decimal places)
2392
(b)
5.433
- 69.597 r89 49
- 69.60 (correct 2 decimal places)
,^\
\-./
fu6-e:;l1
,
-.:
\i ['3
= 0.064 996 236

= 0.06 (correct to 2 decrmal places)
.'
r,it ! i t-
itti ttrt.s Pte
Lttl
Chapter 2: Real
Numbers
ffi
Tutorial
1.
Draw a number rine to represent each of

the following:
(a) integers > _3 bur < 3
(b) natural numbers > _Z but < 4
(c) positive integers < 5
(d) prime numbers > 60 but < 75
(e)
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
natural numbers which are atleast 6
Draw a number rine to represent the numbers

5. 15. 25. ..., 55.
Draw a number rine to show the point
s 2. -4. 0. 3 and _r.
Draw a number line to represent all composite
numbers that
36.
are factors of both
Draw a number line to represent all prime

numbers that is a factor
MathematicsTutor 1A
of
24
and,
21.
@ Casco Publications pte
Ltd
Fill in the boxes with ), = or (.

(a)
(c)
(e)
(e)
a[l+
o[l-z
-s l-l:
o
(b)
(d)
+
f r-------, f
t_ttt_
,\t o
!sl
(0
-rzf-]-o
[-l -:
1m [:] -ls
.r4
(h) -J:n
E-to
Write True (T) or False (F) for each of the following statements.
(a)
(b)
(c)
An integer is a rational number.
(d)
(e)
Every rational number is a real number.
A rational number is always an integer.

A fraction is not a rational number.
If the product of two real numbers is positive, then both

the numbers must be positive.
5.
(0
(g)
The product of a negative rational number and zero is zero.
(h)
(i)
A whole number is always an integer.
A real number is always positive.
Fractions and decimals make up the set of integers.
Write down the rational numbers in each of the following.
(a) -1 ,Ji ,0,2.04, [4

t1
(b) -J+,x. n.3.2s.-V-s

(c) I ;)r-Jj
,-8, V5 ,0.375, J-4
)') r= ft I ,,
4,;,-7,r.2
(d) ;,,1
(e) fi,26,-
(0 #,#
,,
l,,o.za,#
Jj ,-0.383,0
-. ,: 'o Publications Pte Ltd
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
Evaluate each of the following without the use of a calculator'
6.
:^
(a) -3 - (-e)
(b) 8+(-12)-6
(c) -6 + (-15) + a
(d) -5 + (-4) - (-r2)
(e)
(f)
18 +
(-8)
- (-1s)
l'.1-, ::ll.rti.'s Ttrtor
lA
s-(-10)
-a+(7)
Ltd
(g) -16-(-20)-5+(-6)
(h)
(i)
-13
0) [-6 + (-e)] + [13 - (-zz)]
(k)
[-3 + (-17)
[-1 + (-1s)]
L Casco Pwblications Pte Ltd
10]
24
- (-5) + (-11) - (-e)
- t(-s)' + (-tZ) - (-8)l
Chapter 2: Real
Numbers
'O=
Evaluate each of the following without the use of a calculator'

(a)
(-8) x (-4)
(b)
(c)
-68 + 4
(d) -72 + (-8)
(e)
0 + (-9)
(f) -t2+(-4)x(-7)
a
a
10
x (-18)
(e) (-3) x (-4) x (-s)
(h) (-7) x (-2) x 4
(1) (J)xtr8)x0x6x(-5)
t2+3x(-16)
(k)
(1)
(-24) x 2 + (-8)
(m) -108 + (-3)' + (-2)
8.
(n)
-56 + (-7) x t2
(-288)+(-8) + (-3)
Evaluate each of the following without the use of a calculator.
(a)
15
(c)
-5 + (-3) x
x (-2) + (-11) x
L2 +
(-4)
(b) 32+8-l-zsx(-4)l
(d)
l-28 + (-14)
- 4l x (-20)
Chapter 2: Real
Numbers
=,..S
(e)
(f)
x (-8) x 5 + (-6)
(h) 36-(t4-41)+3x(-5)
(g) 8-(-tz) x 5 + 6-22 x (-3)
(i)
{tl8
(j)
(-7)' + (-z)'
+ (-3)l x 3 + (-1s)} + [-6
xZ + (-3)]
- lezq + 4o - :{A
lvlathematics Tutor 1A
Cr' x t-(-5)I -4x(-z)'
x (-e)l
Ltd
9.
(a)
-t+.
(c) (,
(e)
(b) + -( ?)
i) . (- *)
,I*( ;)
(e) (-3)
"2+
i- Cusco Publications Pte Ltd
( *)
(d) -3 (-,*) . (;)
(f)
[-3)' (+) .(-i)
(h)
(-'*) . (-';)
:.O
(i) rr " [-1)

\ r/
(k) -r |
(m)
{^0Z
\t
// -\\
:'[ I -- -1
8)
. [-i,
,+)
.3 .l *; 2 - 1
i=
=i
-) ^
535
Mathematics Tutor
lA
(i) -?o.lr+-(-r+)]
.) -* = t-+.+-*)
(n)
[3)'- (,*-],;)
Ltd
+ (-i)l. [+.(-*)]
rLl)
(q)*
(p)
,rr
-i " ti
Casco Pwblications Pte Ltd
(r)
( +) .(-T).(j) *x
6
lrr-rzl*i
',ffit
10.
Fill in the boxes with ), = or (.

(a) -8 + (-6) x e [--l 15 x (-5)
(b)
- (-rl)x
5+8
[-l
- t-6 + (-7)]
t(-3) x (-33)] + (-6)
(c)
11.
Fill in each box u'ith the correct

(-2)
(a)
x([-l
answer.
+ 5) = (-2) x
(-r4) + (-2)x
5=
[l
(b)
(c)
(
t2.
Express each of the following as a fraction in its lowest terms.
(a)
(c)
11
#"(-'i)'
-J4.
Jzs
ffi,i
[-
' )
J6-ffi - \. Jt44
Jt44
Ltd
Express the following rational numbers as decimals hecurcing decimals.
(a)
(c) i2
e --
(g)
E Casco Publications Pte Ltd
(b) -2fi
rdr ;
rl
L.
L-
Chapter 2: Real
Numbers
ffi
(1)
l1
(k) *
(j)
3+
(1)
-2
r3
(m)
r.
(n)
(o)
-tfi
(p)
2s
98
99
uL
Ltd
*
:
r,1,':,.; J.ru n the rational number that is exactly halfway between
F,nd the sum
of 4.13
and 3.5i
Find the decimal number which is exactly halfway between 8.7 and 9.0.
16.
(a)
(b)
17.
'
(i)
(ii)
Find the fraction that is exactly halfway between
1 ""0 1
Write your answer to part (b)(i) as a decimal correct to 2 decimal places.
(a)
Write down the fraction which is exactly halfway between
(b)
Express
15.
Find the square root of
urra
7
1
Publicorirtrt: Pre Lrd
-2i
an +!
as a recurring decimal.
,.:.*,
18.
Mark down clearly on the number line all the prime numbers between 20 and 40.
30
20
19. (a)
Mark clearly the numb
20.
2,-3
-3
-4
(b)
ers
:)
, 1.5,
40
-3.65 on the number line below.
-2
Hence, affange the numbers in descending order.
Arrange the following in ascending order.
(a) ) ,o.sz, -1, +, (-;)'

(b)
-V-8
') .-+ , el .z)',0, -G
a
(c)
2I.
,+,; , -1.5 ,
_1.57
J1
2
Write down all the rational numbers in descending order.
(Ji)',o3,nJi,#,(,..8
)0,
Jl+
r,-3
,#,-.2+
l:
Write down the following numbers in order of size, starting from the greatest.
-0
23.
.52 , -2 .6
,0, -0.14, -3
Arrange the given numbers in ascending order.
-5.76, -5.6,-5+, -5.65 ,-5.76
24.
Arrange the following in ascending order.
0.696,4.699,
! , -o.ao, Vo.oo8 ,0.6'
Study the numbers below.
;.0.
-,
-
2../3 , 3.14,
-3,
in ascending order.
\\-rite dou'n all the rational numbers.
-\rran_qe the numbers
Chapter 2: Real
.,-**',
Numbers i{ 69 S
-1-'r>-=-=<:=-ss-=-=ll
Consider the numbers below:
26.
0.54
(a)
(b)
21
-n, Ji,-J',1,
Arrange all the numbers in descending order.

Write down
(i) the prime number(s),
(ii) the irrational number(s).
Study the numbers below to answer the questions.

3
64,-5,i,rr,o, J2.g
(a) Write down the perfect cube(s).
(b) Write down the natural number(s).
(c) Write down the irrational number(s).
28.
Consider the numbers:
,/16 ,-3.55, 1.6, 1llz5
,21I ,36, (-z)3 , tr
Write down all
(a)
(b)
(c)
the negative numbers,

the irrational numbers,
the perfect squares.
,:*:
70
.{
'*+*sr ,i.
@ Casco Publications Pte Ltcl
Cmskler the numbers:
*-o-8.-3.6.25,3+sJ-2,
l, * ,n,036
Srite down
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
30.
the
the
the
the
recurring decimal(s),
irrational number(s).
State which of the following numbers are irrational.
7T,5J1
31.
natural number(s),
perfect squares(s),
,,?,J8
",
Consider the following numbers.

{/E- ,
(a)
(b)
(-t)0,0,- Ji , {n
,,
236, ..65 ,, ft,3
List all the prime numbers.

Represent the rational numbers on a number line.
e Cosco Publications Pte Ltd
Chapter 2: Real
Numbers
ffi
Er aluate each of the follorvin-e rvithout the use of a calculator.
ra) \-l)+l-2+(-3)rx2l
.
(b)
I 5 *,j-l
I =g
ithout the use of a calculator.
33.
34.
,.
(a)
Evaluate
(b)
(i)
(ii)
2.962
n;;^,
Evaluate
giving your answer correct to 4 decimal places.
2.
,.,
x75.65'
94.37
=ZT.t
^,
writing down all the flgures on your calculator display.
Give your answer to part (b)(i) correct to
decimal place.
Ltd
-'
36.
E'. aluate
t t '+: +
/ll
\3/
tEG . giving your answer correct
to
decrmal places.
Evaluate each of the following, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
(0.3s +4.26)s
(a)
-115
5.23
(b)
37
E(sY
-t-al
t/rz
Use a calculator to evaluate
Ltd
(' ;)' - (-,;)'
@..f1
-\49:\-n
giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
i.ffi
places.
(a)
r/38 x t2.962 * (-to.o,,.
(b)
24.54 + t(-8 .2)'
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
ti)
- (9.r3 + 2.7) x 3.331
-6zxX. [r'rt -(-. +)-rr*
s\' x(:-rc)*
iET +3x
[- ,.]
( +)
(,fi)' . Jos4 -(-6.s)* Vr.X
+ (4.234) x
Iti. r-: osr]'
Ltd
r-r-:C- a
LaIL
'-ulator
to evaluate each of the following, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal
p-aces.
5.87
89.6
(tt.52 + 8.03)4.64
i
:
(")
(,i)' -(,+)'
,8.[-f
4l
o.ozo'
(g) (-2)' + (-5)'-
(h) tvHS -
(-3)'
(r r -
3e2D)
V+
,<
05
*- t-8.9 rl
-5
(f)
'
.56 + 3.2
0.45
(-,'-+)'
(e)
- 5'
. (-'i)'
6.2'
*21)
" rZ)
- eD'
ffi
places.
815
27'. lg
I-
ta, --
.,
s)-
nt3- r
[- s]
J:,s-:lb
(c)
-7t +
(e)
(f)
{(+)'
(d)
rel
*-[(,*-,)'
-,*^( i)]
-t
)_l
G *('Z)'
E" [-,8-(-0""']] x l-2.3 + (-n)l
(-z)3-(-s)2x(-s)2
13, +101
..s-.
ZO },
'{..,N,
<lnse - zg
(b) 80ffi04
MathematicsTutor
lA
- ( +)
Ltd
+1.
The table shorvs the highest and lowest temperatures one day in London and Singapore.
(a)
(b)
Highest
Lowest
London
7"C
-20c
Singapore
32"C
25"C
Find the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures in London.
Find the difference between the highest temperature in Singapore and the lowest
temperature in London.
42.
The lowest temperature on a certain day in City A was -15oC. The difference between the
lowest and highest temperatures was 8oC. Find the highest temperature on that day.
43.
The hi-ehest and lowest temperatures of Town X were 4oC and -18"C respectively.
(a) Find the difference between these two temperatures.
(b) The lowest temperature recorded in Town I was lz"C higher than -18'C. Find the
lor,vest temperature recorded in Town I.
e,Cctsco Publiccrtiorts Pte Ltcl
''i..*l
-+r.
15.
The temperature at the bottom of a mountain was 6"C. The temperature

t-lltrttntain rvas -18'C. Find the difference between these two temperatures.
The temperatures of Town X taken at 5 a.m. every morning for a week were:
1.5oC,
2C,3.5oC, -1oC,OoC, -5.5oc, _4C
Find the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures.
46.
The temperature in London at 5 a.m. is -6"C. The temperature at 11 a.m. was 12"C.
(a) Find the difference between these two temperatures.
(b) Assuming that the temperature rises at a steady rate, flnd
(i) the temperature at9 a.m.,
(ii) the time when the temperature is 10.5.C.
\ l-,:i,:nt.r:ic
>
TLittrr' 1-\
@ Casco Publiccttiotts Pte
Ltd
The temperature at Ciry Xat2p.m. was 11.8 "C and at l0 p.m- rvas -2.6 "C.
(a) Find the difference in temperature between 2 p.m. and 10 p.m.
(b) If the temperature drops uniformly between} p.m. to 10 p.m., estimate the temperature
at 5 p.m.
_ig,
The table below shows the temperatures in a number of cities at noon on a particular day.
(a)
(b)
(c)
49.
(a)
(b)
Singapore
Moscow
Beijing
Helsinki
32"C
-6'C
0"c
-2.5'C
Which is the coldest city?

Find the difference in temperature between:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Singapore and Helsinki,
Moscow and Helsinki,

Moscow and Beijing.
The temperature in Hong Kong is exactly midway between the temperatures in
Singapore and Moscow. What is the temperature in Hong Kong?
Jonathan is scuba diving 12 m below the surface of a iake s.hile Edu'ard is on a cliff
29 mabove the lake. What is the vertical distance benveen Jonathan and Edu ard?
A rescue plane 85 m above sea level spots a sunken ship 18 m belori. sea level. Horv far
apart are the rescue plane and the sunken ship?
;;;'*i;''
Ltd
Chapter 2: Real Numbers ::,,.71"..i,
50.
Two Chemicals X and Y are stored rn afreezer in a laboratory at -6"C.

(a) In an experiment, ChemicalX is heated until its temperature rises by 15"C. Find the new
temperature of Chemical X.
(b) In another experiment, Chemical Iis cooled until its temperature falls by I}'C. Find the
new temperature of Chemtcal Y.
(c) Calculate the difference between the final temperatures of Chemical X and Chemical I.
51.
Esther is searching for the telephone number of an electrician in a telephone directory.

She started at page 260. She flipped forward 150 pages, back 53 pages and forward again
183 pages. She finally located the telephone number after flipping back another 32 pages.
(a) What page can the telephone number of the electrician be found?
(b) If she then wanted to find the telephone number of a plumber which was at page 388,
how many more pages forward or back must she flip?
,ft,
i.Uy,
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
THINI(ING S](ILLS GORNER

If the product of five numbers is positive, then,
1.
at most, how many of the flve numbers could
be negative?
2.
Give an example of two different numbers a and b that are not rational, where
number
3.
andb*0.
36*5-1
0.6
Evaluate
is a rational
Add bracke ts to each of the following to make it correct.

(a) l-+5 = - '< 5 - 18 + 2l - l0
(b)
+.
=6-3x2=60
('i-'i)
,f -tq
\-'z7
without the use of a calculator. givin-e )our answer as a fraction.
/&
w'
Chapter 2: Real Numbers iq 81 $i
5.
F*.1 -(,?-')";]
-8
(a) -'3- + -lA^

ln
L-
(c)
-r-ffi
_6_"-1
,*2-(-,+)
-t25
(d) (-2) t -( 8) + -3(-20)-(-e)+(-5)
1-r
2
O Casco Publications Pte Ltcl
,i:br= Approximation and

J S Estimation
tq::::S
aa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoooaaaaaaoaaaaaaaoaaoaoaoaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Targets
.
.
.
.
Round off numbers to a required number of decimal places.

Round off numbers to a required number of significant flgures.
Estimate the results of computation.
Understand concepts of rounding and truncation errors.
' 5fr
Approximation
mathematics problem, approximating the answer first serves as a check as
to r,vhether your actual answer is correct or not. We use rounding off to obtain an
approximation to the actual value.
When solving
Rules for rounding off

To round off a number to a specifled place:
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Round off the following:
(a) 2836 to the nearest 10
(b) 9741to the nearest 100
(c)
30 528 to the nearest 1000
SOLUTION:
More than
(a)
283
6 - 2840 (correct to the nearest 10)

Add
,&r
84 Sj
i{tw
Ltd
Less than 5
I
(b)
l - 9700 (correct to the nearest 100)
97 :'4'
It
7 remains
Equal to 5
(c)
I
30 5 28 - 31
000
(correct to the nearest 1000)
nr""ai"g"nrx"-n.
ffi
To round off a decimal to a specifled place:
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Round off 9.6358
(a) to 3 decimal places,
(b)
(c)
(d)
to 2 decrmal places,
to 1 decimal place,
to the nearest whole number.
SOLUTION:
(a)
9.636
9.635 '$'', =
(correct to 3 decimal places)
More than
(b)
9.63'',5'8 =
9.64
(correct to
dectmal places)
t
Equal to 5
(c)
9.6'T,,58 =
9.6
(correct to 1 decimal place)
10
(correct to the nearest whole number)
t
Less than 5
(d)
9..6',358 =
More than
5
,*;';-B-q'-
Chapter 3: Approximation and Estimation
SS Sr
,t'l\=.===s'
{f--.-__a
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
(a) 2.326 cm to the nearest 0.1 cm
(b) 5.28 cm to the nearest cm
(c) 36.45 kg to the nearest 0.1 kg
(d) 85.69 kg to the nearest kg
SOLUTION:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
re
cm (correct to the nearest 0.1 cm)

cm (correct to the nearest cm)
36.45 kg = 36.5 kg (correct to the nearest 0.1 kg)
85.69 kg = 86 kg (correct to the nearest kg)
2.326 cm = 2.3
5.28 cm = 5
Significant Figures
The number of digits used to denote an exact value to a specified degree of accuracy are
called significant figures.
The table below shows some numbers expressed to a specified number of signiflcant
flgures.
One significant figure

Trvo significant figures
Three significant figures
1.
J.
0.003
0.071
20 800
12 (2 sig. flg.), 48.5 (3 sig. flg.)
8.03 (3 sig. fig.)
Zeros preceding the first non-zero digit are not significant.
E.g.
4.
360
48.5
6000
2t00 42 000
8.03 0.900
500
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
E.g.
a
12.
2t6
20
All non-zero digits are significant.
E.g.
2.
0.003 (1 sig. flg.),0.071 (2 sig. flg.)
Zeros following a non-zero digit after the decimal point are significant.
E.g.
0.900 (3 sig. f,g.), 8.700 (a sig. flg.)
,,:-:=::..
'.*-=;'lr
.{- SO
Mathematics Turor
lA
Ltd
5.
Zeros following a non-zero digit in
whole number may or may not be significant.
It depends on how the estimation is made.
E.g. 34 800 = 35 pqq
(2 sig. flg.)
Zeros are not signiflcant
t2
595
- 12 600 (4 sig. fig.)

j
Zero issigniticant
t--
Zero is not signilicant
43 500 may have 3,4 or 5 signiflcant figures.
ffi.+l.h nr""amg rn " N"*n*

To round off a number to the required number of significant figures:
1.
Count the given number of signiflcant f,gures from left to ri_eht. startin-e rvith the
first non-zero digit. Include one extra di-eit for consideratron.
2.
If the extra digit is less than 5,
(a)
drop the extra digit and all the other di,eits to its right, or
E.g.
1.5 2 63 =
1.5
(comect to 2 sig. fl-s.)
Less than 5
(b)
replace the extra digit and all the di-eits to its right by zeros to keep the place
value.
E.g. 7 4 83 = 7000 (corect to 1 si-e. flg.)

t
Less than 5
a
J.
If
the extra digit is 5 or more,
(a) add 1 to the previous digit before dropping the extra digit, or
E.g. 2.3 '5 8l - 2.4 (correct to 2 sig. flg.)
t
Equal to 5
(b)
replace the extra digit and all other digits to its right with zeros to keep the
place value.
E.g.
62
15 = 63
000
(correct to 2 sig. flg.)
More than
G Casco Publications Pte Ltd
Chapter 3:Approximation and Estimation
i.,ffi=
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Erpress
correct to
(a) s831
(c) 0.000 859 3
(i) 2 significant figures,
(ii) 3 signiflcant flgures.
(b) 6.04s
(d) 8s 04e
SOLUTION:
Less than 5
(a) (i)
(ii)
I
58 ,3 7 =
5800
(correct to 2 sig. fig.)
583 ?, =
5840
t
More than
(b) (i)
(ii)
6.045 =
6.045 =
(c) (i)
(ii)
0.000 859 3 = 0.000

0.000 859 3 = 0.000
6.0
(comect to 2 sig. fig.)
6.05 (correct to 3 sig. flg.)
86

859 (comect to 3 sig. flg.)
Less than 5
(d) (i)
(ii)
85'0 49 = 85 000 (correct to 2 sig. fig.)

850
4 9 = 85 000
t
Less than 5
fUlertm"tm"
__
1.
Estimation is a way of predicting the answer to a question. Estimation allows us a

quick check as to whether an answer is roughly in the right range without having
to work it out exactly.
2.
To estimate a calculation, round off each number to the number of signiflcant

flgures as necessary and estimate from there.
gi
Teacher's
Tip
iH!:*;eiii;i#;;;;i:l;i;i5;;;*l
To estimate to 1 significant {igure, estimate to 2 significant flgures

in the working and then round off to I significant figure in the final
answer.
To estimatetoZ significant figures, estimate to 3 signiflcant figures
in the working and then round off to 2 signiflcant flgures in
the
final answer.
Remember to work to one signiflcant figure more than required in
the final answer.
Ltd
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Estimate the following, giving your answers correct to 1 significant figure.
(a)
34.867
(c)
44.89
- t9 .425
(b)
t82.3 x 0 .2036
1.53
SOLUTION:
Remember to estimate each number
to 2 sig. fig. in the working.
=16
=
(b)
182.3
20
x 0.2036 = 180 x 0.20
-36
=
40 (correct to
sig. flg.)
45
(c) 44.89
1.53= -1.5
_ 450
15
= 30 (correct to 1 sig. fig.)

The symbol '='represents approximation. It is read as
'is approxirnatellr equal to'.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Estimate the value of
.'lit4 ],lnt
"
J4.st
, givin-g your ans\\,er correct
to I significant flgure.
SOLUTION:
hr4 , ihn
--:-=={
J:o
llt2s
J36
V1a5 =
G=
=15
20 (correct to 1 sig. flg.)
,
:
Here, we
llvlrv:
wL, l(lr.lrrLr
round \[l
35 .4 4tltt.+.JI
perfect squal-ts,
off JJ.a
and 4.51 to
tu the
LrItr ll(]illti5t
nearest lrEr"rEU[
square,
i.e. 36 = 6r and 4 22 so that we can find the values of their
sQUirre
root easily.We round off 121 to the nearest perfect
i.e.125 =
Ltd
cube,
53 so that we can fincl its cube root easily.
':#
Rounding and Truncation Error

Calculators do not alr,vays give the exact answers. This happens because the number
of di-sits stored and used for calculation depends on the capacity of the calculator.
1.
These tr pe of errors are called rounding and truncation errors.

s. \\'hen we use a calculator to evalu ate 2 + 3, we get either 0 .666...667 (rounding)
2.
or 0.666...66 (truncation).
Teacherts
Tip
If a problem requires an answer correct to n significant figures,

you should
(a) store the intermediate
r,vorkings in your calcurator, or

significant figures in your written
worktngs.
E.g. If a problem requires an answer correct
to 3 sig. fig., either

store the intermediate n'orkin-qs on the calculator or round
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
{ rectan_qular
tank of height 19.86 cm, has a square base of sides 21.54 cm is half-filled
oil in the rectangular tank can flll up a cubical tank completely.
u rth oil. A11 the
Find
)
rb r
r
it
the r,olume of oil in the rectangular tank,

the length of the side of the cubical tank.
Lear e )'ollr answers correct to 3 signiflcant fl,eures.
SOLUTION:
(a)
tank
Lc,'|r\
:: -', "'".;::,:sr19.86<=' x21.54x21.54x
,
'
= 4610 cm3 (correct to 3 sig. fig.)
Volume of oil in rectangular
tb
:,,:;:.*,,::::,,
I2 x2r.54x21.54x
19.86
= 4607 '237 988i

Store in catculator.
Length of side of cubical tank
= i -+607 .231 988

=
16.6 cm (correct to 3 sig. fig.)
Use the vallre stored in the calculator

from part (a) or use {/4697 .
.'**F*-=-Ni
90 .+j MathematicsTutor lA
it'i\E-.'
@ Casco Pwblications Pte
Ltd
Tutorial
1.

(a) 32.0195 cm to 1 decimal place
(b) 105.6 kg to the nearest kg
(c) 1826 m to the nearest 10 m
(d) 833 g to the nearest 100 g
2.

(a) 6.37 cm to the nearest cm
(b) 298 g to the nearest 10 g
3.
(c)
(d)
$325.60 to the nearest $10

76.498 to the nearest whole number
(a)
(b)
Express 496 mm in cm, giving your answer to the nearest cm.

Express 20.5 kg i, g, giving your answer to the nearest g.
Crrsco PritIicariotts Pre Lrtl
,:-S\.
R91S
-_-
l.
\\-1te each of the following numbers correct to the number of decimal places (d.p.) as stated in
the brackets.
)
)
(e )
a
1482 51 (3 d.p.)
(c
3.0548 (2 d.p.)
0.008 070 (3 d.p.)
5.
(b) ee.s008 (2 d.p.)

(d) s68.0e6s (2 d.p.)
(f) 0.0e8 76s (t d.p.)
Express each of the following numbers, correct to the number of significant flgures (sig. fig.)
as stated in the brackets.
(b) 0.003 198 (3 sig. fig.)
(a) 0 .0254 (2 sig. flg.)
(d) 2.893 14 (4 sig. fig.)
(c) 826 940 (3 sig. f,g.)
(f) 9.086 (2 sig. flg.)
(e) 249.s37 (1 sig. fig.)
(h) 0.000 10204 (2 sig. flg.)
(e) 73 382 (3 sig. fig.)
(i) 300 94s (3 sig. flg.)
0) 0.s30 46 (3 sig. fig.)
(1) 3.iS (4 sig. flg.)
(k) 0.0s0 98 (3 sig. fig.)
Ltd
6.
State the number of significant flgures in each of the following.
(a)
(c)
(b)
2.0036
0.045
7.
Write down the value of 18.049 correct to

(a) 1 signiflcant figure,
(b) 1 decimal place,
(c) 2 significant flgures.
8.
Express 0.008 285 correct to
(a)
(b)
(c)
9.
0.000 60s 0
(d) s201.30
1 signiflcant flgure,
2 dectmal places,
3 significant figures.
Round off 678 .5045 correct to

(a) 2 decrmal places,
(b)
(c)
(d)
3 signiflcant figures,
3 decimal places,
the nearest hundred.
@ Casco Publication,s Pte
Ltd
,ffi
93
ig
Bl
10. (a)
(b)
Express 0.071 548 correct to 3 signiflcant flgures.

Express 0.071 548 correct to 5 decimal places.
11.
Express 84.049 56 correct to

(a) 3 signiflcant flgures,
(b) 3 decimal places,
(c) the nearest hundredth.
12.
Round
13.
i.@
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
off
169.56 to
the nearest whole number,

1 decimal place,
2 significant figures.
the nearest perfect square.
Express
(a)
(b)
0.080 203 m, correct to 2 signiflcant figures,

0.005 09 cm, correct to 4 significant flgures.
Mathematics Tutor
tA
Ltd
t4.
Express 207.049
(a) correct to 1 decimal place,
(b) correct to 2 signiflcant figures,
15.
Express 3548.3003 correct to

(a) 3 signiflcant figures,
(b)
3 decimal places.
16. Express the following numbers correct to 2 significant figures.

(a) 8s46
(b) 2.es1
(c)
17.
0.040 49
Express
(a) 0.000 516 8 corect to 3 signiflcant fl-eures,

(b) 3.149 correct to 1 decimal place.
(c) 408 corect to 2 significant flgures.
Chapter 3: Approximation and
Estimation
,.G,i
18.
Erpress
(a) +5.2509 correct to 3 signiflcant figures,
ibt 8.986 correct to 2 signiflcant figures,
(c ) 9.199 correct to the nearest whole number.
t9.
(a)
Express 328.998 correct to 4 significant figures. State the number of decimal places in
(b)
your answer.
Express 0.000 684 7 correct to 5 decimal places. State the number of significant figures
in your answer.
20.
{ffi'
'ed
Estimate the values of the following.
(a) J:e8
(b) J8238
(c)
(d)
.,/i20.gs
(e) v?865
(0 J6rw
(g)
:l2s
(h) :,lnr%
(i)
:h.Bee
0)
:h44 s
(k),ffi
(l)
511.11
Mathematics Tutor
tA
J 2/+.09
,@
Ltd
Estimate the value of each of the following, giving your answer correct to 1 signiflcant flgure.
(a)
53.957 13
(c)
61.2 x 0.5045
(b)
0.0123 x 3040
(d)
2s83 x 0.009 969
(e) 30.8 x 79.5
(f)
75.21 +2.53
(g) 337s841
s
(h)
(u
5.02
84.95
z4.gg
38.437 05
88.3
0.0218
.99
25.01
r-9%
Ltd
rffi.
Estimation ifl qZ
w,
$j
rk) (15.996-6.001)3 x J8205
(m)
95.989
0.6023 x 9.997
(o)
Jz4% x 19.98
o.o2o32 * Vq.tt
(p)
(q)
z.otg, - 1,1%.tt3
Jsr;olz -
(r)
zrw
119.975 + 19.899
(n)
Mathemarics Tutor 1A
- 8.98
3t.99 - 2.0t1
13.203
,,D% +
5.0102
s.999
24.979
- 8.010 x1.996
3.977 + 0.995
3/78.051+ 89.998
5t.965 - 45.99
O Casco Publications Pte Ltcl
of
5.02 x..85.gs
22.
Estimate the value
23.
Estimate the value
24.
Estimate the value
25.
Estimate the value of 59.83 + 227.4

figure.
Crzscrr
Publicariorts Pre Lrcl
9.98
8.0496
* ^,lu.g06
9.957
of
s.sgs
"
giving your ans\\,er coffect to I si_eniflcant figure.
. sivin_e )'our answer correct to 1 si,eniflcant fisure.
Jaos giving your

answer correct to 1 signiflcant flgure.
,
41.86 + 3.003
x 0.3415, giving your answer correct to 1 signiflcant
t'==SS..
I 99 S
*::=:
26.
2l
Estimate the value
of
x25.4,givin-u
.a
S
Vzs.o:
your answer correct to 1 signiflcant figure.
Estimate the following, giving your answers correct to 2 significant figures.
(a)
20 .03
19
.99
68.03
719.86 x 0.50012
\v7,
--;
t--
<126.95 + 1.996
28.
Estimate, correct to 1 signiflcant figure. the value of
29.
Estimate. r,vithout the use of calculators. the value of

correct to 1 si_enificant flgure.
r&
({tOO}]
63.96
x 9.03
T97S
3.of
" Jns+
giving your answer
+ t.e7 ,
:l$.%
|ffi,Casco Publications Pte
ltd
x
of J4L%
t9.91
giving your answer correct to 1 significant figure.
30.
Estimate the value
31.
(a)
Express each of the foliolvrn-e numbers, giving your answer correct to 2 signiflcant
(b)
figures.
0.062 s24
8e.s76
Hence, estimate the value of 89.576 x0.062 524,cortect to 1 significant figure.
(a)
Express, correct to 2 significant flgures:
32.
(b)
(i)
(i)
(ii)
V909 x o.o2o-ll
(ii)
8r8.24s
s.043
Hence estimate, correct to 1 signiflcant figure, the value of

(i) 818.245 x 5.043,
(11) 8r8.245
to43 '
= rl
;-'
Pitblicariorts Pte Ltcl
,1R..
i$:
33.
(a)
rer t (,2*,]) -ou]

o1 3
64
fraction.
34.
445.82t
(b)
Estimate the value of

1.97822 x
flgure.
(a)
Express. correct to
(i)
(ii)
(b)
,,G
0.2033
, leaving
your answer as a
, giving your answer correct to 1 signiflcant
si,enificant fl_Eures:
35-+.639
0.025 189
Hence estimate. correct to 1 si_uniflcant figure, the value of
354.639
0^0x 189 '
Ltd
35.
(a)
Express, correct to 2 signiflcant flgures:

35s.6e8
8.04es
(b)
Hence estimate, coffect to 1 si-enificant figure, the value
(c)
36.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) t.9s0l
Use a calculator to find the r-alue

3 significant flgures.
of
19'96
of
of
355'6?8- 19'-0495'?
1.9507'
355'699 I-9r0a95'z
, giving your answer correct to
'9507
x 5'03 correct to 1 sienificant flsure,
(a)
Estimate the value
(b)
Use your answer from part (a) to estimate the r alue o1
3.98
19'96-l-0'503
.
398
_=+.
Casco Publiccttiotts Pte Ltd
Chapter 3: Approximation and Estimation rUO3Sl
-:-]
(o)
E*
{+r"
101.16 +
l(-9.2)'-
(p)
Jsffi6 -
fi0il81
36.258'- r4.oozxog28
(8.15 + 3.4)')x4.21
(r)#
C Casc,-, Publicaiorts Pte Ltd
,&.
Chapter 3: Approximation and Estimation i

105Ef
.'h#s'
38.
Evaluate
39.
Use a calculator to evaluate the follorving expression, giving your answer correct to 2 signiflcant
++-=
It.t2 - v9.6
\
2
flgures.
-sivinq olrr ans\\ er corect to signiflcant
figures.
o1)'-rl-l
ffi^l(
"L(-zl
't )
0543',
40.
0.328
, | -.(r1)'
(a)' 7' \' 2 ),, correct to 4 significant figures,
.\'
- '',l
[-'-,?'
0.362. comect to 3 decimal places.
{z.ozs - +.
(
(b)
4r
ire
Evaluate,fri?,
1
giving your answer coffect to 3 significant flgures.
Ltd
(
(.s)'
g) - 1)'
\- t )
m,
-\is1 :!-rx
J2.
Evaluate
-E-.
43.
Evaluate
<lT2s.s6 - 3 +12'
, giving your answer correct to 5 significant flgures.
4.926 x 5.05 r
44.
(a)
6'953
_pir-ine \
our answer correct to 3 si-enificant flgures.
--:@50 . correct to I decimal place.
( -z\
['r.,]
(b) llTn + 1l'871

i.24 ffi
e Criicr, Pttblictttiorts
Pte Ltd
'
correct to 3 significant flgures'
chapter 3: Approximation and Estimation
...'@'
45.
7.9
(a)
(b)
46.
Evaluate .u6gl--,
-5
g9 , showing the first 8 digits on
\our calculator display.
Lear e )'our ans\\'er in part (a) correct to 2 signiflcant flgures.
Evaluate each of the tollow'ing correct to 4 significant flgures.
(7.36+2.72)3
(a)
(b)
----.
23-
-2!'3
1.152
t8
47.(a)Evaluatetheva1ue$#,showingthefirst7digitsonthecalcu1atordisplay.
(b)
Round off your answer in part (a) correct to 3 signiflcant f,gures.
Mathematics Tutor
tA
Ltd
48.Evaluate#fr,givingyour2nSwercoffectto3significantfigures.
+9'(a)Evaluateffi.rrrttiilg.].,,,.'tlthefirst8digitsonyourcalcu1atordisp1ai,
(b)
Write your answer to pafi (a | .-r,rr.--t iir
significant flgures.
50.Eva1uateffi,givingyouranS\\er,--r]rTeu-ttolsigniflcantflgures.
sl.
(a)
Express 342 L10.35 correct to 3 signiflcant figures.
(b)
Evaluate
3[;
#L*
Casco Pttblications Pte Ltd
z.+s,
giving your answer correct to
tJe'-ima1 places.
Estimation
.l...@
52.
The mass of a bag of cherries is 83 -srams, correct to the nearest gram. Write dorvn the least
possible mass of the bag of cherries.
53.
The mass ot
(at
(b
54.
ffi,
\H'
11
bl>ket
,-rf
durians is 35 .9478 kg. Round off this mass to
I rrin.li.rn: iglrfes.
r I :e- r:r.r1 :,.iace:.
A rectangular wooden board measures 11 .14 m by 8.06 m.

(a) Find the area of the board, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
(b) The wooden board is to be painted. The cost of paint is $24.50 per square metre. Find
the cost of painting correct to the nearest dollar.
Ilathematics Tr-rtor 1A
Ltd
55.
(a)
(b)
56. (a)
(b)
A nervspaper company sold an average of 1 548 975 copies a day during the month of
January. Express the average number of copies sold correct to the nearest million.
A rival company sold an average of 849 752 copies a day during the same period.
Estimate the difference in the number of copies of newspapers sold between these two
companies. giving your answer correct to 1 significant flgure.
Joshua buys 3 pens at49(, each and 5 flles at Si.99 each at the school bookshop. The
shopkeeper asks for $12.42. Shor,v by usin,e estimation that the shopkeeper has made a
mistake.
A rectangle with an area of I 17.06 cmr has a breadth measurin g 7 .49 cm. Estimate its
length, giving your answer correct to I significant figure.
Cosco Publicctriorts Pte Ltd
.*F.
tiUS
O
v
1o,
H E THINI(ING S](ILLS GORNER
A number is approximated to 3 signiflcant flgures and its value is given as 81 300.
(a) What is the smallest number it could have been?
(b) If the number is an integer, what is the largest number it could have been?
2.
(a)
(b)
3.
In the number 906 A45, A is a prime number. If its value, correct to 3 slgnificant flgures
is 906 000, find the maximum value of A.
The number357 800 is estimated correct to n signiflcant figures. Write down the possible
values of n.
Using each of the digits 2,3,5, 0 and 9, write down all integers (without repetition of digits)
which will give 3000 when corrected to 2 signiflcant figures. Give your answers in ascending
order.
,@
Mathematics Tutor
tA
Ltd
4.
5.
Estimate the value of each of the following, giving your answer correct to
(li3:
{a)
rr
rbr
\r1.i1l1x Mx9.99t2
(,1.993
12.9951
significant figure.
Find the approximate value of:

r/soo.os x 4e.5e
-(\,r*.Se
giving your answer correct to
+z ioi'is
3.ee8'. )
signiflcant figure.
Chapter 3: Approximation and Estimat
=
tli
!t
k#ry
wffi
Il-5'
:-"'-.re.%
.
.
.
(1)
Revision Er<ercise

Factors and Multiples
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Draw a number line to represent all natural numbers < 6.

Evaluate {t9-(-11)l x 3 - 1-a)} + r-8).
Using prime factorisation, find the square root of 7056.
2.
(a)
(b)

Given that 2548 = 22 x J2 x L3, find the lorvest common multiple
leaving your answer as a product of its prime factors.
(a)
(b)
Find the HCF and LCM of 56 and 84.

Given that the HCF and LCM of 364 and M arc 52 and 728 respectively, find the smallest
possible value of M.
3.
of 1960
and 2548,
@ Casco Publications Pte Lrcl
4.
(a) \\tite 756 as a product of its prime factors.

(b) Gir-en that 1548 rvritten as a product of its prime factors is
158-+
(c)
5.
(a)
(b)
=2tx32x11,
find the greatest integer that will divide both 756 and 1548 exactly.
Find the smallest integer k such that756k is a multiple of 1584.

Given that 5096p is a perfect square, write down the smallest possible integer value
of p.
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
@ Casco

Given that7344 = 2o x33 x 17 ,flnd the LCM of 4896 and7344, giving your answer as
a product of its prime factors.
Find the smallest possible integer x such that 4896x is a perfect cube.
Ptblications Pte Ltd
Rer isiitn Er.-:.-
..
1.
The numbers A and B. expressed as a product of its prime factors are given below'
A=21 x
3s
11
B=2ax3x72xLl3
Express each of the follorvin-e as a product of its prime factors in index notation.
(a) Highest common factor of A and B
(b) Lowest common multiple of A and B
(c)
8.
.lA
"
Expressed as the product of its prime factors:
V=25x32xJ
W=33xJ2x13
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the smallest possible value of X such thatW is a perfect square,

Find the smallest possible value of I such thatWY is a perfect cube'
Find the _ereatest number that rvill divide both v and I4l exactly.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Write 3969 as a product of its prime factors.
of J3%9 .
Find the LCM of J3g6g and 3 x 52 x
Hence flnd the value
11 ,
leaving your answer as a product of its prime
factors.
'.\sf'
'f-tft1
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicatiorts Pte Lrcl
10.
11.
12.
(a)
(b)
Hence. find the value
(c)
Find the highest common factor
)
rb I
{c )
tdr
Erpress 8281 as a product of its prime factors.
(a)
(b)
of l,ll7n
of ihl2f
and 23
x 32 x 7 .
of J828t
Given that9261 = 33 x7',find the value of 1,[g26t
Hence find the HCF and LCM of J828r and .,19261
Hence. find the value
Find the value
of V587
Express I22 - I 8 and 13 + 17 as a product of prime factors in index notation. Hence, find
the HCF and LCM of 122 - 18 and 73 + 17 .
e Casco Publicatiorts
Pte Ltd
Revision Exercise
, iG
13.
A shopkeeper wants to pack 180 pencils,200 rulers and240 erasers for sale. He packed all the
items into bags rvith the same number of each type of item. Find the maximum number of bags
that he can -eet.
1-+.
Three coloured bulbs P, Q and R are set to light up after every 36 seconds, 1 minute and
1 minute 30 seconds respectively. If all three bulbs f,rst lighted up together at09 45, when will
all three bulbs next light up together again?
Ltd
(2)
15.
Real Numbers
Studl the numbers below to ansrver the questions.
19. r'J .0,-J,o, 1,4,,8

3
16.
(a)
(b)
Write down the perfect square( s ).

Write down the irrational nun-rber( s ).
(a)
Exoress
(b)
Arrange the follor,vin-e in ascending order.
'6 1l
u, a recurine decimal,
rl
0.25-'.-+.0.25
a .ln
(c)
17.
Write down the irrational number(
in part
(b ).
Consider the numbers below.
-3,2.,6,0, X,t.6
Write down the
(a)
(b)
(c)
integers,
rational numbers,
irrational numbers.
Revision Erer; i.=
,@
2 -3
7and1.
18.
Find the fraction that is exactly halfrvay between
19.
Write down the fraction that is exactly'ha1fw'ay'betr,veen
-2+
anaZ]_.
lr,i. ra) ExpressZ) as a recurring decimal.

rb
II.
eualuate
fr * ^1r, giving your answer correct to

3
2 decimal places.
Find the value of the following without the use of a calculator.
'3r,3-7)x(-4)+(-84)+6
f , 1.1 + 3.8 x 0.5
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
22.
23.
(a)
Eva,uate
ft)
Express
4i- [(_+ _ :) - (_i)]

8
fr
(_+)
as a recurring decimal.
Study the numbers below:
I.9.-1.5,0, O,-,r+
(a)
(b)
24.
Represent the numbers on a number line.
Hence, arrange the numbers in descending order.
Evaluate the following without the use of a calculator.
(,i)' - ,
Revision Exer.-1.:
(3)
25.
Approximation and Estimation

Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal
places.
,o; - (,+)'
(a)
(' u, -"1)
(b)
(-3)'
- s'
7T
26.
l-.
Express the following numbers correctto 2 si,unificant fl-eures.

(a) 0.030 45
(b)
(c)
2.4986
(a)
(b)
tc )
Express 0.0585 correct to 3 signiflcant flgures.
8s 487
Estimate the value of 3989.43 + 4.9995 correct to 2 significant flgures.

Write down the value of 17.049 correct to
(i) one significant flgure,
(ii;
two decimal places.
MathemarirxTutor
lA
28.
(a)
Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.
-0.3g,-0.3g3, -0.38
(b)
30.
(a)
. -0.:s3
Without using a calculator. estimate correct to 1 significant flgure. the value of
h?
29.
'. -E
11
x 149.9096
49.567
.899
(b)
Write 0.039 56 correctto 2 decimal places.

Express 81 645 correct to 4 significant figures.
(c)
Estimate correct to 1 significant f,gure, the value
Estimate the value
nt
of
2.043
* JtS.Ot x9.95
30162
-24.96x4.02
3 996 x 25 '03
correct to the nearest inte_eer.
2.499 x 2.01t
Revision Exercise
(al
Erpress
(i)
(ii)
(b)
32.
-:
-:
295.13
o.ozs 43
correct to 2 signiflcant flgures.

Hence, estimate the value of 295.13 x 0.025 43,corcect to 1 significant flgure.
The average mass of 6 pupils is 54.0196 kg. Express this average mass correct to
(a) 2 decrmal places,
(b) 2 signiflcant figures,
(c) the nearest integer.
Estimate the value
MxrmairxTutor
of
1A
Jz4.B% x 3.0472
{26.os
giving your answer correct to 1 significant flgure.
Q Casco Publications Pte Ltd
34.
Estimate the value
35.
(a)
36. (a)
(b)
(-0.5011)'+ V-s08 gir

.
fi01r 1 x 4.967
in_q )
trur answer correct to 1 si_eniflcant flgure.
Estimate the following correct to 2 significant fisures.
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
of
2.4967
4s 438
Hence,estimatethevalue
Estimate the value
of
ot
"t
*'L:?;!u'.eivine)ourans\\-ercorrectto 1signiflcant
J50: x 29.8, giving your ans\\ er correcr to I significant figure.
Use your answer in part (a) to estimate the value
Ltd
of
., -tLr.-r
0,198.
Revision Exercise
, l,*;51
îl)
--l - ,i.o)*
,;
Vrzr g
3r
31
flgures.
38.
0.8162
0.075
giving your answer correct to 2 si-enificant
9'22 +
'611 ' showing all the digits ot'fl you. calculator display'
23.36-ffi
(a)
Evaluate
(b)
Give your answer in part (a) correct to 3 signiflcant flgures.
39.
Use a calculator to evaluate the following
5(\E - 232) -,,,,(a)-ffi.givingyouranSwercorrectto3decimalp1aces,

(b)
7,63
^tL4
(c)
x 4J2
(-0.2s)
giving your answer correct to 2 significant figures,
.l
,Z
="
givingeJyour answer as a fraction in its simplest form.
[-i)'.(-,,i)
'.*.'-"fiGB'
i{tZO-$i Mathematics Tutor 1A

''
':J
Ltd
.Fot
lntroduction to Algebra
--
ffi
oaaaaoooaoaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaoaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
i .
Use letters to represent
numbers.
i .
i '
i
Interpret algebraic notations
Evaluate algebraic expression and formula.
i :_::"::::"_::::':i::l:1'::_Y1.1':t:1
_
Fffi
urmg
1.
1t-'::11:-:::::::1:"::
r.tt.rr t" n.
In algebra, we use letters (e.9.
E.g.
There are n apples in
-=
x,!, z, a,b, P,, Q,...) to represent numbers.
a bag.
If there are 5 bags, then the total number of apples is 5 x n.

5 x n can be any whole number value.
It can be 5, 10, 15, .... depending on the value of n. t.e. n = I,2,3, ....
Here, n is called the variable and 5 x n is called the algebraic expression.
2.
A variable is a letter that is used to represent some unknown numbers/quantity.

E.g. x,!, Z, a,b, P, Q,... are variables.
3.
An algebraic expression is a collection of terms connected by the signs '+',
'x'or'+'.
E.g. 3x + y, a2 - ab and 2x2 + 3x - 4 are algebraic
expressions.
ie,aIgebraicexpressiondoesnothaveanequalsign(=).
i
,
An algebraic expression is different frorn an algebraic equation.

An equation is a mathematical statement that says that two
E.g. A
lb is an equation.
l
I4il}
128;j
Algebraic Notations
Mathematics Tutor 1A.
Ltd
2.
The examples below show how we rewrite mathematical statements as algebraic

expressions.
Words
Algebraic expression
Add a to b.
Sum
-a+b
=b+a
Difference-d-c
Subtract c from d
Note:
- e x.f
Multiple eby f.
Product
Divide S by h.
Quotient-g+h
(h+0)
=-h
pq+3
Add 3 to the product of
and q.
The total cost of x books
Cost of x books
and y magazines if each

book cost $4 and each
=$4xx
magazine costs $5.
= $4x
Cost of y magazines
=$5xY
Total cost
i
3.
d-c*c-d
=$sY
In Algebra, we use the same index notation as in Arithmetic.
Index notation
Recall: 5 x 5 x 5 =
i'*lnder
+
I
Base
-l
is read as '5 to the Dower of 3'.
5'
I
In Algebra,
a
a x a = a' (Read as'o squared'.)

a x a x a =a'' (Read as'o cubed'.)
a x ax a x a x a = a5 (Read as'a to the power of 5'.)
1
:i:i,ilrii:ti::+;:ru:i':liirl:lii:
ii':l,i
. ij,,:i,,:i:il,
r'.
:,,
,;;5GH
Chapter 4: Introduction to
Algebra i{.129S
"..\.=-,.
G\
--=&\ WORKED EXAMPLE
1:
Simplify the following.
(a) 3xx4y+62
(b) 2ax3bxa
(c) 5p+L)q+7sx2
SOLUTION:
(a)
3xx4y+62
=3xxx4xy+62
=3x4xxxy+62
-12ry+62
*y
-',ti
-r
,,6'
_2*
* (6o)'
6a2=6xaxct
6a2
(b)
(6a)'=(6a)x(6a')
= 36a2
2ax3bxa
=2x3xax axb
- 6azb
Perform division and multiplication
(c) 5p+l)q+'/sx2
=
befbre addition.
5p
loq + l4s
p.1
= ^/.q + t4s
'
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Write an algebraic expression for each of the following statements.
(a) Subtract 3 from the sum of 5a and 4b.
(b) Add the product of c and d to the cube of e.
(c) Multiply 2 to the quotient of/divided by g.
SOLUTION:
(a)
(b)
Sum of 5a and 4b
Required expression
Productofcand d
5a + 4b
5a + 4b
-3
=cxd
=cd
Cube of
=exexe
=e'
Required expression = cd +
e3
Ltd
(c)
Quotient of/divided by
Required expression = 2
I - T6o
t
x
_,f6
Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions and Formula
1.
'
To evaluate an algebraic expression, we substitute a number for the variable and

carry out the computation.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Evaluate
(a) 3a + 2b - 4c,
(b) a(Zb - c) - 3b2,
(c)
a a*b
-r--t
DAC
given that a = 4, b - 2 and c = -3.
SOLUT!ON:
(a)
When a=4,b =2andc - -3,

3a + 2b - 4c = 3(a) + 2(2) - 4(-3)
-t2+4+12
-28
(b)
a=4,b-2andc--3,
a(z b - c) - 3 (z)'
When
"'
==y!i)t
(c)
When
a=4,b =2
- -3,
4+2
and c
a a+b
4
b- * =r- 4J\
-) -f-!-)
\-t2 )
_1
=r*,
_nl
Cusco Publications Pte Ltd
Algebra
,,ffi
2.
A formula is a general mathematical statement or rule.
E.g. e= *2 bh rsthe formula to flnd the area of a triangle where
Area. b = base
and h = height.
woRKED EXAMPLE2:
Given the formula S =
n(a
--t
2
l),
flnd the value of S whe n n = 18, a
- -6 and l=
15.
SOLUTION:
o_n(a*l)
2
When n - 18, a
c_
-r-
l8l(-6)+
=-6
and I
= 15,
15l
.2
='_lt2l
= 8l
ffi
rtr"ttrtt"gst*pt.
.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Write an algebraic expression for each of the following.
(a) The price of a pen is $3 and the price of a flle is $5. Find the total price of x pens
and y files.
(b) Bobby had $500. He bought a camera and 2 badminton rackets. The camera cost Sp
and the rackets cost $q each. How much money had he left?
SOLUTION:
(a)
Cost of x pens = $3 x x
= $3x
Cost of y flles = $5 x y
= $5y
Total cost = $(3x + 5y)
(b)
=$p
Always'plaee.*umb,ir'ih.frontt.Cost of 2 rackets = $q x 2
- $2q
-,'
Amount of money left = $(500 - p - 2q)
il
\lathernatics Tutor 1A
Ltd
WORKED EXAM PLE 2:

The mass of Mr Tan is 5x kg.
(a) He is 8 kg lighter than Mr Kamal. What is Mr Kamal's mass?
(b) Mr Tan is 4 kg heavier than his wife. What is his wife's mass?
(c) Mr Tan is twice as heavy as his daughter and five times as heavy as his son. What
is the total mass of his daughter and his son?
SOLUTION:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mr Kamal's mass - (5x + 8) kg

Wife's mass - (5x - 4) kg
Daughter's mass = 5x + 2
= 5x,
r*g
-
2.5x kg
Son's mass = 5x + 5
5x
5
-xkg
Total mass of daughter and son
=25x+x
= 3.5x kg
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
Lisa bought 3 bags of apples. There were p apples in each bag.
(a) Write down an expression in terms of p for the number of apples she bought.
(b) Her family ate q apples. She then placed the rest of the apples equally into 5 bowls.
Write down an expression in terms of p and q for the number of apples in each
bowl.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Number of apples she bought
-3p
(b)
Number of apples she had left
-3p -
Number of apples in each bowl
=3P-q
5
Ltd
Algebra
ffi
Tutorial
1.

Algebraic Expressions
Statements
(a) Subtract 5 from the sum of 2x and7y.
(b)
The product of 3x and 4Y.
(c)
Add 8z to the quotient of x divided by

v.
(d)
Divide the sum of 9x and 2Y bY
(e)
Multiply the product of 6x and ly by
32.
)z
(0
Subtract the product of
and
y from
)z
2\t.
Subtract the quotient of x divided by y

from the square of z.
(h) 10 more than one-third of a number x.
Thrice the value of x divided bY the

sum of 2y and 32.
i,r+
\{athematics Tutor 1A
Ltd
t.

(a) Find the total cost of m cups and n plates if each cup costs $3 and each plate costs $4.
(b)
Find the total cost of 7 bars of wafers at p cents each and q packets of sweets at $1 per
packet.
(c)
John has $100. He bought n comic books at $9 each. How much money had he left?
(d)
The cost 3 caps is $x. Find the cost of 5 caps. Each cap costs the same.
(e)
Find the sum of three consecutive odd integers rvhere x is the greatest integer.
Ltd
Algebra
iffii
(f)
Janet is x years old. Sarah is 3 times as old as Janet. Ronald is 2 years younger than
Sarah. How old is Ronald?
(g)
Benjamin soldp durians at $q each. How much did he get altogether?
(h)
Abox has mbig cans andn small cans. There are 6 peaches in a small can and 8 peaches
in a big can. How many peaches are there in the box altogether?
(i)
Pauline has $2000 now. She saves $20 each month. How much
time?
(j)
The average mass of 3 boxes is x kg.

total mass of the 4 boxes?
will
she have in x years'
If another box of mass 5 kg is added, what is the
(k)
Find the area of a rectangle of length 8 cm and breadth y cm.
(1)
Maria ts m years old. Jiali is twice as old as Maria. How old was JtaliT years ago?
(m)
A car salesman received a f,xed salary of $500 each month. He gets a commission of
$150 for each car he sells. In a certain month he sells n cars.How much is his salary that
month?
(n)
Jonathan had $200. He bought some T-shirts at $10 each.

T-shirts did he buy?
(o)
A shopkeeper packed n packets of jam tarts into each box. There are
packet. How many jam tarts are there in m boxes?
Ltd
If
he had $p left, how many
15
jam tarts in each
Algebra
ffi
(a) 6xaxb
(b) 7 xpxpxp
(c)
(d) (-3) x (-sq)
9x x 4y
(e) 5x+y
(0
(g)
(h) 2dxex4d
1lr + 1ls
(-3a)xZb x (-5c)
?9m) + 3n
Zpqx 3r x
Ltd
(k) (-2ab) x 3b x (-s)
\mx5n+l)p
(1) axZb
(n)
-,
l-'Lm)- x 5n x3m
3x
+c
8x2
(-3p)'xZp + q + 4s
(q) (,-Za) x (-3a) x (-o)'
(r)
2p + (-3q) + (-r)
(s)
(0
(3ab)2
(-5) x 2y - (-3x) x (-2y)
A Casco Publications Pte Ltd
4a + (-Zb)
Algebra
tffi
1.
,,@
Given
thata=2,b = 3 and c =4,evaluate
each of the following.
(c) 2a2-3a+4
(4b)'
(a)
2a3
(d)
3-c
(g)
(a + l)2
(h)
(2b
U),c3 +2c
(k)
(c + 2)2
(b)
(0
7b + (-2a)
(r)
._y
T3
6b
Ltd
5.
6.
Given that a=3,b- -1, and c -2,evaltate:
(a) a+2b+3c
(b)
(c) c(a-
(d) b'-ac+c'
Given that x
b)
2, y
6x+32
4, evaluate,.
(d)
and z
(b) xy - yz
(a) x-2y
(c)
- -8
a'bc
Ltd
..F
*/
Algebra
ffi
It a = 3. b = 5 and c = -2, evaluate:
7.
8.
(a)
abc
(c)
2a2
(a-b)3 + c3
a2c
3bc
T2
rfp- ,,q=
3
andr=
i (a) pqr
!
(c)
141
5c2
p
q
, evaluate:
(b) p+r-q
(d) p(8 -
6q)
Ltd
9.
Given
thata- -2,b -3
and c = 6, evaluate:
(a)
b(Za + 3) + Za(c
- 3b)
(o
(c) "h"'b'
10.
Given that x
(a)
- b)'
5a-l3b-(2c+7b-a)+acl
- 4,y = 0 and z= -3, evaluate:

+ (xyz)'
xz-y-2n 2x+32
3- - -2.
Ltd
(b)
2(5xy
yz + xz)
+Zy(xz+32')
Algebra
,ffir,
11
Find the value of y in each of the following.
(a) !=a(3a-4);
Given: a =
(c) y=:U;
Given:
22
.
m -n
(e/
y = *:-;
mn
Given'.nt=8,n=2
(g) )=
F-----
V12ab,;
Given: a=3,b=-2
ffi
Mathematics Turor 1A
(b) y-(x+p)(Zx-p-I);
Given: x=6,p=4
b--3
(d)
,=ffi;
Given:
e=2
(f) y-!*!*L,
pqpq
Given:
p=2,q= !
4
(h) y=(x-p)u*';
Given: x=2,p=_I
Ltd
n(n +
l)
find the value of s whe n n = 25.
12.
Given the formula S =
13.
Given the formula v =
t4.
The formula for the volume V of a cone of radius

Calculate the value of V
15.
,findthevalueof vwhen
if r -
6 cm, h
u-8,a=6 ands= 11.
and height
14 cm and z =
Ltd
22
7'
In the formula s = bt + cf ,find the value of s when b = -6, c
..
hrsV= ,I ftr'- lt
and r =
-1.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Algebra
.,1&r
tfu14s$j
\]:i!s#1
16.
Write an algebraic expression for each of the statements below.

(a) Add 3x to the product of 5x and 4y.
(b) Divide the sum of the square of p and 7 q by 8r.
t7.

(a) 4ab xJazbc
(b) 2Ode2 + 5def
(c)
18.
g'h'
.,'
gk4
th
3k3
a
(a) 2b*
--)
5a-b
8
(b) (-+ ra) x ?rpr) x (-6qr)

(c)
.@
4m'no
3mn (m \'
+; "lz^)
Mathematics rutor 14
@ Casco Publications Pre
Ltd
19.
Given that x
20.
Given that x
3,y = 4
and z =
-2,find the value of Ory + z)(xy -
z).
_3,! = 2 and z= 4, evaluate

2x-9yz
,\
(a)6,
(b)
2I.
y(32
If a= 3.5,b -
x3 )
= 1,d =2 and e= 3, find the values of

-?,c
3
(a) 2a - be - cd,
(b) 3at2c
,t -b'
22.
Given that a = 3, b (a)
(b)
-5 and c - -2,
evaluate
ab
D_C
(br)' - a'.
Ltd
Algebra
ffi
a1
,/-3.
- 2,! - 1
,ry
(a) - +
.,-. ): 3(x+y)_z
ro/
.
Gir en that x
and z
-3,evaluate
l/
" -
^ x
lz.+
x- -3, y = 18 and z =
24.
Given that
25.
Given that p = 4, e - -3, r = -2,s = 1 and

(a) pq(Zq - 3r - rst),
(b)
26.
1+8
tP
*'
),nnathe
t-
value
,, +!-
-1, evaluate
Given that p = 4, e = 2 and r
7, evaluate (pq + r)3 x @ + q -
I)'
Ltd
)7.
Find the value of x'y' +
28.
Given that a - -3, b -
29.
Given that a = 1, b
(c)
-T
t:
D+C
y3 when -r =
-3. J = -1 and :
3b2
-2
^) - &(5 - c).- -)
(a) 2a.
u-b
a
\u,
30.
(xz)'-
and c = 3, evaluate
- l.
a3
Jzc-a
and c = 3, evaluate
*nbtx3ac+6bi.
5
Given thatp
--1. cl=-2andr =3,evaluate
.lL*L
(a)
Vq 4q'
(b)
(p
-3q)o*'
@ Casco Publicariorts Pte
Lt,l
Algebra
,i.FF\
',il4$
'=S::-:-
31.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
32.
,.1
JJ.
- -3,b --2
a'-zb'+4c,
Given thal a
and c
= 1.5, evaluate
(3a-b+2c)2,
a-f 8c
b'
1 t+,
b
3b\.
String A is 10 cm shorter than String B.

(a) If the length of String A is h cm, express the length of String B in terms of ft .
(b) If the length of String B is k cm, write down a formula connecting h and k.
Jack is 6 years older than Annie. Sam is twice as old as Jack.

Let Annie's age be r years old. Express in terms of x,
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Jack's age,
Sam's age.
Paula's age is half the total age of Jack, Annie and Sam. Let Paula's age be y years old.
Write down a formula connectin g x and y .
Ltd
34.
The cost of x doughnuts and y cupcakes are $p and $q respectively. Express in terms of
andlor q,
(a) the cost of 1 doughnut,
(b) the cost of 1 cuPcake,
(c) the total cost of 10 doughnuts and 15 cupcakes.
x,y,P
35. A ticket for an adult visiting an art -eallery costs x dollars. A ticket for a child ii--rStS
5 dollars less than an adult's ticket.
(a)
(b)
36.
Write down in terms of x the cost of a child's ticket.

MrTan took his three children to the art gallery. Find, as simply as possib'le.lhe t,rlil
cost, in dollars, of the four tickets.
Timothy is -r years old. His sister, Pamela, is 3 years younger than him. His mother is
three times as old as he is. His father is 19 years older than Pamela. Write dorvn an expression
for
(a)
(b)
(c)
Pamela's age,
his father's age,
his parent's age.
@ Casco Publicatiotts Pte
Ltd
Algebra
ffi
37
Jacqueline bought x doughnuts and 9 more tarts than doughnuts.

(a) Write down in terms of x an expression for the number of tarts that she bought.
(b) Each doughnut cost 500 and each tart cost 309. Find as simply as possible, in terms
x, an expression for the total cost of the doughnuts and tarts she bought.
38.
At a grocery
39.
Linda is x years old. She is 5 years older than Daisy.

(a) Write down an expression in terms of x for Daisy's age.
(b) Find the average age of both girls.
,ffi.
ffi;
of
store, a packet of flour cost $x and 5 pears cost $y. A loaf of bread cost 80p
more than a packet of flour. Express in terms of x andlor y,
(a) the cost of a pear,
(b) the cost of a loaf of bread,
(c) the total cost of 10 packets of flours, 20 pears and 5 loaves of bread.
Ltd
40.
shop sold a raincoat for $15 and an umbrella for $20. In January the shop sold
3x raincoats and (2x + 7) umbrellas. Write down and simplify an algebraic expression
in terms of r. for the amount, in dollars, the shop received from the sale of raincoats and
umbrellas in January.
4t.
r
(br
(a
42.
of eggs. There were n eggs in each carton.

\\-rlte dorvn an expression in terms of n for the number of eggs she bought.
\\-ncn the cartons were opened, she found that m eggs were broken. She shared the
unlroken eggs equally between 50 baskets. Write down in term of n and m,Ihe number
-'. es-ss in each basket.
N,lrs Fernendez bought 30 cartons
A large office in the city bought n boxes containing packets of
paper files. Each box

in
terms
of n for each of the
expression
-t
paper
an
packets
files.
Write
down
of
contains
follou-ing.
(a)
(b)
(c)
@ Casct, F.,:'
The number of packets of paper files bought by the office.

The number of packets of paper flles each department received if 9 departments in the
office shared the packets of paper files equally.
The number of paper f,1es each department received if theie were 50 pieces of paper
files in each packet.
Algebra
-s*\.
''\-,..
i{tS:-==i:
:
:
ro THINI(ING S](ILLS GORNER

1.
Peter pfip marbles into q bottles. Each bottle contains the same number of marbles, with three
marbles remaining. Write down an expression in terms of p and q for the number of marbles
there are in each bottle.
2.
The total cost, $C, of placing an advertisement in a magazine consists of a fixed charge of $5
and an additional charge of 20 cents per word used. John wants to place an advertisement in
the magazine.If it contains n words, write down a formula connecting C and n.
3.
The recipe for making chicken stew is given below.

'Boil for half an hour for each 250 g of chicken and simmer for an additional 20 minutes.'
How long do you need to cook a chicken that has a mass of x kg? Give your answer in minutes.
'r@
Mathematics rutor 1A
@ Casco Publicutiotts Pte
Lttl
.t hP .Jb" Algebraic Manipulation

a aa aa....
! r.
...
..
. a a a a r r a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
+fi
Targets
Lt.y
\./
.
---- : - .
.-::- ,-.:;lli1;
e\DfeSSlOnS.
I
- -:ll-: - J\.ilie\SiOIlS.
o*n
1.
iuo
--
--
An algebraic expression is a collection of terms connected by tre

'x' or '+'.
I
E--e. 2
si-ens
'+-- --
The algebraic expression 3x + 4y + 5 has 3 terms: 3-r,41'and 5-
E-g.
2.
The algebraic expression9p + 7 has 2 terms: 9p andT
In the term 3x, the numerical part 3 is called the coefficient of x. In ofrerr,uds.
the constant that is attached in front of a variable or a group of variables is calH
the coefficient.
E.g.
tn the term 4y, 4 is the coefflcient of y.

In the term x, 1 is the coefficient of r.
a2
In the term -7p',-7 is the coefficient orp
I ob,
l,thetrrrm ,
E.g
3.
is the coefficient of ab.
The erpression 2x'
- 4xy has 2 terms.

(-4xY)
+
=
l.rr and -lxy are the two terms.
The coefflcient of x2 is 2.
The coefflcient of xv is -4.
t.rt
J-r1'
2x2
The algebraic term that does not have a variable attached to it is called the constznr
term.
E.g. I
In the expression, 5x + 9, the constant ternt is 9.
E.9.2
In the expression 6y - l, the constant term is - 1 .
,=i
In short:
term
term
9x'
tl'
I
I
9 is the
coeflicient
term
nv
of
-1 is the
coeflicient
of
-r.
-11 is the
constant term.
-v.
4.
Algebraic terms that have the same variables where each variable has the same
power are called like terms. They may differ in their coefflcients.
5.
If two terms
6.
Examples of some like terms and unlike ter?ns are shown below.
are not like terms, then they are called unlike terms.
Like terms
x,
-2x
and
-x
J
a
Unlike terms
5x and
4x2
6x and 9y
6x2,9t
and -2x2
{-..
3x2 and 6x
7x2 and 8y
2x2 and 6xy
xy,-Zxy and
-l*'y,
lxY
xzy and 4xzy
5,3,-Z a"a
All constants
3xy, 5xz and 9yz

2x2y and 3ry2
-l
and a
are like terms.
1.
To simplify an algebraic expression, we collect all the like terms together. Only
like terms can be added or subtracted.
8.
To add or subtract like terms, simply add or subtract the coefflcients.

E.g.
3a+5a=8a
E.g.2 9y' - 3y' = 6y'

E.g.3 4ax-7ax+Sax=2ax
e Ctsco Publications
Pte Ltd
Chapter
5:
Algebraic Manipulation
'ffi
="%
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Simplify
(a)
(b)
2x+3y+5x+7Y,
Lay
+ 4y +
t + laY - 5Y -7.
SOLUTION:
(a)
2x+3Y+5x+7Y
- 2x + 5x + 3y + 7y
'We
- 7x + 10y
(b)
rcollect like Grms iogeit'*t'
'Heru since 7x + 10y .un r*i.b,e @inaa

,any'fUrrher, ?x and 107,are unlike.terms;' '"'' ' I '
+rr + |2 ay - 5Y -7
-8ay*;oy+4y -5y+ ll-7
8ay
+ 4y
.L
.vi+ +
_2-"r
=8iay-\,+4
ffi
.%,
ec,t!! ,1e
-:,,,
a\!
#;.r1,;;,1,
raamr" r"o s"nt.

Recall that only like terms can be added or subtracted.
WoRKED EXAMPLE 1:
Simplify
(a) (3x + 7y) + (9x - 4y),
(b) (8p - s) - (3p - 6).
SOLUTION:
f-i8
(a)
(3x
(b)
(8p
- 4y) -- Remove brackets'

=3x+ly+9x-4y
i,togeth0n,= 3x + 9x + 7y - 4y *--.:eol li&,,te
-lZx+3y
+
7y) + (9x
- 5) - (3p - 6) '-8p-5-3p+6 <-- 8p - 3p - 5 + 6

=5P+l
Ra.mo+e'uiackati
Collect like terms'1oge1!+.'
r'to:$e.ther;
, 1. If the sign before the brackets is o+', then the signs remain the
same when the brackets are removed.
,
,
E.g. 1+(2c*3b)=l+2a-3b
:
...2.IfthesignbeforethebracketsiS.*'thenthesignsneedtobe
changed when the brackets are
removed
E.g. p-(5q -s)= l-5q+s
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
(a)
(b)
(c)
F'ind the sum of 3x - 4y , 5x + 6y and 9y - 2x.

Subtract p - 4q - 7r from 8p - 5q + r.
Subtract -m-3nfromthe sum of 4m-IIn + 6 and
2m-9n-5.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Sum
- aD + (5x + 6y) + (9y - 2x) <-- Remove brackets.

=3x-4y+5x+6y+9y-2x
- 3x + 5x - 2x - 4y + 6y + 9y <- Collect like terms together.
(3x
=6x-lly
(b)
Difference = (8p
(c)
Sum- (4m- lln + 6) + (2m-9n-5)
Removebrackets.
- 5q + r) - @ - aq _ 1r)
-Bp-5q+r-p+4q+7r
= 8p - p - 5q + 4q + r + 7r <-,Collectlike terms together'
-Jp-q+8r
=4m-lln+6+2m-9n-5
= 4m + 2m - Iln - 9n + 6 - 5
-6m-20n+l
Difference - (6m - 20n + 1) - (-m - 3n)
=6m-20n + 1 + m+3n
=6m+m-20n+3n+l
='7m*lln+l
q
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
The length of the sides of a triangle are (3x + y + 1) cm,(2x
(a) Find the perimeter of the triangle in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the perimeter when x = 3 and y - -1.
- 3) cm and (5y + 8) cm.
SOLUTION:
(a)
L ,i
Perimetev
ii 0 Publications Pte Ltd
-(3x+y +l)+(2x-3) + (5y+ 8)

-3x +y+ l+2x-3+5y+8
=3x+2x+y+5y+1*3+8
-(5x+6y+6)cm
Chapter 5: Algebraic Manipulation
ffi
.'-/
(b) Whenx=3andY--1,
Perimeter = 5(3) + 6(-1) + 6
= 15 -6+6
=15cm
W,
Simplifying Linear Algebraic Expressions
1.
When an algebraic expression contains brackets:
E.g. 8x - llx
- 3(2x- 1)l = 8x - (2x - 6xr
3)
=8x-(-4x+3)
=8x+4x-3
=lZx-3
are glven
2.
.-d(tr,+-r)
a(x-Y)=ax-aY
a,(x+y+z)-ax+a))+az
-a(x-))= -ax+aY
;''; - *
E.g. t 4(a - 5)
- 4(a) - 4(s)
=4a-20
-.ts'"'_*.*_s
8.g.2
,;'; 'r,;,d;
a(x+Y)=ax+at-
f.*
'k
- each term in the brackets

Multiply
bY
J
4'
'&
3(2i + 5y - 4z)
= 3(2x) + 3(5y)
- 3(42)
-6x+l5y-l2z
,.+iif-"-^-r'.
E.g.
Zp(q - irl
= Zp(q) - 2p(3r)
= Zpe
Multiply each term in the brackets by 2p'
- 6p,
is multiplied b1' a numbe: -:

a variable, multiply each term inside the brackets br. the nuil:'-:
or the variable when the brackets are removed. The plt'rCi': '
If an expression inside the brackets
removing brackets and writing out the result term

called expansion of algebraic expressions'
160
br lil:-.
-:
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Expand the following.
-3(6x - 7y + 3z)
(a)
(b)
8x
- 4(-2x + 8)
SOLUTION:
*-..*s:T.--__:-
fl-*8\
(a)
-3(6x - 7y + 3z)
= -3(6x) - (-3)(7y) + (-3)(32)
= -18x + Zly - 9z
(b)
8x - 4(-2x + 8)
= 8x - a?Zx) - 4(8)
.,*G*^-k
=8x+8x-32
=l6x-32
fl=
--__.rj,==
\
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Simplify
(a) 5x +3(x +2) -(2x - 5) - 9,
(b) 8p - 3{aq - Zlq - s(p - q)l}.
SOLUTION:
(a)
- (2x - 5) - 9
=5x+3x+6-2x+5-9
5x + 3(x + 2)
-5x+3x-2x+6+5-9
-6x+2
(b)
8p-3{4q-Zlq-s(p-d|}
- 8p - 3l4q - 2(q - 5p + 5q)1
- 8p - 3l4q - 2(6q - sp)l
- 8p - 3(4q - IZq + 10p)
- 8p - 3(-8q + t}p)
-8p+24q-30p
= -22p + 24q
3.
To simplify algebraic fractions, e.g.

fractions.
Ltd
2x+l x*5 , ... treat them like ordinary

3'g
ffi
%s.
woRKED EXAMPLE 3:
1o-
Simplifv 1'---
?,
x-2
t,
LJ)
SOLUTION:
3(2x - 3)
=-- 15
5(x
2)
15
3(2x-3)+5(x-2)
15
6x-9+5x-10
15
llx - t9
_-----=I5
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
Simplify 1 -
_ 2(3x - t)
SOLUTION:
r-!
_ 2(3x - t)
a
x
66
6-x-aQx-l)
_ 4(3x-1) *--,'TheLeM,'of
,6.and 3
iS6,
6-x-l2x+4
10
13x
,ffij
@iiCasco Publications Pte
IJd
WORKED EXAMPLE 5:
Express
2x-l
_+
x*2
a-
a single fraction.
-as
4
SOLUTION:
2x-1.
x*2
3 - 6 -4
- 4(x.!2)
t2 -
2(21- 1)
12 * *12
TheLCMof 3.6 andlis
12.
_ 4(x+2)-2(2x-l)+3x
t2
4x*8-4x+2+3x
t2
3x+10
=-
12
Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
1.
Factorisation is the process of writing an algebraic expression as a product of its

factors.
2.
We factorise by extracting common factors.
,ax+qlia: +I)'''
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Factorise the following.
(a) 3x - 12
(b) 5y + 202
(c) 4ax - I6ay
(d) pq + Zpr - ps
SOLUTION:
(a)
terms
3r - 1 z
= 3(.r) - 3(4)
<-| Write each term as a product of the common

J\'\y - /_\
-t-i*1"#-.fil"JilffiJ?:T:li:th
- ?(
; - factor 3 and its remaining factor.
I
Factorise.
Ltd
Chapter 5: Algebraic
Manipulation i{.163S
.r...-._l
(b)
5y + 2Oz
.--.fhe,'eCI
faotor is 5.
= 5(y) + 5(42)
= 5(y + 4z)
(c)
4ax
l6ay
<-The
comm*
ri+iart 'i
- 4a(x) - aa(aY)
= 4a(x - ay)
Remember to factor out all cornmon factors'
4ax
(d)
16ay
" = 4(ax
pq + Zpr - ps --- p(q) + p(Zr) - P(s)
to be factorised
4ay) .-.---._* This needs
turther' It is not complete'
ThE cot.rrrnon,faeffi
irB,
=p(q+Zr-s)
%,
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Factorise each of the following'
3a(2x - 5) - aQx - 5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8p(4Y
- 1) - @Y - r)
6q(5x - 4) - 5x + 4
Zx(a + 2b - c) 5Y(a + 2b
c)
SOLUTION:
(a)3a(2x_5)_a(2x_5)<_-Thecommonfactoris2x-5.
- (2x - 5)Ga - a)
(b)
- @y - t) <-- 8p(4y - 1) - (l)(ay - 1)

gp( y-
= (4y
(c)
The commo,
1)
- 1X8p - 1)
*ffiart,1]",''
,,,,,
d+v';:$as',(tft+v";4
-''
6q(5x-4)-5x+4
=$q(5x_4)_(1X5x_41.--Thecommonfactoris5x_4.
= (5x - 0(6q - l)
Zx(a + 2b
- (a + 2b -
c)
c)(Zx
5y(a + 2b
c)
---
Trre common factor is a + ?b
- c'
5Y)
@ Casco PubLications Pte
li
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
(a)
(b)
Factorise mx + my.
Hence, evaluate 62
8765 + 38
8765.
SOLUTION:
(a) mx+my=m(x+y)
(b)
x 8765 + 38 x 8765
8765(62
+ 38)
= 8765(100)
= 876 500
62
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
Factorise completely
(a)
(b)
,\
(c)
- 2Oa2b2c3 + 5abc,
- + 9x(x - 2),
I z ^
zyz-.
,r'-z -
75a2bc
3(x
2)2
SOLUTION:
(a)
I\azbc
(b)
ZOa'b'c3 + 5abc
5abc(3a
- 4abc2 + 1)
3(x - 2)' + 9x(x - r, .-i - 3(x - 2)l@ - 2) + 3xl
= 3(x
2)l4x
2)
--
The common factor
oris
:. :.:,:.,. ,:.::,, ii iij,,,,:i:.
i:
Sabc.
3(r-2)
,,:,
continueJlfactllise
il'
'i:';r:' :l;'r'r;r'rnlii:'rliiri1ilf:
-6(X-2)(2X-l)rirql
is
(c) *r', - zyz'

l,
- )W(l -
e'Casco Publications Pte Ltd
4z)
--
The:cornmon factor
ir |'w.
Manipulation
,F%.,
'W*$
Tutorial
1.
Write down the coefficient of x and the constant term in each of the following.
Algebraic expression
Coefficient of x
Constant term
(a) 3x'+5x-4
(b) 8x-9x2 +7
(c) -2f+ll-x
(d) 8ry-+x-,
I
t .,1
Simplify each of the following.
2.
,:-.f"tR=i:'
i$,166
(a) 8x+5y-3x-4y
(b) -3a-6b+8a+8b
(c) 5u-9v-6w-v
(d) 7p+3q-5r-7q+3P
"i. Mathematics Tutor lA
"F'+o**qo.'
@ Casco
Pulrlir,,t,,',' '
-9+5pq-9pq+16
(g)
(k)
9ab
5cd + 12cd
- 3ab
6x-8y+3x-5y-1
(h) -3+mn-4mn-Zmn-ll
2l^l
3x- rPr-zx+ 4P*
6h-4sh-
l.5m + 3.6n-2.5m + 6.ln
15
t2
3*+ 6!-5x- ,v + 5*
Ltd
!n*
lsn
,&'
Chapter 5: Algebraic Manipulation i r azEi
.a
(a) (3x -
4y)
- (5x + 2Y)
(c)
(-6p -7q)
(e)
Add 8x - 5y - 3z
to -6x + 7y - 42.
(g)
- (-3P + 4q)
(d) (, -
(f)
Subtract 2x
- 5Y + 9
i.
rr) * (z* -
Find the sum of 9x
- 4Y,
6y+7zandLx-lTz.
(h)
fromx+8y-7.
ffi
(b) 2x-(4x-5y+z)
Subtract 3x
- 7Y from the
sumof5x-8Y +7zand
6y-4x-32.
@ Casco
Publicrtr:"'' :-- -
4.
(a) 3a x (-5b)
(b)
-+""(.1)
(c) 15 + (-5y)
(d) (-18y) +2x(-7x)
(e) :)px8q
(f) -Zpqx3rx(-6)
(g)
(h) -?r*x (-30y)
2a x 5a x (-4b)
C Casco Pttblications Pte Ltd
Manipulation
ffi
(i)
(k)
2a x 3ab x (-7 c)
;. #
u) t;,)
(l)
"(-6v)x(-32)2
(-z7p) + (-e) x (-Zq)
(n) :t-udb'
(o) .M"^b'
r;+J:nr\i.
.i
tZO
i;
'h**f;'
(p) {rsFf
O Crt.sr,, Ptri'
Erpand the following.
(a)
3(2x
(c)
5(4x + 3y)
(e)
-e(-Zh
(b)
5)
(d) (6k -
ax)
1)(-3)
(f) 5(3a-b+2c)
3)
(e) -o(r" )u. +,)
2Q
iG)
(8x- t2i.+ 2ot(-r)

\ 4)
';1F';AEi;i
Manipulation i{ tZl.i:
'il5-\r-l:1..!
6.
Simplify the following expressions.

(a)
8p-3(2p+4)
(c) tZt - 5(t - 3)
(b) 2r - 3(s - r)
(d) 3(x + 4) + 5(2x - t)
,ffi
'W
i 172 $l
(e) 7(2x-3y)-4(x-5Y)
(f)
(g) 2m - 3n - 5(m - 4n)
(h) 5(c+2d-e)+3c-4e
Mathematics Tutor 14.
p(Zx -7)
- 3p(-x + 5)
@ Casco
Prti,lit,,
'
(a) 3(2a-b)+5(a-4b)
(c) (-p + 2q) - (-p - q)
(e)
2(2a + 3b)
(fl
3(x
2y)
3(a
2(3y
O) (5x-zy)(-Z)+(2x+y-3X3)
(d)
2b)
2x)
4(2a
2(3x
5y + 1z)
- 4(x -
5z)
2b)
- (2x - 5y)
ffi
,i
l74jr
'{\***+I;
(a)
315(a + b)
(c)
2p
(e)
t1x
- 4(2a -
3q + 5l2p + (3q
3{2y - 3l7x
Mathematics Tutor lA
(b) 8x+215y-@-ay))
b)]
- Dl
2(4x
- y)l}
(d)
3(m
2n) + lZ(n
- 5m) + 3nl
(r) *. * ], - +(+..
ir)
Ltd
9.
(a)
3x+l
(b)"*A
x-3
(d)
3y+4
a
2x
x-l
1'+
2x+l
x*2
(f) 3y-2 _2t'-5

63
**J
,FttcB'
= Crr-rco Publications Pte Ltd
Chapter 5: Algebraic Manipulation iqtZSg
''Y.:f'
10.
Express each of the following as a single fraction'
(b)
2(x-t\ 3(2x-3)
3nu-
- 2x+l + 3(x-l)
t+
6
3
,&'.
rzoBi
'W
{fl
T-T
(d)w
x x-3
(f)
\/ 2 * 4
5(3x +
1)
2x
-l
@ Casco Ptblicctti,-''.-'
.r
(-e)
9x-4y _3x+2y _*-5y
x+5 2x-3
,:\
1'r'/2-4-8
3("r+1)
2(x-1) _ 5x+3
312
l.
Cttsco Publications Pte Ltd
(h)
4x+y _3x-y *l3x-6y
(j)
, x-3
-26
(1)
T-er-r)-+
7214
5(2x-l)
ffi
(a) 2x + 18
(b)
(c) 8-8y
(d) 6y- 10xy
(e)
(f)
8ab + lZac
(g)
''''.]ffi
lZx + 8y - 4z
25x
-xy
(h)
- 9xyz
9px
lSqx
9x
@ Casco Publications Pte L:-
: (i) -l4b + 6abc * 8ab
U)
Zpq*
- pq
- 8px
i
i
i:
(k) 8a - 8ab - 8c
(m) 2*y -
gmtx'
8y2
+ yz
i 0)
(n)
3ab
9ac + 3ad
-lOtrrh + 4ny2
36mx3
$
i
E
iE
tt
--,,
:o Publications Pte Ltd
Manipulation
i!.i.l79=$j
'.lt:_=:1.::',."i
(q)
Zlp2qr
(s) z*'+
(u)
10
-7pq',
(r)
)*
(t) I"'u + 3ab2
- 8(b - 2c)
(w) (-zm)(p -
,.=*ts,%,,,
3q) + 8mq
iil80 jr MathematicsTutor lA
"$15r
6ry'
lLxzyz
(v)
15(x
(x)
d(Zx + y)
Zxy
y)z + 20
- 5d(3x - l)
@ Casco Public'tttt,
' ,r',
(a)
7(x + 2y)
(c)
4p(3x
(e)
(4x
(b) t5a(5y -
- n(x + 2y)
- 8y) + 5q(3x -
- 3y) - 2h(3y -
(g) (2p - 3q)(r - s) + (5p - 4q)(r - s)
-- Casco Publications Pte Ltd
- (sy -
1)
Lx(a-2b)+3y(2b-a)
8y)
4x)
1)
(f)
(2x
(h)
9m(2x+y - z) - 5n(2x + y - z)
- y)(p + q) *
(3y + z)(p + q)
tffi
13.
14.
Simplify
(a) 2s+5h-39-4h+3,
(b) 3m x (-2n) x (-5P)'
(c) t5x - 312(t - x) - 4(3 - 2x))'
SimplifY
(a) 2a+3b-4( 5b - a),

(b) r[. * etn - !rts m-zD1
4L'
15.
t6.
3'
l'
Simplify the following expressions'

(a) 3(m + 2n) - 5(m - 3n)
(b) 8p - 2l1P - (P - 4)l
(c) 4q' - llq - 3q(q - 5)
(a)
(b)
{ffi
- 2q) - a@ 4m (n\'
,-, " [zJ
3(p
2P)
O Crt.st'rr Ptrl,,
.'
Simplify
lgpq'
(a)
(b)
,J
3pq
16x'yo
x 3q,
*v\
[-7,
(a) (-3p)' x 4q
(b) (-2r)' + 6r'
(c) (-7)x(-as)-6x5s
Expand and simplify the following.

?aa) x (-2b) + 5ab + 3b(-2a)
(a)
\ r7 t. \
(b) (t r *,)-u[;.+1a
-e)
[;.-;'t
Ir
t.
Simplify
(a) 7 -2(x - 3) - 3[1 - 4(x-2)),

p+3q _3p-2q
(b)
\-/
2
3
e Casco Publications Pte Ltd
Manipulation
,;ii,r%
S:;il
.$rt
, r..,.. -i,]

(a) 8a + (-3o)' + (-a) x 4
21.
2b+c b-c
(b)6-4
(c)
a.)
/-/-
Irr,
-3f)
- ]t
ou- 8/)

(a) (3x + 2y) - (4x - 3z) + $Y - az)
(b) -* i.' * ,
(c)
23.
v*2
3-
v-l
g

(a) (2m-Jn-5P) -(6m-7n + 6P)
(b)
rl
4Qs -
h)
,@
- 3h)
r-l
(c) r*3
z- 5
iffi
@ Casco Publications Pte Lt-.
::.
ta) 8r-+t+s-
3t
.,\ | z ( ,'\ (z )'

(b)
,u__ [_e )_ \,, )
(c) 5x - 2l3y - (4x - 7y)l
15.
(a)
(b)
(c)
26.
7m-l5m-3(2m
- 1)l
ry"+.r#
s
,-
s-2 3-2s
8 -

(a) 8a - 3lb - 5(b -Za)l -7b
(b) Ir* + n) - lfr* - n) + )fr* - zn)
Ltd
chapter 5: Algebraic Manipulation
"ffij
21
- 5(a - 3b).
(a)
Simplify 2(3a + 4b)
(b)
Write as a single fraction in its simplest form
3(2x+3y-l)
-x+ 4y-l
28.
Express
29.
6-
as a single fraction
x-l
t2
in its simplest form.
3x+1 x-2
(b)
,\
(c)
ffi
-#
5x
x-3 2x-1 *; x
J
6
2I 2(x-l) 2x+l
3+ g -
@ Casco Publicatiorts
Pt, L

(a) x 2x+1
*I
73-----
,:
1.
(b)
5(3x-1) _2(x-3)
(c)
x-2y
't 'l
32
J--_
2x-v
(a)
Simplify 3p
(b)
Factorise 2m(3
32. (a)
(b)
JJ.
93
(a)
(b)
4x+y
\
;@p
2n)
t0).
- (3 - 2n).
Simplify the expression 3x(l - x) + 4(2x2 - x + 7).

Write down the coefficient of x for your answer in part (a).
Find the sum of x + 3y - z,5y - 2z an:d 4z - x.

Simplify 6m(3m + 2n) - 4n(3m - 5r).
,ffi
34.
Write down and simplify the algebraic expressions for the following statements.
(a)
Add
(b)
Subtract 6q2 fromthe product of 4p
; 6x -y) to ,
(+
-*
35.
Add (3a2
36.
Whatmustbe added to2x3 -3x2
37
. (a)
(b)
im
'=tud,.,
*r)
- 4ab) to the sum of (7a' -
Subtract 3x'
2x + 7 from
5 to get 5x3 +2x2
5x + 3.
subtract
AddZf -6x-Itogx2 -4.Then
Mathematics Tutor
lA
andZq.
9ab) and (2 - ab).
-x+
8x2
-7q
-4x+7?
4x'+3x-Zfromthe
result.
j,
i
r
&)
b)
rc)
.,J
- l\abc,
- r2pr2 + 9p2qr,
5(x+ ai-22(x+4y).
10ab
3pqt,
(a) 1-l2pq-8r,
(b) 3a2 + lZab - 6a,
(c) Zh(x - y) + 5k(y - x).
lij.
(a)
(b)
+1.
Factorise the following expressions.

(a) 2(x + 2)' + 4x(x + 2)
Expand and simplity 5(a + 3)

Factorise 4be - 20ce + 12de.
4(a
5)
12.
(b) Sfy'* **'r'
Ltd
,:ffi
tW'
42.
Factorise the following completely.
(a)
(b)
43. (a)
(b)
6a'b
- 20ab3
2h(3d
- 1) - 3k(G - 3a
Factorise 18xy
Simplify
- 42xz + 6x.
+ - T,
giving your answer as a single fraction in its simplest form.
44.

3of - 9o'f + 6af
(p + 3)' - 5(p + 3)
45,
Factorisecompletely
(a)
(b)
\4
(a) aJr")'
* ,*| +z
,-,
(b) m(3h - k) - 4n(k -
,i 190.8; Mathematics Tutor lA
'BES'
3h).
Ltd
Factorise ct + ay.
Hence er-aluate 47
-,,
- . rtiSe xy
x 962 + 53 x 962.
xZ.
..:rr,-e evaluate
6l x3L82 - 5l x3182
without the use of a calculator.
,rr
br
1a
a/
(a)
(b)
FactoriseTx+7y.
Hence, without using a calculator, evaluateJ x 3.885 +J x 1.115.
Factorise x' - xy.

Use the result in part (a) to find the value of 1982
198
x 98.
r::*SR
Ltd
Manipulation
q
it- f f "-i
'1t *-*.1'i
50.
Find the sum of 3 consecutive integers
if the smallest integer is x. Give your
answer in terms
of x.
)
51.
Find the sum of 3 consecutive odd integers if the greatest odd integer rs 2x. Give your answer
in terms of x.
52.
The perimeter of a rectangle is (10x + 4y - 8) cm and its breadth is (2x + y) cm.

(a) Find the length of the rectangle in terms of x and y.
(b) lf x = 6 and y = -2, find the area of the rectangle.
,,ffi,
Wf
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
ight of p men is r cm and the average hei-qht of q women is s cm.

of all the w'orkers in the factory.
he
: Sratue A is 9 kg more
than the mass of Statue B. The mass of Statue C is thrice

* :-.rss of Statue A and Statue B.It the mass of Statue A is 6m kg, r,vrite dorvn an
-:
I : : - :, ln tefms Of m, fOf
- ". - :rass of Statue C,
,
I
: .:; f,\ erage mass of the 3 statues.
)).
A fruiterer bought 35 apples at p cents each and 56 pears at q cents each. He packs them into
bags which contain 5 apples and 8 pears and sells the bags at (8p + 9q) cents each.
Write down in terms of p and e,&rr expression for
(a) the amount of money he spent on the fruits,
(b) the total amount of money for which he sold all the bags of fruits,
(c) the amount he earned from selling all the fruits.
Ltd
't:ffi
56.
In an inter-school
57.
Amanda is x years old. Her brother Andrew is 6 years younger than her. Her father is 5 times
as old as Amanda. Write down an algebraic expression in terms of x for
athletics track competition, each school team will consist of three

athletes for the 100 m event, x athletes for the 200 m event and y athletes for the
400 m event. Write down in terms of x and !, zrr expression for
(a) the number of track athletes in each school team,
(b) the total distance, in kilometres, to be covered by the track athletes of each school team.
(a)
(b)
58.
,:ffit
lffi,
Andrew's age in7 years'time,

the total age of Amanda, Andrew and their father now.
A bookshop owner boughtp novels. x of them cost $16 each, 2x of them cost
rest of them cost $5 each. Write down an expression in terms of p andx for
(a) the number of novels he bought which cost $5 each,
(b) the total amount he spent on the novels.
Mathematics Tutor
lA
12 each and the
Ltd
- = j - . -.:l .1nd tire p31111r.ter
(3r -
l)
tri rectattgle ABCD
cm
i
I
T:e ciagram is nlade up of two identical rectangles and a square. The length and breadth of
,he r,-.-rapgle are J' cm and n cm respectively. The length of the square is half the breadth of the
rectangle. \\'rite dorvn, in terms of x and

(a) the perimeter,
(b) the area,
of the diagram.
'
:rlications Pte Ltd
!,an
expression for
ycm
=JR'
Manipulation
i{tOS"-B;
.
..\e*S
THINI(ING SKILLS GORNER

1.
(a) t, -
{-r
- 4lZ*. - s) - 3(2x- ,,] - ro}
/ ^
12
(b) (!9\
\5b)
i !
su*
64ao
t#
(d) I - ----lt- I-x
(c)
al;
a-i
(e)
-t+_x*l
x-!
_
x+l
__
I
x-7
Express as a single fraction.
2.
71
6.i - x+r
Mathematics Tutor 1,{
Ltd
Simple Equations in
One Variable
aaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaoaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaa
-s<
ff|.SE
A*sS
=w Targets
.
.
.
Solve linear equations in one variable.

Solve simple fractional equations.
Form linear equations in one variable to solve problems.
Basic Concepts
1.
An equation is a statement u hich contains t\\ o expressions rhat are equa1.
E.g.
2.
3x
-2=
r.r- 8 are t\\'o equations.
When we solve equations. ri e hnd the value of the variable in the equation.
E.g. x=
a
5 and 6.r + 1 =
8 is the solution to the
equationx- 3 = 5.
Equations with the same solution are called equivalent equations.
E.g. 2x+3 = 11 and 3"r = 12 are equivalentequations asr=
i; tlie solution to
both equations.
4.
5 = 9 is a linearequation.
The highest power of the variable x is
1.
,
I
E.g. 3x+
EZ
A linear equation is an equation in which the highest power of the t3r'iable is
1.
Qqlving _Linear Equations

1.
To solve a linear equation, we need to flnd the value of the variable.
2.
The solution or root of an equation is the value of the variable that will make the
equation true.
.:uo**ot.
,i
198
"",'.*,*{l
l;
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicntictrts Pte Ltcl
J.
Rules for solving linear equations:

(a) If you add or subtract the same algebraic expression to or from each side of
the equation, the resulting equation is equivalent to the original equation.
lfa=b,then
If a - b,then
a-c=b-c
(b)
If you multiply or divide both sides of
an equation by the same non-zero

,rlgebraic expression, the resulting equation is equivalent to the original
luation.
lfa=b.then
llfa=b.then
i
ac=bc
l*--
ICC
wherec*O
(c) If
an equation contains brackets, remove all brackets by applying the

distributive law of multiplication over addition or subtraction.
WC.II(ED EXAMPLE 1:
SoLl
tho following equations.
(a) x-6=5
(c) ' =4
5
(e) -6x - L0
-2
(g) 5-;.r=
ll
J
(b) x*3=8
(d) 4x - tZ
(f) 2x-3 -9
(h) 0.2x+7 -12
SOLUTION:
(a)
x-6-5
6-+'6t = 5 i#$t.
x=7I
(b)
t;lA
-'i6dd,e1*tt
x+3=8
x+3;"3 =8 *,3 *
x-5
Subtract 3 from botlr sides,:
'
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable
ffir
'wj
* -4
5
(c)
x
X# =4i*i5ii._-iu
x=20
(d)
4x -12
4x
44
*-r'*i#ri
12
d'i$d.#
x =3
(e)
-6x
-6x
-6
1-
...
(0
10
10
'--ii$,,.1iid$iardtfi
'4
.,
_;5
1r_{
x=41
2x-3 -9
2x-3
'= 9'
2x-12
2x
+-i'
12
i$;-
x=6
(e)
s- ir= 11
-2
5-;x
-5 = ll
,t 5,
+-,
Subtract 5 frorn both sides.
-5x=0
-?3^* x
^\ f -1)
z) - 6.^\ f -*)
z)
x=-9
(h)
0.2x+7 -12
0.2x+7 -7 =12 -7
0.2x
Murtipry both sides
o, f-:J
\ Ll
SubtracrTfrombothsides.
0.2x 5
-m, = !fi#, '-'r$l*iae'iudifi'
x -25
.ffi
iflZOOli Mathematics Turor lA
WI
@ Casco Publicatiotts Pte Lrri
qi-
V/ORKED EXAMPLE 2:
following equations.
S,-'lr e the
.1r 8r-12=0
(c)
(e)
(e)
)r'-Q
)
_ _
- tt
63
8-y'=o
o;
-6
(b)
T_r
(d)
x'=9
(f)
Ji
(h)
tr[5*q -z
--z
SOLUTION:
8x-12
+ lZ
(a)
gx
12
8x
-0
_0+
lZ
._.i+:daii.tjtd.d*t
-12
8x
88
12
<-
Divide both sidesby
v-_
^-
rd
x - -1
"'
3x-2
(b)
2,u
J^
-8
--t
-) 2
3x-2 -40
-X)=6X)
3x
2 _ 40 + 2 <-ri*dflrei;d,$difi
3x =42
2+
3x
42
=x=14
JJ
â
2x-9
(c)
?a
J
22
;*;
JJ
2x-9
-0
=0+
i5
-_u ''
'ffi
2x-9 :2
63
2x-9 to=
6
6 --------------]r#utd$iiifirt$6
2x-9=4
Zx _ 9 + 9 = 4 +
-_1.666rrit6i$ot
2x-13
2x
22
"x
Ltd
13
-1
O;
./.
r&
.W'
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable iflZOtH
I
(d)
x2
=9
J *' = t J9 .-',',
x=+3
x+3,o.r,*3. . i"
32 =9,(-3)r = 9.
8-y'=o
(e)
8
-)'' -
$=0
)'=
- 8
Subtract8fromboth
sides.
= VS
-._a
)-L
(D
eliq tii+odi.dtuotU'uae*-
Takebube,ioot on'both sides.
-''
^ly =z
(.,F )' = (3)'
.r-Q
v)
(g)
Jzx-r -6
1
'l2r - 1)t = 6t
Square both sides.
2x-l =36
2x- l*l =36+l <-- Addltobothsides.
2x -37
Divi 'bath'sides'by 2'
2 - ;
-i
x
-rc+
(h) {s*-t
--z
11t5--7;3=(2)3
5x-7 =8
5x-l *'7 =8+l
5x-15
5x
55
15
x=3
r:;Fi..''Br;a.
'i,202;,
'i.5*.r"t-1-
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicatiori,r
P:. -'
(r- -L
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
S -,1r
e the
, 2(7x-3)=5
,c-) 8(.r+2)-3(2x+1)
(b)
(d)
-1
3(4-x)=8
3x-4(x-2)=13-3(4+x)
SOLUTION:
(a)
2(7x-3)=5
l4x-6-5
l4x-6 "6=5+6
14x
l4x
t4
11
1l
14
11
t4
(b)
3(4-x) =8
12-3x -8
12-3x-12 -8-12
-3x = -4
-3.r= -4
-3 --3
-l
v-l-
.,Divide,both.si&s
by'(
);,,
(c)
8(.r + 2)
8x+
3(2-t +
7) <-
8x+ 16 -6x+21
16
-6x -6x+21-6x
2x+16 -21
2x+16-16-21 -16*-rs,
2x
-5
2x5
22
, -2!
2
(d)
2x+8 -l
2x +
8-
- 1- 8
S-ub t B fromboth sides.,:
)u --1
-,
2x -l *''Divide'h
=
;
z
.l
)
1-
O Casco Publications Pte Ltd
-_1_
h sides bY 2'
J.
,-;itr'*q\
+]Sj'
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
Solve the following equations.
(a)
(b)
(c)
x+l
2x-5 __35
x - x-3
2'
7
2x x*l
_A
_-t
T-s
-t
2x
^15 -l
SOLUTION:
x*l
2x-5
(a)
1s
r2'=
)
\J/
=lsr'll)
\) )
*-.il
raAd;$j
- 5) =3(x+1)
- 25 -3x+3
llx - 3x =3 +25
5(2x
10x
7x =28
28
7
(b)
.'.
x =4
,o(;)
a-?
hJt
=4
+r+(f)
=14(4)
7x+2(x-3)
7x+2x-6
9x-6
Iv,Iultlpl$1e'aeh
:terrn
,1
,, thE :L.CFtr'of
2 and
7'
= 56
- 56
= 56
9x= 56+6
62
A_
l-
62
9
-8
b-9
ffi
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicatiotts
Prt' t ...
2x x*l
^- 5
3
" 2x-l
rs
-,'(+) =,'t,)- ls(?f)
,'(?)
- 3(x+ l) = 15 - (2x - I)
10x-3x-3 =15-Zx+1
lx-3 -16-2x
5(2x)
7x+2x =16+3
9x =79
t9
9
_.1
-9
C "--
WORKED EXAMPLE 5:
If A
- *I t, * blh,findthe
value of b when
A= 35,a = 8 and h -
5.
SOLUTION:
A= *@+b)h
2
A-35,a=8andh-5,
35=|tr*bX5)
;
35=:(g+b)
When
x3s -8+b
14=8+b
b=6
WORKED EXAMPLE 6:
3x-4v
ff "_
-; = ),findthe
value of
/.x-ry
5
x
v
SOLUTION:
3x
2x
- 4y*'E'-*4
- 3t,'\
-5
5(3x-aD=4(2x-3y)
l5x-20y=8x-12y
7x=gy
{, .---,.,
7y = 'ln,- v
x8
y7
-l
.,1
Divjdo hoth,sroe,bt
ir\t" ,
_t
,,i;-t:i[i,ii,
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable ,,{205:,

'-i1.-.-.*, -
-t-
1.
EIu.tlAlt E-qq-4lo"!-
S'A,p!g
@_qqly,"g
3 , 1r,;*,
x
Z.
"%
--
A fractional equation has a variable in the denominator of

= 9 and
+=*
a term.
are examples of fractional equations.
To solve a fractional equation, we need to transform it into a linear equation.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
(a)
l8
(b)
-x =3
2x+3
-4
(c)^^ 5x+2
-3
1Y-,/
SOLUTION:
l8
(a)
-3
(rs\
\//-
xl
18
= 3(x)
-3x
18
x
.'. x
-6
5
(b)
2x+3 =4
/\\
(2x+:lIrr*3 )=Qx+3X4)
5
-4(2x+3)
5=8x+12
8x-5-12
--1
'7I
(c)
?'J]-3
3x-2
(3x
(sx+z\
,:
- 2\ltffi
)=(3x-2)(3)
5x+2 -3(3x-Z)
5x+2 =9x-6
8 =4x
,=
' v -)
,ffi
@ Casco
Pttblicut:,
' I-
WORKED EXAMpLE 2:
I^\
36
'
x*l
4x-l
t2
(b) l- ' -x-2
3
SOLUTION:
36
x+l' 4x-l
3(4x-1)=6(x+1)
llx-3-6x+6
lZx-6x-6+3
6-r
=9
.._
.'.-r=11
2
lLL
t-
(b)
x-2
.2r
'- 3 - xJ
I * *l
t-
2'''-\3
? -,'-1
x =5
-qqltreple*lelylqsrurn Alsary
--
1.
We can represent real-life situations by using linear equations. By solving these

linear equations, we can find the solutions to the real-life problems.
2.
In other words, to solve word problems, we translate them to linear equations and
then solve the resulting equations
3.
Steps
--
for solving problems:
Read and identify the unknown quantity.
Represent the unknown quantity by a letter, e.g.x.
,4
Write expressions for other quantities in terms of x.

Form an equation using the information given.
Solve the equation.
Write down the answer to the problem.
--)
P _ r.itl 1 s617i61rs
Pte Ltd
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One
Variable
;F*\
iffi,
1.
Always check whether the solution obtained satisfies the

original problem.
E.g.
2.
If the problemrequires apositive integer,remember

to reject the negative integers in your answers.
Remember to set only one variable. i.e. -r and express

the other unknown quantities in terms of x. If not, there
will be too many variables in the equation to be solved.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
The sum of 3 consecutive odd integers is
171 .
Find the integers.
SOLUTION:
We need to find the 3 integers.
Identify the
unknown quantity.
Let x be the smallest integer.

Represent the
unknown by x.
Themiddleinteger=x+2
Write expressions
for other quantities.
The largest integer = x + 4
Sum of integers = 171

Form an equation.
Solve the equation.
x+(x+2)+(x+4) -17l
x+(x+2)+(x+4)=17L
3x+6 =17l
3x - 165
x -55
The 3 integers are
55
,57
and 59.
Write the answer

to the problem.
practice to check your answer. You can do this

mentally or by writing it down.
It is a good
Check.55 +
{ffi
5l + 59 = l7l ,/
@ Casco Publications Pre
li
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Afather ts2'7 years older than his son.In 12years'time, he will be twice as old as his son.
(a) If his son is x years old now, write down an expression in terms of x for the father's
present age.
(b)
(c)
Write down an expression in terms of x for the son's age in 12years'time.

Hence form an equation in x and flnd their present ages.
SOLUTION:
(a)
At present, the son is x years old.

.'. The father's age is (x + 21) years.
(b)
The son's age
(c)
The father's age tn 12 years' time
in 12yearc'time is (x + 12) years.
=x+27 +L2
(x + 39) years
x+39 =2(x+12)
x+39 =2x+24
x = 15 (son's
age)
x + 27 = 15 + 2'7 - 42 (father's age)

.'. The son is now 15 years old and his father ts 42 years old.
Check: 42 + 12
54
2(15 + LZ)
-54 ,/
WORKED EXAMpLE 3:
A travel agent is planning an outing for x people. He enquires about costs from two coach
flrms, Daily Express and United Travel.
(a) Daily Express charges $15 for each person. Write down an expression, in terms of
x, for the total amount that Daily Express would charge for the outing.
(b) United Travel charges a flxed amount of $84 and an extra $12 surcharge for each
person. Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the total amount that United
Travel would charge for the outing.
(c) The travel agent flnds that the total amount is the same for each flrm. Find the
number of people going on the outing.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Total amount that Daily Express would charge

= $15"r
(b)
Total amount that United Travel would charge

= $(84 + lZx)
(c)
l5x = 84 + 12x
3x-84
*=
Y-J
-28
.'. 28 people are going on the outing.

e
Casco Pttblications Pte Ltd
Variable
ffi
Tutorial
1.
(a) 9x+2-29
(b) 3x-1-tJ
(c) 7 -2x-13
(d) -4x+6--14
(e) 5x+4-18-2x
(f) l-3x-x+13
(g) l5x-8-4+9x
(h) 7-3x-Zx+12
,'i,;s'*\.
ti;210
't.&,.."J-''i. Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publiccrtit,tT-,
F-, -'
(,)
' _'7
_l
5x
- -20
.3
I
(k)
_
\--l =x+1=15-2
(1) s-?x=5
(m) 2-0.6x-x
(n) 2x-0.2x+5.4
(o)
(p) t;.- 8.4-? +2.6x
A.2x + 0.8
Cosco Publiccttions Pte
= 1.8 - 0.3r
Ltd
Variable
,ffi'
ik$.;
(q)
(r)
=36
(s) 2f
= 2J
o'=21
= 50
(u) Ji5
a3
=4
(w) J5 - 4x = 1.2
(v) ifiya -3
(x)
f*,
--"z
.a$*"*\s:'
;,i212'\', Mathematics Tutor I A
\l\e+i"'
@ Casco
Publiccttioi:' .:'
3 the
{a) 2(3x+4)-26
(b) 3(4x - 9) = 81
tc) 3(2-x)=-14
(d)
(e) 2(x-5)=3x-18
(0 6-3x=4(x+2)
2x
-7(x -
3) = 26
C,r-ico Publications Pte Ltd
2(s
2x)
(h) (3x+2)-(2x-5)=0
Variable
,@,
{k$i
(i)
3(x
2.5)
0)
(k) 9-2.4x-2(0.3x-3)
(r)
(m)
(n)
,u.-
8) = 5(x
2.5)
0.15 = 0.05(1 + x)
Z ru,-
e) =
tzx-zr=,(1,.,)
(o) * ro-- 5) + 2x - 3.2(x + 2) - 3.82
ffi\
(W
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publications Pte Lr,,
S i,, e the following equations.
:i 5(.r+2)-3(x-1)=12
(b)
4(3
(c) 3(1 - 2x) - 2(5 - x) -
(d)
2x + 3(x + 1)
(e) 5x+4-3(2x -
1) =
12
8-(7x
1)
- x) + 3(5x + 2) -
-23 -
4s
(4x
-7)
+x
(0 2x-19-3(4x-7)l-26
Ltd
ifftf
'fue'$
(b)
v# -2 -0
2x x+l
(c) T=
4
(d)
2x-I
2
(e) I_
aQx-2)=;
(0;
(a)
2x
-I
3 =)
(g) 2x+3
s
,m.
W
Mathematics Tutor
3x-4
l
lA
2(3x
x+2
r)
(h) 5x-2 _l-4x

4l
'@ Casco Publications Pte
lN,
.,,
e the
.T
i1
, +3=
3x
..-
(b) **;
rc) x-1={+5
(d)
{e) .r+5= ";'' -l

)
(f) 5+ )-:
(g) 3x+5-,x
(h)
?_ r
@ Casco
=12
Publications Pte Ltd
=0
+ - t =rI
?o-)
=x
T*#=,
{ffi
6.
(a) +v * x-2
g
(b) l.* * I* * !x=27

u
=5
(d)
x*8
(e) r-l, * x-12
=
s
15
{ffi
(r)
5(x-1)
2x-l
2-3
4#-;.-2-+
@ Casco
Publicatit":'
--
"
Srrlr.e the
(a) -8-=)
x
(c)
2
-=5x
(b) ? =3
x5
--4
3t
4x-2
(st
'D/
_ 5
2r -l
- {
r!:r\r'0 Publications Pte Ltd
(d)
(fl
3
x*3 =4
(h)
,h
-3=0
-:
=0
'';*5i6i*"-i*
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable l{219n1:

'i:..,*-.,-.-1.
U) - +x z
(i) *-5=1
(k)
#=,
(l)
,ffi
s3
--u
x+J = -x
(n)
(o)
3-4x - 7x-l
x*l
'.l--=-,3x+2
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicatiruts
-: r
_ L=
W+X
flnd the value of E whe n W --
lr
flnd the
valueofXwhenE=
20
Iti
andX
anO
16,
W=25.
+4
lfu=
v2
(a)
(b)
flnd the value of z when v = 6,

find the values of v when u = 17 .
Given thaty =
Given thatp
l-i-
flnd the value of x when
*,
-2(q-3r
m= 6andy *2.5.
+ 4), flnd the value of rwhen p = 18
andq-
6.
ri 'r
SE
E
a)
+, A
I
Ft
2a
,\u
v
12.
Given thatv2 = tt'+Zat,findthe value of a whent =3,tt
13.
Given that
14. rfp-q
r
15.
ffi,
=I
and v = 5.
! (t -1), find the value ofp when e = 8,r = Zand s = 3.

r
I f,
q+s
flnd the value of s when p
=3,ll = -5
andr =2.
* - llb, find
(a) thevalues ofywhen a='/,b=-l und* - !4'
(b) the value of xwhen a=4,b=-3 andy - -6.
Given that y2 -
Lttl
l.',en thatb=6,c=9and d--Z,findthepossiblevalues of aif 4a2=bc -5d

d-
*3 nr',find
:r] thevalue of V when r=J,
G1r en the
br
thevalueof rwhen
Tlkezr
i
r'_ I
formula V =
V-33L.
2l
=".\
7')
v1,
(
|
Ta.\
^J
rI
-.------;
t'_t - _rr = -qfindthevalueof
.)
zwhen
x=-2andy-4.
Theformulausedtocalculatethefocallength(/)of alensisgiventv
1+ 1,*here,
1.l uv
is the distance of the object from the lens and v is the distance of the image from the lens. Find
the value of/when w = 3 and v = 5, giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.
- -;r.o Publications Pte Ltd
.'r-==\
1t.?23r1:
'..'1rgf.::r
- ?);
20. rf ?'
4x-51 -
21.
Given that
.find the vatue
-i! -
", ;
.find the value of !4b'
ZZ.
Given that'
23. ff #h
ffi
'w/
5y
- 3". find the ratio of x : y.

3*-y =
x
- 1 ,f,nd the value or ?b
,$Casco Publicatiou
Given that
3P
- 2q
p+2q
.t ,4x-3y
[r1\efl that
2x-y
find the value of
nno the value
of
6p
q
ii;
Solve the equation
t'
x*2 7
' 4 -2
r_-_
(a) 3(x-4)=1-(5-x)
.
2x+l
(b)
' ----'-'-'Jx*5 =3
(c)
5x+3=-2-x
-- Cttsco Publications Pte Ltd
..ri.@.
Variable {{ZZS-};
'h*.s"
- U - 4(x - 2)l = 6.
28.
Solve the equation 3x
29.

(a)
(b)
xl x+l
53
3y+2
8
(c)
30.
)z -
_A
-+
5z - )

(a) 4x+ 3(8 - 5x)- 12-2(x+3)
5.
x-3
(b) ;(x-r)-i=
,,ffi
"W
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco
Pttblit,it, ' :
Solr e the following equations.
;r) 5-2(x+3)=4x-l
83
lrr
1.-
2r'-l = l+y

(a)
(b)
(c)
x2xx3
3 5-2 '10
Zx+l x-3 x
234
-_J-_
l*
2x
-1 =Jx
-r-r. If 12 (10x - 4) - 3(x + 5) =1, flnd the value of 11x - 8.
Cusco Publications Pte Ltd
,,;;FGb,
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable iKSdfJ
34.
(a)
(b)
Find three consecutive integers whose sum is 84.

Find three consecutive even integers whose sum is 66.
35.
(a)
Find two consecutive odd integers such that the sum of the smaller integer and twice the
greater integer is 85.
The sum of three integers is 40. The second integer is three times the first and the third
integer exceeds the second by 5. Find the tlyee integers.
(b)
36. I am thinking of a number. If I add 4 to the number and then multiply the result by 3, the
answer is the same as subtracting 5 from the number and then multiplying the result by 2.
(a) Letting x be the number, write down an equation in terms of x.
(b) Solve the equation and flnd the number that I am thinking of.
31
When a number is halved and 8 is added to the result, the answer is 54. Letting the number be
x + 3, form an equation in x. Hence, flnd the value of r.
',,.
Ltd
_i8.
(a)
(b)
Jonathan is 15 years older than his brother Jeremy. Six years ago, Jonathan was six
times as old as Jeremy. Find their present ages.
Ben is twice as old as Belinda. Five years ago, the sum of their ages was 92. Ftnd
Belinda's present age.
(a)
Jack's brother is 14 years older than him. In six years'time, Jack's brother
as old as him. How old is Jack now?
(b)
Mary is
t-
Z)
dmes as old as Jane.
will
be twice
In 30 yda.r' time, the sum of their ages will
be
95 years. How old is Mary now?
-10. The numerator
of
fraction is 4 less than the denominator.
and the denominator, the fraction becomes
-+
The numerator of
Ltd
1 is added to both the numerator
+2(. Find the original fraction.
fraction is 3 less than the denominator. If 5 is subtracted from the numerator
andZis added to the denominator, the fraction becom.r
-- Cttsco Publications Pte
If
* . Find the original
fraction.
42. Marc's mother is 5 years older than twice his age. Let Marc's age now be x years old'
(a) Express his mother's age in terms of x'
(b) Marc will be as old as his mother now in 27 years' time. write down an equation
in x
and solve it to flnd Marc's age now'
43
bought -x more stamps, Jane

Nancy had 30 stamps and Jane had 154 stamps. After each of them
of x. Hence, solve it to find the
had thrice as many stamps as Nancy. Form an equation in terms
value of x.
44.
'ffi
and ll61egs. Let x be the number

A farmer had some cows and chickens. He counted 70 heads
of chickens on the farm.
(a) Express, in terms of x, the number of cows on the farm.
(b) Form an equation in x andsolve it to find the number of chickens on the farm'
Ltd
-:
Tim has (2x + 1) marbles. Peter has 3 more marbles than Tim. James has half
as many marbles
as Peter.
(a)
(b)
Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the number of marbles
(i)
(ii)
Peter has,
James has.
If the 3 boys have g2marbles altogether, form
an equation in terms of x. Hence, solve
it
to flnd the value of x.
(a)
(b)
-:-"
Write down an expression in terms of x, for

(i) the total number of books,
(ii) the total cost, in dollars, for the books.
Find the total number of books she bought if she paid $275 for all the books.
Matthew buys x pens and two more pencils than pens.

(a) Write down, in terms of x, an expression for the number of pencils that he buys.
(b) Each pen costs 60 cents and each pencil costs 20 cents. Find as simply as possible, in
terms of r, an expression for the total cost of the pens and pencils Matthew buys.
(c) If he spends $10 altogether, flnd the number of pencils he buys.
-. ;tct Publications Pte Ltd
Variable
{drm
'%._d,
4g.
also bought |Q fs* ei r:

A fruit seller bought -r pears and twice as many mangoes. He
i
'
is made up rrf
'
cents while each peach cost

than pears. Each pear cost 40 cents, each mango cost 50
If the fruit seller paid $102 altogether, flnd
(a) the value of x,
(b) the amount, in dollars, that he spent on the peaches'
49. A saresman selling vacuum cleaners is paid $A per week. The amount
120 plus $ 15 for each of the vacuum cleaners that he sells '
expression cot::"In a particular week, he sold n vacuum cleaners. write down an
A and n for the total amount of money the salesman received that week'
if he sells 8 vacuulll cle-' ' -'Calculate the amount of money he would earn in a week
wage of
(a)
(b)
(c)
50.
If
'
cleaners did he sell'l

he earned $375 in a certain week, how many vacuum
is given by B = 35x + 16y'

The buffet cost, $8, for x adults and y children at a hotel
(a) Calculate the buffet cost fot 2 adults and 3 children'
(b) write down what the coefficients of x and y represent'
(c) The buffet cost for 5 adults and y children is $319. Find the value of y'
,4ffi:\
i{rrr}i
..w-
,j@'Casco Publications Pte I
Apieceof wireof length.rcm and2piecesof wireof lengthycmeacharecutfromapieceof

wire of length 100 cm.
(a) Find the length of the remaining wire in terms of x and y.
(b) The remaining wire is bent to form a square. Find the length of one side of the square in
terms of x and y.
(c)
51.
If x - 18 and ! =
15, f,nd the area
of the square formed.
A piece of wire is cut into 3 equal pieces. The flrst piece is bent to form a rectangle of breadth
(x + 2) cm. Its length is thrice its breadth. The second piece is bent to form a triangle with sides
(3x + 5) cm, 3x cm and (4x + 3) cm. The third piece is bent to form a square.
(a) Express and simplify in terms of x,
(i)
(ii)
(b)
the perimeter of the rectangle,
the perimeter of the triangle.

Hence, find the length of a side of the square.
,;,,io Publications Pte Ltd
Variable
,.ri*\.
t.t
53.
The diagram below shows arectangle ABCD. Find the values of x and y.
A
(2y+x-3)cm
/zx+s)
[,
J'*
23 cm
54.
ABCD is arectangle andEis apoint onBC.AB -(6x+ 5) cm, BE

perimeter of the rectangle is (18x - 2) cm'
(a) Find, in terms of x, an expression for
(i) the length of AD,
(ii) the length of CE.
(b)
Given that the length of CE is twice the length of BE, flnd
(i) an equation in terms of x,
(ii) the value of x by solving the equation from (b)(i),
(iii) the area of the rectangle ABCD.
- (6-x)
cmandthe
(6x + 5) cm
,ffi.
'.w'
ifl234F] Mathematics Tutor 1A
@ Casco Publications Pte Lr,,
-'
A and B are shown below.

Write down and simplify an expression in terms of x for the perimeter of
(i) Rectangle A,
Tr,vo rectangles
(a)
(ii)
(b)
Rectangle B.
Given that the perimeter of Rectangle A is
fr
of the perimeter of Rectangle B, form an
equation in terms of x. Hence solve the equation to flnd the value of x.
n
!
(x-6)cm
(x+2)cm
(x+1)cm
(x-1)cm
.':"*\,
Chapter 6: Simple Equations in One Variable ,..?.].?ri
THINI(TNG S](ILLS GORNER

If x(1 - 2 - 3 - 4) - (-L)(-ZX-3X--4), find the value of x'
1.
2 "+-+=+
J.
Given the y
4.
Given
-.++
i:
*"u'-.{
- 2,ft ,6 - 31; , express y in terms of x.
tnutffi =-
r(\,
':.236 +', Mathematics Tutor

't\'"=1:$
flnd the value of (x + y).
lA
find the value of b wher. a =
-3 and c = -1.
5x-2y-lz
8y
3"t
Given that
find the value of x when ! = 4 and z = -,

==5y ,
*6a-'rb2
lb-
3*
Solve the
].
equation
find the value of
-4 -t
a
b
-r-2
Karen's present mass is 8 kg less than her mass a year ago.

her present mass, what is her present mass?
- ...'r() Publications Pte
Ltd
If her mass at that time
was
Variable
7or
6
,;0$*\
1i,,.?37",,ii
peter has three times as many game cards as Philip. If Peter gives Philip 9 game card-s ' Pr..
rvill be left with 6 more game cards than Philip. Find the total number of game cards the '
9.
boys have.
10.
same job
Working alone, pauline can complete a job in 2 hours, while Anne can do the
job together?
3 hours. How long does it take the two women to complete the
11.
is -r m
Rectangle ABCD has dimensions 12 mby 8 m. The length of rectangle PQRS
breadth is half its length. The area of the shaded part
ir *
rrtri
'
of the area of the unshaded p''-
Form an equation in terms of x and solve it to flnd the dimensions of rectan gle PQRS
72m
JM
.rffil
{z:sEi Mathematics Tutor 1A
"'%.'
L-
li
kFFt
&4
"--=,.--.
Revision E><ercise 2
G%
lntroduction to Algebra
Simple Equations in One Variable
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
(1)
Introduction to Algebra
le
;-
given that x
- 2 andy -)-3, find the value of e.
1.
In the formula e =
2.
Evaluate the following expressions when g = 0.2, h
(a)
(b)
J.
5s'
(2h)3
8^
(h +
- -1 and r -
3.
r)'
(a)
a,
- 4r
Evaluate
5a + b-- ab
(b)
2y
when a --
- {i * l3
C Casco Publiccttions Pte
Ltd
rr'when
and,
b- -1,
-3.d =9
ande
=-).
Revision Exercise
-:ffi
4.
Find the HCF and LCM of x'yz' and xyt z' .
5.
The cost of m files and n notebooks are $x and $y respectively. Find the total cost of 3 flles anc
7 notebooks.
6.
Given that x =
3,! - -Z and z - -1,

(a) 3x-4y+z
evaluate the following.
^-(b)
(c) y'=-;
- xz
(d) tO(xyz)z
,r&,
ig240Bi Mathematics Tutor I A
'W'
@ Casco Publications
Ptr'
John is 3 years older than Marc. Lisa is twice as old as John. Let Marc's age be x years old.
Express in terms of x,
(a) John's age,
(b)
(c)
Lisa's age,
the average age of the 3 children.
A fruit seller bought 50 crates of peaches. There were m peaches in each crate.
(a) Write down an expression in terms of m for the number of peaches he bought.
(b) He sold n peaches and packed the rest equally into 80 bags. Write down an expression
in terms of m and n for the number of peaches in each bag.
3 bowls and7 plates cost $p and $14q respectively.

Write down an algebraic expression in terms of p or q
(a)
fot
(i)
(ii)
(b)
the cost of I bowl,

the cost of 1 plate.
Rebecca had some money. She bought 12 bowls and 10 plates and had $9 left. Write
down in terms of p and q for the amount of money Rebecca had at first.
Revision Exercise 2
,'ffi
(2)
10.

(a) -t8a + (-3b) x (-2c)
(b) 5(p + 3) - 4(t - 3p)
11.
Factorise completely.
(a) 4pq - l0p2r + Zpr
(b) Strrh + 18rcf
12.
Express as a single fraction in its simplest form
13.
Subtract (2*'
5xy
+ 1) from the sum of
(11x2
4x
2x+3
6xy) and (3xy _ 7).
.'1,,i++i+++t-|;
fu+Z*Fj Mathematics Tutor 1A

"}==*s
Ltd
(a)
(b)
Simplify Ja +3(b -2c)-(4a-b +3c).

Factorise 14xy - lyz.
Express each of the following as a single fraction.
x+v 2x-y
ra) --4
(D)
'-6.
'-
,-
4(2:.- I) _ 3(z+2)
l
5
Factorise the following expressions completely.

(a) 8ab + ab2
(b) Zd(d - 3e) + 6e(3e - fi
Simplify the following algebraic expressions.

(a) (2p)'x 6q - 5p'q
(b) Srif
!.
*,
+ (-4xY)
Ltd
Revision Exercise
{ffi
18.
t1 *
(a)
t'actorrse
(b)
Hence without using a calculator, evaluate
a*
l!.
1
;J
x 8.375
+-J
1
x 0.625 .
19.
(a)
- 3) - 4lt - 2(x (b/3-6m-2n 2m-3n

5(x
5x
T*
3y _
1)l
x-y
20.
Simplify
2t.
(a)
(b)
42
- Zcde
3m(p - q) + 5n(p - q)
LSabc
.'=-"q-l:.
,
.244
'.1==.-
i,
Ltd
Simplify
(a) 3lm + 2n
:i
2(5m
- n)),
(b)
ry_lrr,_y).
(a)
(b)
Simplify 5(2x - y) + 4(x - 3Y).

Factorise completely -36pq + l4q.
(a) 20ab - 4b,
(b) 6x + LSxy - 30x2,
_+.
(c)
25.
5pr' -
2Op2v'.
Whatmustbe added toZx3
+x'-
3x+ I to get 3-4x+f +x'?
Revision Exercise
,ffi."$,,
26,
27.
28.
(a)
(b)
, \ -r-l
(a)-4*6'
5(3r-l)
(b)
t2 + 5y -
rll(3y - e) - 4(s - y)]
(a)
Evaluate
(c)
il#i
of
12342
1234
x 234.
Simplify
(b)
29.
Factorise m' - *n.

Use rhe result in part (a) to find the value
r+
- 2p,siven thatp = 3, x Simplify 2(3x - 5y) - 3(y - 3x).

2x 4(3x - 2\ as a single fraction.
Express
-
-.2,! = -3
and
r=
Factorise each of the following.

(a) Zp(x - 5y) - (x - 5y)
(b) (x + 1)(x - 2) + (2 - x)(3 - x)
3t
.
Simple Equations in One Variable

(a) 2(x+5)-5(3x-l)=6
.43
/b\
3-2x =-2x+l
1)m\'-
-1i.
Given that E
32.
(a) 4x-l
3
5
(b) ,;.3
33.
uz),find the value of mwhen E - 2OO,v - l}and z = 8.
3x
T=t
+ l=3
(a)
Zo(x- 3) =
t(z**
7)
\.. rl)
5.r-7 _ 3.r+5
(b)
\/
1l
2
Ltd
Revision Exercise,
.ffi
34.
Solve the equations
x-2
ia) 3x+l
3 - 6
2'
-15
x*4
35.
36.
Given that q = 5, r = 3 and,s =
-1,
(a)
find the value or
(b)
find the possible values of p
*(2s)'
if p_
J
2
Given that
5'+ 9) J
llx - 3v =-5
-qrs
4s2
+I
find the ratio of x : y.
.'s,.
,iZ+S]t
...S=-=-
Ltd
Solve the following equations'
37.
(a) Jx-3(x-4)-6
(b) sy-I-11+Y
38.

(a) 8(x + 5) -7(2x + 1) = 0
(b) , -
-3Y) = 4(2
-y)

5(3x + 2) = -20
39.
(a)
(b)
-(_).
aG
4x+7
ffi=i
ry-(2x-1)- +36'
(a)
Simpliry
(b)
(c)
Solve the equation 3x - 5(4 - x) =

If 7(3x - 4) - 5(x -Z) = O''find the value of 8x + 9'
Cc/-r.o Publications Pte
Ltd
Revision Exercise
;,*;Gb
':,2491'
, u_n,o*r.Fi,'
1t.
(a) 3(p-Z)+4-t2-5p
(b)
')q 9
=3
27
(c') 3r+l=-4,
42.
43.
44.
(a)
Factorise each of the following.

(i) -6 - lSxy + 30x
(ii) 9p(m - 4n) + 45q(m - 4n)
(b)
Solve the equatisn
*-I- - ,:t-L-r
+"x-l
(a)
Simplify 8x - 3l5x
- 7 (2x -
(b)
Solve the equatro"
(c)
lf
4|
3)l
-T
5x+3v ?
.r
I5 ,find the value of y''
-. , -+x+
ty =
^
Find two consecutive even integers such that the sum of the greater integer and three times the
smaller integer is 50.
.-'=!::.s-.
.s
E':
i 250,tl Mathematics Tutor lA

\+,sj
Ltd
. ,:
-.:ht a trrtf,l of 20 hardcover books and paperbacks. Each hardcover book cost twice as
..- ;.r:h Lraperl-rack. The cost of each paperback was $8. How many hardcover books did
. , .: i.e speirt a total of $264?
,-'
\ larc bou_eht p kites for $48.

i-r) Write dor,vn an expression in terms of p for the cost of each kite. (Assume that all the
r
kites cost the same.)

He also bought 8 yo-yos. Each yo-yo cost half as much as a kite. If he paid
for the kites and the yo-yos, flnd the value of p.
total of $64
The denominator of a fraction is 5 more than the numerator. When 3 is subtracted from
the numerator and 4 is subtracted from the denomintor. the fraction becomes
] . nino,t.
original fraction.
ill
-i.
Theperimeterof arectangleABCD is(7.r-8.,'+ l2)cm. If itslen-ethis(3.r+-1'-ltcm. lind

its breadth.
Revision Exercise
===tft'
2 ,i25lt,
',5
49.
In the diagram, ABCE is a square and ADF is an isosceles triangle. The length of a side of
the square is (3x +
2)
cmand the length
.-. If the area of the triang le ADF

of DEr* f *)
\x+l/
is 16 cm',find the area of the square ABCE.
Jr*) "-
(3x + 2) cm
50.
The diagrams below show Rectangle A and Square B.

(a) Write down and simplify an expression in terms of x for the perimeter
(i) Rectangle A,
(ii) Square B.
(b) (i)
Giventhattheperimeterof SquareBis
lf
of
"ftheperimeterofRectangleA,form
an equation in terms of x to represent this information.
(ii)
Solve the equation in (b) (i) to flnd the value of x.

(3x
1) cm
(4x + 3) cm
,S
,{252$ MathematicsTutor lA
''. d/
(2x
- I) cm
Ltd
Angles and Parallel Lines

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
t
.
.
.
_*L_
Deflne a point, a line, a line segment, a ray and a plane.
Identify right, acute, obtuse and reflex angles.

Learn the properties of:
complementary and supplementary angles
adjacent angles on a straight line
angles at a point
vertically opposite angles
Learn the properties of angles formed by parallel lines and transversals:
- corresponding angles
- alternate angles
- interior angles
r
t:
""..]
L
$
E.
Calculate unknown angles using the above properties.
Draw angle bisectors and perpendicular bisectors.
L___
nmtu.n"mr*
1.
A point has a position but not size and shape. All geometric figures are made up
of points. A dot ' o' or a cross 'x' is used to mark the position of a point.
E.g. .
AB
2.
_
x
A line is a straight path of points that has no endpoints.
The arrowheads indicate that the line continues indeflnitely in both directions.
A line has no width and it can be determined by two points.
t;i;;H.\+
Ltd
Chapter 7: Angles and Parallel
Lines 1{ZS:-};
'i\*o*''""*
E.g.
Lrne AB
Line /
3.
Aline segment is part of a line that has two endpoints
and includes all the pr-'i..:'
between those endpoints.
E.g.
Line se-ement AB.
,4 and
4.
B are called the endpoints.
A ra1- is a line segment that is extended indefinitely in one direction. A ray ha.
one endpoint.
E.g.
5.
Ray AB
-\ plane is a collection of points that forms a flat surface. It has no thickness.

E.-s. Plane ABC
!D.,q.rrgt.t
1.
An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint, called the vertex. Thc
rays are called the sides of the angle.
angle
/-
veftex
-.:is<\
,S:
E\
,i2543;
.'S*-i'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
2.
We can name an angle as shown below.

Fo
Angle ABC can be named
LABC
oT
LCBA
LB
as:
or
or
^
Teacher's
In the diagram below, LABC and I*CBD

should not be denoted as LB. It can be
named as
3.
/-x,
and
/-rr.
A protractor is used to measure the size of an angle. We normally measure angles
in degrees.
4.
To measure the size of LABC:
to'
eo
I"''
%'/,_
-z
\ %_-
.za,
'a\/
\:
-^to
Steps:
'r'1
Place the protractor such that the centre of the base line is at the vertex
of LABC.
',Zl
Align the base line of the protractor with one arm of the angle (side
BC).
'3,r
n'
Choose the inner scale and read off the number where the other arm
of the angle (side AB) cuts this scale.
The size of LABC is 65".
.';+i''G\
Ltd
Chapter 7: Angles and Parallel Lines
:.255 i:
'
.,r-".,r.:.1
TYpes of Angles
1.
Angles are classifled according to their sizes.
2.
The types of angles are shown below.
Type of angle
Acute angle
Description
Examples
Angles less than 90o.
L
Right angle
Angles equal to 90o
t_
Obtuse angle
An-9les
-qreater
than 90"
but less than 180".
I
I
I
\\l
___\
-----WStraight angle
Angles equal to 180o
900
ffiA
Angles greater than
180" but less than 360".
1.
A complete rotation about a point is
360" G360'
2.
")
.*,
o..o
80'
There are 90o in a quarter rotation. It is called a right angle.
e Ccltt'r, Pirl'!tr':tl;,,,;' P-. i
To measure reflex
LpeR:
ffi1iiiIiirf4/
/,t:i./*j.;,r-\
,n
./ ,:,-/,::.:..,.;\
"': /:::.:;:/.'77
.\y vo,/
':\
.
._Z -,-\
'\ / /"\
,"\u12
b--,:':\
z\
i e \ ---t
--:"a
+t
1I o--'-:---.
---r:il
loJ-m'-:--r:
obtuse LPQR = 130" (Measure the obtuse LpeRflrst.)

Renex LPQR
130" (Ls ata point)
=rr:3:3.
Two lines that form right angles when they intersect

are called perpendicular
lines.
E.g. Line AB is perpendicular to line GH andwe write
The symbol I represents .is perpendicular to,.

X is called the foot of the perpendicular from G
@ Casco Publications pte
Ltd
as
to
AB
GH.
AB.
Chapter 7: Angles and parallel Lines
ffi;
w'
E}
cgryptqq-"tqry n4 9qpp1.ry911ry4$rq
1.
Two angles are called complementary angles if their sum is 90',
La+ I-b=90"
E.g.
Fo
)
"'b''
25" and 65"
are
60' and 30o are
complementary angles. complementar\ aul-:.
2.
Two angles are called supplementary angles
/-a+/-b=L80"
E.g.
a /
7
if their sum is 180'.

E.g.2
Ln..
//
zz'a\-\ot"
___,,tilk _
J2" and 108" are
supplementary angles.
115" and 65" are

supplementary angles,
Angle Properties
The sum of adjacent angles on a straight line is equal to 180"
La + /-b + Zc =
180o
(adj. Zs on a str. line)
Lx
and
,&\
izssBi Mathematics Tutor 1A
@ Casco Publications Pte L
E.g. Find x".

2x" + 105" + xo = 180' (adj. Ls on a str. line)
3xo=180"-105"
-A
1<o
tJ
J5"
I
- ,<o
2.
The sum of all angles at a point is 360".
La+ Lb+ Lc+ Ld=
(Ls
360"
at a point)
E.g. Find x'.
x" + 3x" + J2" + 5xo + 90" = 360o (Ls at a point)

9x"+762"=360"
9xo=360'-162'
=
198"
^ lgg"
9
- ))"
1
J.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
La - /-c
Lb = Lcl
(vert. opp. Zs)
Lc are called vertically opposite

Lb and /-d are called vertically opposite
/-a
and
angles.
angles.
LFGE - xo (vert. opp. Zs)

36" + LFGE + 42" = 180" (adj. Ls on a str. line)
36'+ x" + 42o = 180o
B
Ltd
Jro=180'-36" _ L02
420
,'ffi,
izssli
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the values of ro , yo and
7o
SOLUTION:
x"+52"=88o (vert. opp. Zs)

xo = 88o
520
=36
y" + 52 = 90o
)o=90o-52
= 38o
88o + z"
+y" = 180o (adj. Zs on a str. line)
88"+zo+38o=180o
..
t"
,,
: ;;3.
- 88' - 3g'
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Find the value of x".
SOLUTION:
3x" + 4x" + (2xo + 10") + 26 = 360"
9x"
(Ls at a point)
+36=
360'
9xo= 360"
9xo = 324'
-36
3240
9
36o
@ Casco Publications Pte Lrri
ffil.ffi pututtd ri".t

1.
u"d
quqlglq4t
Parallel lines are two or more straight lines that never cross because they
always at the same distance apart. They have no points in common.
E.g. Line AB is parallel to line CD and we write as AB ll
are
CD.
C.
The symbol'll'represents 'is parallel to'.

2.
To construct a line parallel to line AB:
Step 1' Place the set square on line AB
and
ruler as shown in Diagram
1.
,2' Slide the set square along the length of ruler as shown in Diagram
Step ,3' Draw the line PQ which is parallel to line AB.
Step
Diagram
3.
A transversal is
2.
Diagram 2
line that intersects two or more lines. When
transversal intersects
two lines, it forms eight angles. The angles formed at the intersections are named
in pairs according to their positions.
@ Casco Pttblications Pte
Ltd
,.;:,*\..
Chapter 7: Angles and Parallel Lines tiZO t.3l
+*'ss:
E.g.
/ is the transversal of lines AB and CD.
illctb!
/-a
and
Le, Lb
and
Lf, Ld
and
Lh, Lc
and
/-g
are pilir': , a
corresponding angles.
2. Lb and Lh, Lc and /*e are pairs of alternate angles.
''.F*\-'.' Mathematics Tutor lA

tr262?';
\-]r.5..g.+--'
@ Cascct Publicatiorts
Pr,
-'
a
J.
4.
Lb
and
Le, Lc
and
If the two intersected lines
Lh are pairs of interior
angles.
are parallel, the angles that are formed by the transversal
have special relationships.

5.
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, /

(a) the corresponding angles are equal.
La = Lb
(b)
ll
CD)
the alternate angles are equal.
Lc=Ld
(c)
(corr. Ls, AB
the
(alt. Ls, AB
ll cD)
interior angles are supplementary.
'Le
+'1f= l80o
(int. Zs, AB ll CD)
"'l'Itit'-'
Ltd
'
Lines t{*70:3
:;11=y,1.:?
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the values of
xo ,
yo and zo .
(a)
SOLUTION:
(a)
Draw a line parallel to the pair of parallel lines as shown.

68" (corr.
Ls,l, ll l)
ao
b"
+ 132" - I 80" (int . Ls,

bo = 180-132'
_ 1go
12
ll
h)
xo=ao+b"
= 68o + 48o
(b)
116o
(y' + 19') +
= 180' (tnt. Ls,lL ll

)o = 180o - 118'- 190
118o
Zo =
.i&r
iwj
lo
(corr.
lz)
430
Ls,l, ll
12)
43"
Ltd
Ro*
woRKED EXAMPLE 2:
Find the value of xo.
SOLUTION:
Draw a line parallel to the pair of parallel lines as shown.
(Ls at a point)
ao + b" + 255o = 360o
a' + b'
ao = xo (alt.
: ?33"
Ls, L ll
-zss"
lz)
ao
(x")
bo
ll
b"=180o-3x"+25"
+ (3x" -25") = 180o (int. Zs,
205"
12
b"
3xo
h)
3x"
25o
- 3x"
ao + bo = 105o
(205"
x" +
-3xo) = 105o
-2x"+205"=105o
Zxo = 100'
,.o _
-4-
100"
2
= 50o
Ltd
ffi
Perpendicular Bisectors and Angle Bisectors

A perpendicular bisector of a line
segment forms a right angle

segment and divides the line segment into two equal parts.
with the line
E.g.
PQ is called the perpendicular bisector of AB. Any point on the perpendicular

bisector PQ is equidistant from A and B.
llj,iii:ii
ii:+
rl:{.
1;l1r
Any point on the perpendicular bisector of

two end points of the line segment.
2.
line segment is equidistant to the
lxii
To construct the perpendicular bisector of a given line segment AB:

Set your compasses to more than half the length of AB. With
centre A,mark arcs above and below AB as shown.
'
*]i"--"*-\
'i266,'',
'-';\.*-.+*?
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Repeat the process with B as centre and the same radius such
that the arcs cut each other at P and Q as shown below.
Draw a line joining P and Q. The hne PQ rs called the

perpendicular bisector of AB.
3.
An angle bisector is a ray that divides an angle into two equal angles.
E.g.
If BX splits LABC into two
angles such
that LABX
- LCBX, then BX is the angle

bisector of LABC.
Property of Angle Bisector (1 bisector)

Any point on the angle bisector is equidistant from the two sides of the angle.
,'ffif
\rer
4.
To construct the angle bisector of LABC:
Using a pair of compasses and with B as centre, draw an arc to

ctt AB at X and BC at Y.
With X and ts as centres and with equal radii (may be different

from Step I ), draw two arcs to intersecl at Z.
Draw a line joining B and Z.Thehne BZ is the angle bisector of
LABC.
.;-t"t\.
:i.268,'
''l:\$.iii$'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
%,
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
(a)
(b)
Draw a line AB of length 6 cm. Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB.

Draw an angle PQR of 55". Construct the angle bisector of LPQR.
SOLUT!ON:
(a)
To draw the line segment AB:
Draw a horizontal line

and mark the point A
on the left endpoint
of the line.
*'i
Set the legs of the

compasses on a ruler
so that the distance
between its tips is

equal to 6 cm.
With A as centre
and radius 6 cm,'
draw an arc to cut
the line segment at
the point B.
(b)
a
Ltd
Lines ffi-}.}
'*'"*'-':i
Tutorial
(1)
1.
Angles and Parallel Lines

Calculate the value of xo in each of the following flgures.
(c)
.:='*\.
i-ZlO
Mathematics Tutor
''\.=*:-'',1,,
lA
Ltd
Calculate the values of the unknowns in the following flgures.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ltd
Chapter 7:Angles and Parallel
Lines
,ffi
Calculate the values of xo, yo and zo rn the following flgures.
(c)
(d)
(f)
ffi
Ltd
Calculate the values of xo and yo in each of the following flgures.

(a)
(d)
(f)
Ltd
ffiud,
Find the values of xo, yo and zo tn the following flgures.
(d)
(f)
(e)
,m\
(flZZ+B] Mathemarics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Find the value of xo in the following flgures.

(a)
(d)
(f)
Ltd
Lines
ffi
i::,,.r.:{"'
Calculate the value of the unknowns in the following f,gures.

(a)
)
(d)
(c)
(e)
.R,
,tV119j-. Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Find the values of xo, yo and zo tn the following figures.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ffi
Chapter 7: Angles and Parallel Lines .,1**-o$
9.
In the diagram, AB is parallel to CD and PS is parallel to QR. Given that LPTS

LDPO = 47o and LQRS = 116o, find
68o,
(a) LPST,
(b) L\PQ,
(c) LPQR.
10.
In the diagram, PQ, RS and TU are parallel . Given that LLNM = 115o and LM bisects LPMN,
flnd
(a)
(b)
(c)
,ffi
LLMN,
LMLR,
LLKU.
Ltd
11.
In the diagram, CDE rs a straight line. LCDF - 31o and reflex LBAD =
(a) Calculate LADF.
(b) Given thaI" LCAD ts 3 times LADF , calculate LACD .
12.
In the diagram, PQ, RS and TU arc parallel, PV, RU and SQ

LRSW = 54o. Calculate
V
(a) LPWV,
are
30Zo
parallel, LVPW = 65" and
(b) LvsQ,
(c) reflex LTUR.
Ltd
ffi
13.
In the diagram below, AOB is a straight line. Find the values of xo and yo.
14.
In the diagram, AB ll DE and BD ll FE. LABD = 43" and LBCE = 125o. Find
(a)
(b)
LCED,
reflex LDEF.
.''.ae' '!+_:;,-
,i 280
'-11,*-.-_=s
-:
Ltd
15.
In the diagram, AB ll CD and EFGH is a straight line. Find the values of xo and yo.
16.
Find the values of
(a) xo,
(b) lo ,
(c) zo.
Chapter 7:Angles and Parallel Lines
ffi
17
In the diagram, AB, DE and FG are parallel. Find the values of xo and yo.
18.
In the diagram below, CDFG is a parallelogram. AB is parallel to CD , HBCK, JCG and CDE
are straight lines. Find the values of xo ,y" and z" .
,:.**\i
|\282,i:
\i"*-*-.,*+'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
t9.
In the diagram, AG, EF

LBCD = 46 and LAGE
20.
In the diagram, BC ll ED
(a) LCDE,
(b) LABC.
Ltd
and CD are parallel. AB and ED arc parallel.

- 63" . Find the values of r" , y" and 7" .
and AE
ll
LABC
90o,
CD. LBAE = 95" and LAED = 133o. Find

A
i.:#-B
21.
In the diagram, AB ll CF and AC ll BG. trind the values of
(a)
(b)
(c)
22.
xo,
lo,
zo.
In the diagram, AC ll DF andBG ll HE.Frnd the values of xo andyo.
'iffiri
Ltd
23.
In the diagram, AH ll EF and BG ll CH. Find the values of ryo , xo o lo and zo

245"
24.
In the diagram, AB, CE and FG are parallel. AC, BF and EG

line. Find the values of po , eo, ro and s".
are parallel.
ADG is a straight
,uF.\
Ltd
Chapter 7:Angles and Parallel Lines |{ZSS};

.h3u=.'l1
25.
Inthediagram, ABC isparalleltoFDandBGisparalleltoCDE. LABG-43",LGFD=78"

and LBDC =J2". Find the values of x" ,y" and 2".
26.
In the diagram, AB ll DH andcD llBF. Find the values of xo andyo.
";"t*\.
,,'.-rj6.t
Ltd
27.
In the diagram, AC, DE and FH are parallel. DG ll KE, LBAG = 47o and LDEB =
Find the values of po , eo,, ro and so.
28.
In the diagram, AB
(a) LADG,
(b) LAHC,
(c) LDAE,
(d) LHAC.
113o
ll CD and AC ll BE.Find
313'
Ltd
't*;**";;"
Chapter 7:Angles and Parallel Lines iq.287_;il

..,1_., r" ,r.,..
(2)
Angle Bisectors and Perpendicular Bisectors
29.
Draw the perpendicular bisectors of each of the following lines.
,'ffi'
,.W,
Mathematics Tutor
lA
@ Casco Publicatiorts
P:, .'
(c)
(d)
Ltd
30.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a)
iffi,
.qy
Draw and mark the following angles.
(i) LABC = 48o

(ii) LDEF = 65o
Construct the angle bisector of each of the above angles.
(i)
(ii)
Mathematics Turor
lA
Ltd
31.
Construct on the same diagram,

(a) a line through R, parallelto PQ,
(b) a line from R, perpendicular to the hne PQ,
(c) a line perpendicular to PQ and passing through B.
32.
(a)
(b)
Construct on the same diagram,

(i) a line perpendicular to AB,passing through A,
(ii) LABC such that LABC = 38o.
Given that the perpendicular line to AB, through A meets BC at C, measure
(i)
(ii)
the length of BC,
LACB.
Ltd
Chapter 7: Angles and Paraltel
Lines
'ffii
/)a
JJ.
The diagram shows the lines pe and eR.

On the diagram, construct
(a) the perpendicular bisector of pe,
(b)
the bisector of angle
peR.
..i;***'.+
;'i
292:!: Mathematics Tutor lA
._ -i*_-..+
_.1"'
Ltd
35.
Construct on the diagram below,

(a) the angle bisector of LPQR,
(b) a line parallel to the angle bisector of LPQR that passes through the point R.
36.
Construct on the diagram below,

(a) the angle bisector of LABC and produce it to cut AC at X. Measure the size of LAXB.
(b) the perpendicular bisector of AB and produce it to cut BC at I. Measure the length of
BY.
'ffi
Ltd
The diagram shows triangle ABC. Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB such that it cuts
AC at X. Measure and write down the length of BX.
@ Casco
Pthlicotiorts Pte Ltd
Chaprer 7: Angles and
paralel Lines
,,;J-t*\
q{,:.S
38.
(a)
(b)
Draw a hne AB of length 11 cm. Using a protractor, draw LABC = 55' and
LBAC = 48o. Write down
(i) the size of LACB,,
(ii) the lengths of AC and BC.
On the same diagram, construct the angle bisectors of LBAC and LABC. The two angle
bisectors meet at 7. Measure the length of CT.
39.
Draw a line PQwith length 8 cm. Construct line /, through R, the midpoint of PQ which is
perpendicular to the hne PQ. Draw line lr,,parallel to PQ which is 3 cm away from PQ.Mark
the point S, the point of intersection of lines l, and lr.
<-@-
40.
The diagram shows the lines P8, QR and RS.

(a) Construct the angle bisectors of LQRS and LRQP.
(b) The angle bisectors in part (a) intersect at the point M.Measure and write down the size
of LRMQ.
Ltd
41.
The diagram shows the lines AB, BC and CD.

(a) Construct the perpendicular bisectors of AB and CD.
(b) The perpendicular bisectors in part (a) intersect at the point X. Mark and label the point
(c)
X.
The perpendicular bisector of AB cuts AB at P. The perpendicular bisector of CD cuts
CD at Q. Measure and write down the size of LPXQ.
,",
it298
'&q**oT-l'"E;
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
42.
The dia-eram shor,vs the lines AB, BC and DE.

(a) On the same diagram, construct
(i) the an-ele bisector of LABC,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of DE.
(b) The an_ele bisector of LABC intersects the perpendicular bisector "rt the point X.
\lark
and label the point X.
@ Casco Publiccttions Pte Ltcl
,s*%',
i,ffiJi
THINI(TNG S](ILLS GORNER

1.
In the diagram, /, is parallel to l,rand /, is parallel to
/0. Express yo
in terms of x".
Lt4
2.
In the diagram, /, is parallel to /r. Express xo in terms of p" , q" artd r" .
3.
Calculate the value of xo in the diagram.
,1ffi
Lrti
Triangles and Polygons

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaoaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
@- Tarsets
re
.
.
.
.
.
Jr)
Learn the properties of triangles and special quadrilaterals.

Classify special quadrilaterals based on their properties.
Solve problems involving the sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon.
Solve problems involving the sum of the exterior angles of an ru-sided polygon.
Construct triangles and quadrilaterals.
rrirrgtgl
1.
A triangle is a plane figure having 3 straight sides.

It has 3 angles and 3 vertices.
angle
C
side
2.
To name a triangle, use the vertices in a clockwise or anticlockwise order.
E.g.
4
The triangle is called LABC
J.
I
i
or LACB.
A triangle can be grouped according to the number of equal sides it contains

shown in the table below.
Equilateral triangle
Isosceles triangle
Three equal sides

(A11 angles equal to
Two equal sides

(Two base angles
60o, ao = bo = co
are equal , ao = bo.)
= 60o.)
as
Scalene triangle
No equal sides
(Al1 angles are
different in size.)
.r'j.r..-
Ltd
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons r{iOf ;}:

,11,.:15l:.$
4.
A triangle can also be grouped according to the types of angles it contains
as
shown in the table below.
Acute-angled triangle
Right-angled
All
One right
three angles are
trianek
Obtuse-angled triangle
N
angle
I One obtuse angle
acute.
Fo
E.g.
\
\*\
\\
5.
The angle sum of a trian_ele is
La + Lb + Lc = 180"
1-rt-t
Yl___
1ii(-)'
(-
:Lul,,-,i
E.g. Find the value of xo.

2x"+xo+
105"
3xo + 105"
3.r"
,r"
= 180'
= 180o
= 180"
_ 7<o
- tJ
75o
(Z
sum of
A)
105'
a
.'1
_')<o
qtlF
@ Casco Publications Pte L...'
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Find the values of po , q" and r".

A
/ q'\
B
/
/
\52'
p"/
E
SOLUTION:
p" + I22" = 180" (int . Ls, BC

Po =180" -122'
ll
DF)
,/r"\
/ (70"\ \
= 58o
q" + 52 * po = 180" (Z sum of A)

q" + 52" + 58'= 180"
n
LBED
- s2 -
(180" =+rr:
- 52") + 2
(L
s8o
sum of
A)
./v,"
/\/\
/\
/\
/\
\52' ,t64" fi
{58"1
o. )
- 640
r" = LBED (AIt. LS, BC II DF)
= 64o
6.
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.
La=Lb+Lc
(ext.
of A)
An exterior angle of a triangle is formed when one of the sides is

extended. The exterior angle is the angle between the extended
side and the adjacent side of the triangle.
Find the value of ro.
62 + 85" (ext. L of L)
141"
Ct7-rco
i;;'-;a;*
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons iq303F

.i:\.-1.:4t
E.g.
Find the value of x" .
xo+
l2l"
= 140' (ext.
L of L)
xo= L40' - L2l'

19"
iR**__94tu,
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Find the values of x" and v".
\'2
n)z
/t
,/<-'\
.(r"
74"
H'
SOLUTION:
LPRQ
J4o (vert. opp. Zs)
x" + 74" + 36' =
180o
(Z
sum of
"l;33'-14-36
yo =
=
{t-,*
___:=d&t
35' + 74" (ext.
L of L)
109o
A)
Y-",Y
.K
A \i"
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
i;=ii'*'*.E
i{:O+p
'i.}"t*.**;,I
Mathematics Tutor 14
Ltd
SOLUTION:
LDBE = /-BAE + LAEB (ext. L of A)

= .tro + (x" + 6")
=2x" +6o
LCBE+LBEC+LBCE = 180o (Z
2x" +6o +3x" +27" +57o = 180o
5xo + 90o
5xo
=
=
sum of
A)
180o
180o
90o
= 90o
900
5
=
7.
18o
In a triangle, the longest side is opposite the largest angle and the shortest side is
opposite the smallest angle.
largest angle
shortest side
smallest angle
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a plane figure having 4 straight sides and 4 angles.
Examples of quadrilaterals are shown below.
L.l
['''''"1
Square
Parallelogram
Rectangle
Rhombus
1\
\/
Trapezium
e Casco
V
Kite
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons i'i
2.
quadrilateral has two diagonals.
A diagonal
is
a line segment inside the
quadrilateral which joins two opposite vertices.
The line segments AC and BD are called diagonals.
Diagonals
3.
We name the quadrilateral in a clockwise or an anticlockwise order, The above

quadrilateral can be named as ABCD or ADCB.
4.
The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is
La + Lb + Lc +
E.g.
Ld -360" (Z sum of quad
Zxo+122'+118'
5xo + 240'
5x"
360' (Z sum of quad.)

360'
360" - 240"
L20"
xo
1200
).
240
5.
Some quadrilaterals have special traits and they are called special names. The
properties of these special quadrilaterals are given in the table below.
Name
trapezium
Description
Example
One pair of parallel

opposite sides.
Trapezium
Isosceles
ffi
One pair of parallel opposite
Non-parallel sides are equal
sides.
in length.
{ffi
Ltd
Parallelogram
.
.
.
.
Rectangle
Two pairs of parallel opposite

sides.
Opposite sides are equal in

length.
Opposite angles are equal.
Diagonals bisect each other.
Two pairs of paralle!

opposite sides.
Opposite sides are equal in
All four
AX=XC
BX=XD
length.
angles are right
angles.(90')
Rhombus
Diagonals are equal in
.
.
Diagonals bisect each other.
.
.
.
.
length.
Two pairs of parallel

opposite sides.
Four equal sides.
Opposite angles are equal.
Diagonals bisect each
other at right angles.
Diagonals bisect the
interior angles.
.
.
.
LABD = LCBD
LBAC _ LDAC
Two pairs of parallel
opposite sides.
Four equal sides.
All four angles are

right angles. (90.)
titt()n.\. Pte
Ltd
l_t
!---.+-tr
.
.
Diagonals are equal in length.

Diagonals bisect each other
Diagonals bisect the interior
at right angles.
angles.
++
It
tr-+---n
M
,/\I
chapter 8: Triangle,
; and Polygons
ti";'6*%'
i--
f.$$
Description
Name
Kite
Example
No parallel sides.
Two pairs of equal
adjacent sides.
One pair of equal opposite
angles.
Diagonals intersect at
right angles.
One diagonal bisects the
interior angles.
t
LBAC = LDAC
LBCA = LDCA
,
,
:
A rectangle with 4 equal sides is a square.

A parallelogram with 4 right an-ples is a rectangle.
A parallelogram rvith 4 equal sides is a rhombus.
Arhombuswith4equalanglesisasquare
",
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
ABCD is a parallelogram. Find the values of xo and yo
SOLUTION:
LBCD
xo
- LBAD (opp. Ls of a parallelogram)

=
110o
xo + yo + 46 = 180" (Z sum of A)
110"+y"+46=180o
yo=180"-110"-46"
_ aAo
-L+
;$;-\.'1308\, Mathematics Turor lA

'So*"J'
Ltd
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
PQRS is a rectangle. Find the values of xo and yo.
63"
)o
SOLUTION:
LPSR = 90o (Zs of rectangle)

x" + 63"= 90o
xo
63"
xo=90" -63"
xT
- )70
y"
63"
SI = RZ (diagonals of rectangle)
LTRS - LTSR (base Zs of isos. A)
63"
In AISR,
!" = LTSR + LTRS (ext.
- 63" + 63o
L of A)
_ 126"
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
ABCD is a rhombus. Find the values of x" and
yo
= Crrir-r, Ptblications Pte Ltd
Chapter 8: Triangles and
Polygons
..tffi
';;;;+G;':t:
SOLUTION:
LBDC = LABD (AIt. LS, AB II DC)

x" = 35"
CD (sides of rhombus)
LCBD - LCDB (base Ls of isos. A)
CB
= 35"
yo + 35o +
35'=
vo =
180o
(Z
sum of
A)
ii3.-3so-3s"
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
PQRS is a kite. Find the values of xo and yo
,P
,u\
0
#S
xoA
Voz'
R
SOLUTION:
P
PQ = PS (Equal adjacent sides of a kite.)

xo = (180"
- 76) + 2 (L sum of A)
O
52o
LQSR= LSRZ (alt. Ls,
QS
ll R4
= 62"
,/zo.\
xx
/*\
---r---->_----{+s
\r
\2'
ur"/
\ v'l
Voz'
R
RQ = RS (Equal adjacent sides of a kite.)

LSQR = LQSR (base Ls of isos. A)
= 62"
y" + 62" + 62" = 180o (Z sum of A)

Yo = 180'- 62o - 62
= 56o
-ffi
Q Casco Publications Pte Ltd
Polygons
1.
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more straight sides.

E.g.
3 sides
Triangle
2.
4 sides
Quadrilateral
5 sides
Pentagon
In a convex polygon, none of its interior angles is a reflex angle. In other words,
each of the interior angles is less than 180o. In a concave polygon, one or more
interior angles are reflex angles. We will only be studying the properties of convex
polygons in this chapter.
E.g.
f,,-
convex polygon
-r
J.
Polygons are named according to the number of sides they have. The following
table shows some examples of polygons.
Number of sides
concave polygon
Ltd
Name of polygon
3 sides
Triangle
4 sides
Quadrilateral
5 sides
Pentagon
6 sides
Hexagon
7 sides
Heptagon
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons
,ffi
Name of polygon
Number of sides
8 sides
Octagon
9 sides
Nonagon
10 sides
Decagon
.T'ea.o,herrs
A polygon with n-sides is called an /?-gon.

E
4.
A polygon with 15 sides is called a I 5-gon.
A regular polygon has all sides of the same length and

E.g.
Equilateral
triangle
5.
ffi
al1 an-qles equal.
Regular
Square
pentagon
For an n-sided polygon,
,',sumtof.iht*ri6i"afig
E.g.
;;
:;2}'x-,180*.',
(L
sum of polygon)
Sum of the interior angles of a pentagon
-(\-2)x180"
- \J
A pentagon has 5 sides.
=3x180'
- 540"
.'.
n=5.
Interior angles
Sum of the interior angles of a 15-gon

= (15 - 2) x 180"
= 13 x 180"
= 2340"
6,
For a regular n-sided polygon,
each'inierior angle' _
'!"m
i\=uf1
(n
-_
2) x 180"
n
Ltd
Q-*_
woRKED EXAMpLE 1:
Calculate the size of each interior angle of a regular octagon.
SOLUTION:
Size of each interior angle of a regular octagon
t8-llxl80o
S.i& of eaeh,inf.7- 6f
(n *2) x 180'
135o
n sjded,pclygon
r,,lt
l:t
i,i:,::
'
''',
sreglll
,btta,go,r,l'Ua$r, -,g:i
65-'-'',"'
ir-':':-rflr'
* gr,.r'
i:
i i:: r
:iii.ri:'
WORKED EXAMpLE 2:
(a)
The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is 3240". Find the value of
n.
(b)
Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon with each interior angle equal
to 150'.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Sum of interior angles
(n - 2)
3240o
x 180' = 3240" (Z
3240"
n-2 = 1g0" <n-2 = 18

n-18+2
sum of polygon)
Divide both sides by I80'.
-20
(b)
Each interior angle
(n-2)x180"
n
150o
150o
= l50ll <180n-750n=360
l80n
360
Muttiply both sides by n.
- 360
n-360
-12
30
30n
The polygon has 12 sides.
WORKED EXAMPLE 3:
ABCDEF is a hexagon.
Find the value of x".
125"
150'
,:.,'
''''t"i.
fui..f.
SOLUTION:
Sum of interior angles of a hexagon = (6
:.
xo
2)
180" = 120"
+ 130' + Zxo + 105" + 125" + 150' = J20"

3x" + 510" = J20o
3x" = 210"
xo
210"
=.- J
='70"
1.
For an n-sided polygon,
'su of,e*
r algles = 360o (ext. L sum of polygon)
The exterior angles are formed

when the sides of the PolYgon
are produced.
Exterior angles
E.g.
Two of the exterior angles of a pentagon arc 82" and 65' and the rest of
the angles are each equal to x". Find the value of xo.
Sum of exterior angles = 360" (ext. Zsum of polygon)
3x"+82o+65o = 360o <- A pentagon has 5 exterior angles.

3x" = 360o - 82" - 65'
= 213"
xo
8.g.2
2130
J
_
; 110
lL
Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular octagon.

Sum of exterior angles = 360o (ext. Zsum of polygon)
Size of each exterior angle
45"
'-
An octagon has 8 sides'
8.
;;**.'t,
i314
'i1::.:*""
i;
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
WORKED EXAMPLE 4:
Find the values of xo and yo.
SOLUTION:
g-
x" + l25o = 180" (adj. Zs on a str. line)
xo=I80"-125'
Teacher's
t...***.*,H.**;***.-*,
= 55o
lnterior angle + Exterior angle
6J" + 90'+yo + 118o +xo = 360o (ext. L sum of polygon)

6J"+90"+y"+118"+55" = 360o
yo + 330' = 360o
y" = 360o - 330"
= 30"
WoRKED EXAMPLE 5:
(a)
(b)
The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 20o. How many sides does it have?
The interior angle of a regular n-gon is 165". Find the value of n.
SOLUTION:
(
a)
20" x n
360" (ext.
sum of polygon)
"=#
=18
.'. The polygon has 18 sides.
:'
., ).,' i t'
cttiotls Pte Ltd
.:fJ;G't
StL
i{':f
t'13t-*.'slt:t
(b)
Method L: (The easier method)

Interior angle = 165"
Exterior angle:
- 165" (adj. Zs on a str. line)
i:3'
15' x n = 360" (ext.

tt,
sum of polygon)
360"
- -ry
-24
Method 2:
(n-2)x180"
n
165"
(n
-2) 180 = 165n

180n-360=165n
Multiply both sides bY
ru.
180n-165n=360
l5n - 360
,r- 360
15
-)a
%*
woRKED EXAMPLE 6:
The diagram shows a regular octagon

ABCDEFGH and a regular hexagon
ABWXYZ which are drawn with AB as the
common line. Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
LBAH,
LBAZ,
LAHZ.
SOLUTION:
(a)
LBAH =
(8
135"
.l-:*.\,
i.3 l6 .ij
1**=..i'
2) x
180' <_
Size of each int.

_ (n * 2) x 180'
L of a regular n-sided polygon
t1
An octagon has 8 sides.

.'. ll = 8.
Ltd
(b) LBAZ =
(6-2)x180o
Size of each int.
_ (n-2)x 180'
120"
of,a regular n-sided polygon
An hexagon has 6 sides.

.'. tt = 6.
LHAZ=360"-135"-120" (Ls at a point)
,C)
105o
LAHZ = (180"
= 3J.5"
- 10s') + 2 (L sum of A; --- :'ffffiH:it:ri;',:;T;s
share
J_*ED Construction of Triangles

Teacher's
Always draw a rough sketch and write down the given

information before constructing the actual figure.
To construct a triangle given the lengths of all its three sides, use a ruler and
a pair
Q-*
of compasses.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Construct LABC in which AB
,,
ABC,
- lZ cm, BC = 8 cm and AC = 9 cm. Measure the size of
SOLUTION:
Steps
for construction:
i
2
Draw a line segment AB 12 cm long.
With B as centre and radius 8 cm, draw

an arc to cut the first arc at C.
With A as centre, draw an arc of radius 9 cm using

a pair of compasses.
---.
c",'
12 cm
Join AC and BC to obtain LABC.
lTcm
By measurement with a protractor, the size of LABC is 48.5".

,,_;FG:-
Fublications Pte Ltd
tZli
fu
'+\E*S'Y
To construct a triangle given the lengths of two sides and an included angle,
use a pair of compasses, a protractor and a ruler.
'%"
woRKED EXAMpLE 2:
Construct LXYZ in which XY - 7.6 cm, LXYZ
size of LXZY and the length of XZ.
= 135" and YZ = 5.6 cm. Measure the
SOLUTION:
Steps
1
2
for construction:
Draw a line segment XY 7.6 cm long.
Using a protractor, draw a ray with
and LXYZ
as endpoint
=
With Ias centre, draw an arc of radius 5.6 cm to
3,
135o.
cut the ray at Z.
Jorn
l-6cm
XZ to obtain LXYZ.
1.6 cm
By measurement, the size of LXZY ts 26 and the length of XZ rs 12.2 cm.

To construct a triangle given two angles and an included length, use a pair
compasses, a protractor and a ruler.
,%
of
WoRKED EXAMPLE 3:
Construct LPQR such that PQ = 10 cm, LPQR = 65o and LQPR = 46. Measure the
lengths of PR and QR.
SOLUTION:
Steps
for construction:
it+
#i
Draw a line segment PQ lO cm long.
Sketch:
Using a protractor, draw a ruy with endpoint at P

and
LRPQ = 46.
10cm
,i-!'"'*'-*U.
ii,318
j'
'.11==gr",'
Ltd
3
4
Using a protractor, draw a ray with endpoint at Q and LRQP = 65o

Produce the two rays to meet at R to obtain LPQR.
By measurement, the lengths of PR is 9.7 cm and QR is 7 .7 cm.
8Djg.{ruction
of Quadrilaterals
To construct a quadrilateral, use a pair of compasses, a ruler and a protractor.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB
Measure the length of AC.
='7
cm, AD
5.4 cm and LBAD = 58o
SOLUTION:
Steps
1
2
3
.t
5
for construction:
Draw a line AB 7 cm long.
Sketch:
Draw a ray starting at A with LBAD = 58o.

With A as centre and radius 5.4 cm, draw an arc
to cut the produced arm of A at D.
With B as centre and radius 5.4 cm, draw an arc.
With D as centre and radius 7 cm, draw an arc to
cut the arc at (4) at C. Join BC, CD and AD to
obtain parallelogram ABCD.
,,ffi,
By measurement, the length of AC is 10.9 cm.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD such that AB
LBAD = 95" and LABC
720o
= 5 cm, AD = 6.5 cm, CD = 8.5 cm,
SOLUTION:
Steps
for construction:
iiii
#}
.#
Draw line segment AB 5 cm long.

Draw a ruy beginnin g at A with LBAD = 95" '
With centre A and radius 6.5 cm, draw an arc to
cut the ray at D.
Draw a ruy beginnin g at B with LABC = 720" .
With centre D and radius 8.5 cm, draw an arc to
cut the ray at (4) at C.
Join C to D to obtain quadrilateral ABCD.
'ffi,i
Sketch:
D---L5.*
\
6.s cm\
---7c
/
w:w
A 5cm
Ltd
Tutorial
t
l)
l.
Properties of T[iangles and Quadrilaterals

Calculate the unknown values.
*"
* 11"
3x"
55o
4",
(d)
2xo
+ Iio
ffi
(e)
W- gs"
\
,/
ro.,
---x-
"4\
.H
0)
.,:i-"s*\..,
',i322i:
i5*_*-{1
Mathematics Tutor
IA
Ltd
+#
B/fu+2"
\c
/\
\G'
*\)
O
: .' :.,l it tttiotts Pte Ltd
{ffii
'W'
2.
Calculate the values of xo and yo.

(b)
(a)
BC
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)G
'/v
-"(r.\o f
,,%/
L7 r-)<xo +25o
-..'-:,,.:,ts!!,-Bni:
ii-i3Z+**i Mathematics Tutor 1A

"j::.r:::{f
Ltd
-- ., , - u
late the values of xo and yo in the following rectangles.
(a)
(b)
A
160
x-
,I
25"
.yo
lCt
(d)
-'.'"--.--.-- !q'
J2"
xo + 2y"
E
C
(e)
3y"
(f)A
5x" + 20"
E
C
r'l,r!io Publications Pte Ltd
4.
Calculate the values of xo, yo and
Zo
tn the following parallelograms.
(b)
/
3xo +
5J-"
5o
(d)
A
CD
".ffi
Ltd
Calculate the values of xo, yo and zo tn the following rhombuses.
(a)
i(b)
(c)
3xo
i(d)
+24"
7o
yo
5x"
12".
z;,\
A
\
"-"r,
x"l%
C
. -
ffi
'h#,
6.
Calculate the values of xo and y" in the following kites.

(b)
(a)
\
*\
D
,"(
580
yo
(d)
(c)
h
Vv"
x'N
\
C
(e)
(f)
2y"
B
/.
E
yo
5/
150'
,/
D
D
i.,ffi
Ltd
- .::d the values of the unknowns in the following figures.
B Casco Publications pte Ltd
Chapter 8: Triangles and polygons
iffi
m..
iw)
-:
the diagram, PQis parallel to 7S and ftP

-:ruight line. Calculate
-; .i QPR,
:
:
,,,,
RQ. LPRQ =
80o ,
LPSR = 52" and QRS is
RP.S,
./ PST.
In the diagram , AD
LFGJ - 63". Calculate
(a) LJFG,
{b) LCJG,
(c) LBFC,
(d) LGKL.
:-.'
--tttiotts Pte
Ltd
is parallel
to KL and EH. LABF
= 105'
, LBCF
65' and
D
10.
is parallel FE' AGE, BGD and cGF arc

In the diagram, AB is paralrer to cDE and BGD
_
30o and CD DG. Find
straight lines. Reflex LBAG = 302" ,, LCGD =
(a) LCDG,
(b)
(c)
11
LAEF,,
LFGE.
Find
AB ll cD,, LBPT = 43" and LTSD = 24" '
In the diagram, pRTis a right-angred triangle.
(a) reflex < PTR,
(b)
(c)
LPRT,,
LCQR.
+J*c***
i. :lZ}:
"fu*'fi
MathematicsTutor
lA
CB and BF is parallel to DE and GH. CD ts parallel to GE, LBAC = 68"

CEF -'72". Find
-.. the diagram, CA
* .d
:.
r
LACB,
LFGH.
in the diagram, AB
L1) LCDG,
LDEF,
br
. ) LCED.
ll DE and DH ll FE. LABD = 41" , LDCE = 90o
and
LCGH =
108o. Find
.'ii;;a;n
Ltd
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons .'.,,.,"..,,.

'{,::a -,
14.
The diagram shows a kite ABCD. AB
(a)
(b)
15.
,!o
EC ,
LCBD = 70o and LDCE = 24o . Find
LBCD,
LBAC.
In the diagram, AD ll EG, LDCG

xo
ll
ll2" , LBGF = 50o and LEFH = 96. Find
the values
and zo .
KA
',ffi
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Irr the diagram, ABCD is a rhombus and DEGH is a parallelogram . KA is parallel to JF.
- 128" and LCDE - 120". Find
-KBC
a)
r
c)
b
LHDE,
/-DHF,
LJHG.
l., tlte dia-eram, ABCD is a square and CDE is an isosceles triangle. ADE and CEF are straight
.res. Find LDEF.
_i;tons Pte
Ltd
ffi
18.
LDHF =
In the diagram, BC = HC = HD = HF '
AE. Find
(a)
(b)
(c)
t9.
46
to
and LFDE = 37" . GE \s PerPendicular
LHFG,
/-HCB,
LABH.
LGAB= 31o
In the diagram, AC ll DF and GD ll CH '
and
/-GDF =
57" '
Find the values of
yo and zo.
-tro
'
rf.)f
I
lu"
'
2."
l-=
@ Casco Publiccttions Pte
Ltd
In the diagram, ABCD and CPQR are two rhombuses. TBCP, ARDQ and BSD are straight
lines . LABT = 98o and LDQP = 110o. Find
(A) LADB,
DO
(b) LARC,
( c)
LRSD.
FE,
In the diagram, ABC is an equilateral triangle and ACF is an isosceles triangle. AC II
' BAF = ll2" , LCDE = 100' and LDEF = 90o. Find the values of x" , yo and z" '
.ii';Gil:
B Cosco Publications Pte Ltd
...'it.:l_.*,4,
"t1:Zii
22.
23.
ffi
In the diagram, ABCD rs a parallelogram. PR is parallel to SU. LDBC

and LBAD = I17'. Find
(a) LQRB,
(b) LTUD.
=26, LBTU = 115o
In the diagram, AC ll ED and BF ll CD.

(a) Find the values of xo ,Yo and z" .
(b) State, showing your reasons whether BD is parallel to FE.
Ltd
(2)
24.
25.
Polygons
Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with:
(a)
10 sides
(c)
24 sides
(b)
15 sides
32 sides
Calculate the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon with:
(a) 6 sides
(b)
(c)
(d) 30 sides
20 sides
Ltd
18 sides
/ffi
W
Calculate the size of each exterior angle of the following regular polygons.
21
(a)
pentagon
(b)
hexagon
(c)
octagon
(d)
r}-gon
Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon
(a)
",ffi
_
135'
(b)
(c) 156'
(d)
if each interior angle

1
is:
50"
170"
Ltd
28.
29.
Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon
if each exterior
(a)
15"
(b)
24o
(c)
36
(d)
45"
angle is:
For each of the following figures, flnd the value of x".

(b)
#S
-(c)
(e)
100o
Zx"
'r"ffi
x" + 25"
+20"
3x"
Ltd
30. (a) If the sum of the interior angles of a polygon
(b)
is 1080", how many sides does it have?
Three of the interior angles of a nonagon are each x" and the remaining interior angles
are each I14". Find the value of xo.
l
(c)
In a pentagon, two of the interior angles are t20" and 138" and the remaining interior
angles are equal. Find one of these equal angles.
(d)
The ratio of the interior angles of a hexagon is

angle.
I :2 :3 :3 : 4 : 5. Find the largest interior
{iffi
(e)
The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is six times that of a pentagon. Find
the number of sides of the PolYgon.
(0
Three of the exterior angles of an n-sided polygon are 30o ,40" and 50o. The remaining
(n - 3)exterior angles are each equal to 16o. Find the value of n'
(e)
(h)
.''-**G\;,
3441':
tl\**..si'
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 120o less than each of its interior angle' How
many sides does the PolYgon have?
Each exterior angle of a regular polygon with 20 sides is 12o less than each exterior
angle of another regular PolYgon with n sides. Calculate the value of n.
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
(i)
Apol,v,son has n sides. Four of its exterior angles are 15",25o,40o and 30o while the
remaining an-eles are each equal to 50". Find the value of n.
0)
The interior angle of a regular polygon is five times its exterior angle. Find the size of
the exterior angle.
31.
Aregular polygon has n sides. The size of each interior angle is seven times the size of each
exterior size.
(a) Find the size of each exterior angle.
(b) Calculate the value of n.
32.
The diagram shows a regular octagon ABCDEFGH. Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
LABC,
LBAD,
LDAE.
Ltd
Chapter 8: Triangles and Polygons l'$1;;=
'\e*$fl'
33
In the diagram, ABCDE is a regular pentag on. ABP , PCDR, BCQ, EDQ and AER are straight
lines.
(a)
(b)
(c)
34.
.+&.
Find
(i)
(ii)
LBCD,
LBPC.
Name the special triangle BPC.
Find LCPQ.
ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and ABPQR is a regular pentagon. Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
iffif.]
LABC,
LABP,
LBCP.
@ Casco Publications Pte Ltc[
The diagram below is not drawn to scale. It shows 3 sides of a regular n-sided polygon
PQRS.... Given that LQPR = 10o, flnd
(a) the size of each interior angle of the regular polygon,
(b) the value of n,
(c) LPRS.
-'
The diagram shows part of a regular nonagon, PQRSTU . QR and 7S produced meet at
Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
LVRS,
LRQS,
LQTU.
-- rJctsco Publications Pte Ltcl
ffi
3l
In the diagram, PQRST...is part of

pentagons. Find
(a) LQRS,
(b)
38.
regular n-sided polygon. QRWXY and RSUWV are regular
the value of n.
of a regular polygon. Calculate

the number of sides of the polygon,
LACD,
AB, BC, CD and DE
are the sides
(a)
(b)
(c) LADE.
,,;#t\
'i348;1,
'ilr=*.**'.P'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
41.
ABCDE... is part of a regular polygon. LCBX =
(a)
(b)
(c)
AC at
I.
Calculate
LBAC,
LCBE,,
LCYE.
The diagram shows a regular pentagon PQRST and part of a regular n-gon PQCD... AB.
Given that LABP = 156", calculate
A
(a) the value of n,
(b) LBPT,
(c) LTPC.
42.
f*'
24o . BE rntersects
i{350$j
"-kd/
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
+3.
The diagram below is not drawn to scale. It shows a regular octagon ABCDEFGH andpart
a regular n-sided polygon PHGQ....If LFGQ = 69", find
(a)
(b)
++.
of
LHGF,
the value of n.
PQR... is part of a polygon. Reflex LPQR ts 212 and the size of the remaining exterior angles
are equal to 41" each. Find the number of sides of this polygon.
il:z-sco Publications Pte
Ltd
ffi
45.
In the diagram, PQRSTU... is part of a regular 12-sided polygon. QR produced meets ZS

produced at M.
(a)
(b)
(c)
46.
Find
(i)
(ii)
LQRS,
LRMS.
State why MQ = MT.
Find LOTU.
In the diagram, ABCDE is a regular hexagon, CGHD and DJKE are squares and DHJ rs a
triangle.
(a) Find
(i)
(ii)
(b)
,ffi
'Wf}j
LCDE,
LHDJ.
Write down the name of the special triangle DHJ.
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
(3)
11
Construction of Triangles and Quadrilaterals

Construct LABC such thatAB ='7 cm,AC = 8 cm andBC = 6 cm. Measure and write down
the size of the largest angle.
.18. Construct LXYZ such thatXY = 6.5 cm, LXW = 48o and LYXZ ='73o. Measure
and write
down the length of YZ.
Casco Publications Pte Ltcl
ffi
49.
(a)
Construct LABC in which AB

write down the length of AC.
(b)
On the same diagram, construct the angle bisector of LBAC. The angle bisector meets
BC at X. Mark X clearly on your diagram. Hence measure the length of BX.
50. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
{ffi
Draw atriangle LMN where
5.2 cm, LABC = 106o and BC
LM=
8.5 cm,
6.3 cm. Measure and
LLMN = 80o andLN =
10.5 cm.
On the same diagram, construct
(i) the angle bisector of LMLN,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of LM.
Mark and label the point X where the angle bisector of LMLN meets the perpendicular
bisector of LM.
Hence, measure and write down the length of LX.
Ltd
(a)
Given the line AB, construct LABC such that BC = 11 cm and AC = 9 cm. Measure and
write down the size of LACB.
(b)

(i) the perpendicular bisector of AC,
(ii) the angle bisector of LACB.
The perpendicular bisector of AC cuts BC at P. Mark and label the point P.
The angle bisector of LACB cuts AB at Q. Mark and label the point Q.
Measure and write down the length CP.
(c)
(d)
(e)
',ffi
52.
(a)
(b)
Construct triangle PQR where eR - 9 cm and pR 10 cm.

PQhas been drawn below.
=
Measure and write down the size of LepR.
(i)
(ii)
the perpendicular bisector of
the angle bisector of
pe,
LpeR.
,:iFRi
r{.356"Ei Mathematics
'ts***'j?
Tutor 1A
@ Casco Publications
pte Ltd
(a)
(b)
The diagram shows a triangle XYZ. On the diagram, construct

(i) the angle bisector of LXYZ,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of YZ.
Mark and label the point Mwherc the perpendicular bisector of YZ meets
and write down the size of LMZY.
XI.
Measure
rffi
54.
(a)
On LXYZ, construct
(i)
(ii)
(b)
ffi
the angle bisector of LXYZ,

the perpendicular bisector of XZ.
The angle bisector intersects the perpendicular bisector at the point M. Measure and
write down the shortest distance from M to thehne XZ.
Ltd
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
56.
Construct APQR in which PQ = 9 cm, LRPO = 110o and PR = 7 cm. Measure and
write down the length of QR.
(i) the angle bisector of LPRQ,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
Mark and label the point of intersection of the constructed lines in part (b) (i) and (ii) as 7.
Measure and write down the shortest distance from 7to the line PQ.
Construct arectangle whose sides are 6.8 cm and 4.3 cm. Measure and write down the length
of the diagonal.
1 Casco Publications Pte Ltd
,,ffi
57.
(a)
(b)
58.
,ffir
'w
Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which AB = 4.8 cffi, BC = 5.5 cm and

LBAD = 68o. Measure and write down the length of AC .
On the same diagram, construct the perpendicular bisector of the line AB which cuts
CD at E. Measure and write down the length of AE.
Construct a rhombus PQRS in which PQ = 5 cm and LPQR = 110". Measure and write down
the length of each diagonal.
ifl:OOEi Mathematics Tutor lA
Ltd
59-
60.
Construct a trapezitm ABCD in which AB is parallel to DC, AB = 8 cm, LBAD

AD = 6.2 cm and CD - 3 .6 cm. Measure and write down the length of BD.
= 53o,
Constructaquadrilateral ABCDinwhich AB-3.5cm, AC=7.2cm,AD=6cm, BC=5.'l cm

and cD = 4.8 cm. Measure and write down the size of LABC.
,tffi
61. (a)
(b)
62. (a)
(b)
Construct a quadrilateral PQRS
in which PQ = 9 cm, 8R
4.5 cm, PS = 6.5 cm,
LSPQ = 80o and LPQR = 70o.

On the same diagram, draw a line parallel to QR and passing through S to cut PQ atX.
Measure and write down the length of PX.
Construct a quadrilateral PQRS in which base PQ = 6.5 cm, LQPS = 80o, P,S = 5 .4 cm,
LPQR = 106o and LPSR = 88o. Measure and write down the length of PrR.
(i) the perpendicular bisector of the hne PQ,
(ii)
the angle bisector of LQRS.

Mark the point 7, where these two lines meet. Measure and write down the length
PT.
ffir
t
Mathematics Tutor
lA
of
Ltd
-:
rlr)
r
lc )
64.
Construct the quadrilateral ABCD where AB is parallel to DC. AB - BC = 7 cm,

" -\BC = 90o and /-DAB = 110o.
\{easure and r,vrite down the perimeter of ABCD.
On the same diagram, construct the angle bisector of LADC. The angle bisector meets
BC atX. Measure and write down the size of LADX.
= 8 cm, LQRS
= 118o, RS
= 7.5 cm,
(a)
Construct a quadrilateral QRST such that QR

QT = 10 cm and diagonal RI = 12 cm.
(b)

(i) the angle bisector of LTQR,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of RS.
Mark and label the point of intersection of the constructed lines in (b) (i) and
the letter V. Measure and write down the length of QV.
(c)
Ltd
(ii) with
t:ffi
65. (a)
(b)
(c)
66. (a)
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = 6.5 cm, BC = 8 cm, CD = 8.5 cm,
AD - 7 cm and AC = 9 cm. Measure and write down the size of LABC .
On the same diagram, construct the perpendicular bisector of CD.
The perpendicular bisector of CD cuts AC at X and CD at I. Measure and write down
the length of Xf.
Construct the quadrilateral ABCD
in which AB = BC = 6 cm, LABC =
56o and
LBAD-LBCD=135o.
(b)
(c)
'*i$\r
,i*9_1il
Measure and write down the length of AC.

Write down the name of the special quadrilateral ABCD.
Mathematics rutor
lA
Ltd
Constmct a quadrilateral PORS where PQ = 8.5 cm, 8R

ailt SPQ = 70" .
\lea-sure and rvrite down the sizes of LQRS and LRSP.
S rite dosu the special name for the quadrilateral PQRS.
On tre same diagram, construct
til the angle bisector of LRSP,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
(a)
(b)
PS = 9 cm, LPQR
110"
Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = 8 cm, BC = 6.5 cm and AC - 12 cm.

Measure and write down the size of LABC.
On the same diagram, construct the angle bisector of LABC. The angle bisector cuts
CD at X. Measure and write down the length of BX.
i
ti:is
'il=,.,'.-tl
69
. (a)
(b)
(c)
70.
(a)
(b)
Construct a rhombus ABCD such that AB = J cm and LABC = 60o.

(i) the perpendicular bisector of AB,
(ii) the angle bisector of LADC.
The perpendicular bisector of AB intersects the angle bisector of LADC at the point X.
Measure and write down the length of BX.
Construct the quadrilateral ABCD in which AB - 7 cm, BC = 10 cm, CD = 8 cm,

AD - 9 cm and LBAD - 70o .
On your diagram, construct
(i) the line which is equidistant from BA and BC,
(ii) the line which is equidistant from the two points B and C.
Ir
,,,ffi
Ltd
THINI(ING S](ILLS GORNER

I
Erpress _r" in terms of xo.
2.
Find the value of xo in the flgure.
3.
Form an equation in terms of xo and solve it.
,li
il
1- Cctsco
ffi
4.
Find the value of LQPR in the figure.
i
I
5.
'ffi
A closed ring is made using identical regular pentagons. Part of the ring is as shown below.
How many regular pentagons are needed to form the ring?
]:=
;4-
,lG
: S-4
;H-*
. iff
1-.rJ-
i*
Revision Exercise 3
\-^\r4---\r^-/a.J^v^v_
.
.
1.

Calculate the unknown values in each of the following figures.

(a)
(b)
PQR and SQT are straight lines.

(c)
,ft.
.U'Ei
.E
370
Ltd
(d)
109"
(e)
(f)
Ar
PQRS is a rectangle.
Ltd
Revision Exercise
fffi
2.
In the diagram, ABC is parallelto DEF and AE is parallelto BG. LCBG
Find
(a)
(b)
.|
J.
4.
,'ft,
lffi
and
L GEF -32
LBGE,
LAED.
In the diagram, AB ll DE and CD ll EF. LABC

(a) LBCD,
(b) reflex LDEF.
In the diagram, AB ll CD and BD ll CF. LABF

(a) LCEF,
- 42" and LBFC
(b)
(c)
- 40
CDE = 60o. Find
BC
"78. Find
A
LFBD,
LBDC.
Mathematics Tutor
130o and
lA
Ltd
5.
In this diagram, PQRST is a straight line. UR cuts LQRV into half. QU llRVand UR
Find the values of xo ,yo and 7o .
6.
In the diagram, AE ll GJ,CH ll DI andBF ll CI. Find the values of
xo
ll
VS.
,y" andzo
BC
7.
In the diagram, AC ll DF and BD ll GE. trind the values of wo , xo and y" .

A
Revision Exercise
r 'i':I,il
'fu.=*'*
8.
In the diagram, AC ll DE and BF ll GC. Find

(a) LCDE,
(b) LACG,
(c) LABF.
In the diagram, AB, CD
and
FE are parallel. BC , GF and ED are parallel. HEJK is a straight
line. Find the values of xo, yo and
.G
zo.
Ltd
10.
In the diagram, AB, CE and FH are parallel. DC = DG

values of xo ,yo and 7o .
11.
In the diagram, AB,, CD and EF are parallel. GE = GF and reflex LGFE

(a) LABG,
(b) LDGB.
r! :i
it rr Publications Pte Ltd
and
ADG is a straight line. Find the
- 325o . Find
B
,'ffi\
Revision Exercise 3 ifl37s
Fi
W,
I2.
In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezitm,, ABE is an isosceles triangle and BCE is a right-angled
triangle. LABE = 35o and LCDE = 100o. Find
(a) LEBC,,
(b) LDCE.
13.
In the diagram, AB ll CE andAD ll FE. Find the values of xo and y".

F
,'ftt
.W,
',L3768i Mathematics Tutor I A
Ltd
In the diagram, ABC is a triangle. DE ll AF and AF
- FC. Find the value xo.

A
(l7x-7)"
15.
l-
In the diagram,AB is parallel to DE and FG. LABC =25" and LAFG =

(a) LDEF,
(b) LBAC,
(c) LBCE.
Ltd
I42 . Find
B
Revision Exercise
":"j*it*n..i*
Llt'377'ii
'ilit5.$
16.
In the diagram, ABCD is a kite. LADB = 40o and /-BCA=25o. Find the values of xo and yo.
40"
Vl''
25"
C
17.
In the diagram,AB is parallel to CD. AB

(a) /-AEC,
(b) LADB,
(c) LCBD.
- AD, LBAD =94" and LBCD
=23o. Find
,sF'*\,,
t{378 .El Mathematics Tutor I A

'r:l#'
Ltd
'
{BCD is a parallelogram. F'ind the value of xo.

295"
19
In the diagram, ABC is an isosceles triangle. BF ll CE,rcflex LBFC = 264" and LECD = 38o
BCD is a straight line. Find the values of xo ,yo and zo .
2x"
e Cusco Publications Pte Ltd
yo + 6o
Revision Exercise
7-u,.$Eii1
i{379l*:
til*n-r
20.
2r.
In the diagram, ABCD is
(a)
(b)
a parallelogram .
LABC = 50" and LCDE = 22o. Find
LBCD,
LADE.
In the diagram, AE ll BC and BE ll CD. LAEB = 6J" , LBCE = 86o and LCDE
(a) LEBC,
A
(b) LCED.
105". Find
E
,r;ffi..
i$:soE] Mathematics Tutor 1A
'w,,
Ltd
The diagram shows a cardboard PQR in the shape of an equilateral triangle. It is folded along
tlie line QX.If LPYQ - 102", flnd LRQX.
In the diagram, AC ll DF and GE II CH. LCBG _ 1050, LBCE LCHE = 90o. Find
B
(a) LGEH,
A
(b) LECH,
(c)
79"
LHEF _ 54" and

C
LBGE.
f.i-.r o Publications Pte Ltd
,F'j;QL,
Revision Exercise
: 't:St i;
'15***"':'j
24.
25.
In the diagram,
WXYZ is a rhombus. WY intersects XZ at the point P. PY

LXWP = 58o. Find
W
(a) LXPY,
(b) LQPY,
(c) LPQZ.
PQ and
oz
In the diagram, ADE is a triangle. BC ll DE,BD = BE, LACB = 100" and LDBE
=94". Find
the values of po , q" arrd r" .
,rsn*\..
1il82_.F.f Mathematics Tutor
tA
Ltd
The diagram below is not drawn to scale . ABCD is a parallelogram and AF
(a)
ft)
LGEC,
LBCE.
ll
EC . Find
AE
In the diagram, JA ts parallel to CE, JF ts parallel to CH, LBEC = 82o, LDCH = 43o and
AB - BE. Calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
'- ,; i,- o
LAJB,
LBAJ,
LFEG,
LGEC.
Revision Exercise
,:&
r{ 383,Tj
'b*d;'
28.
In the diagram, PD is parallel to FH and PQ is parallel to RS. PGQ, REFS and FGH are
straight lines. Given that LPER= 64", LPFG = 90o and LHQG = 50o, calculate the values of
(a) wo,
(b) xo,
D
(c) lo,
H
(d) zo.
,A,
(r
,/r'\
4-G/
500,
.L
29.
In the diagram, AB ll CD and AG ll EF . LAHE

(a) LEFG,
(b) LAGH,
(c) LAEH.
I04" , LAGC = 70" and AH
- HG. Find
,u*=\t
it384,ti
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
In the diagram, AB
-:1.
ll CD and BC llED.
Find the value of w"
In the diagram, AB ll CD and BD llAG. Find the value of xo.

B
r- 17-s.o
Revision Exercise
"i&-='r
if"f"S.i,
/..
affi
(a)
The ratio of the size of each interior angle to the size of each exterior angle of a regular
polygon with n sides is 7 : 2. Find the value of n.
(b)
If
one of the interior angles of a polygon is 120" and the remaining interior angles are
each 168o, flnd the number of sides of the polygon.
(c)
The size of three interior angles of a lO-sided polygon are I 15o, 97" and 143" respectively.
The size of each of the remaining angles is equal to xo. Find the value of xo .
(d)
Apolygon has n sides. Three of its exterior angles are 60o , 15o and 45' while the remaining
exterior angles are each equal to 30o. Find the value of n.
Ltd
3-1.
(a)
Two interior angles of a pentagon are 135' and 147" while the remaining angles are each
equal to 2x". Find the value of xo.
(b)
A regular polygon has 12 sides. Calculate the size of each exterior angle.
(c)
When six sides of a hexagon are produced in order, four of the exterior angles formed
are each xo and the remaining exterior angles are each (xo + 60").Find the value of xo.
In the diagram, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and AFGHJKLM is a regular octagon. Find
(a) LBAF,
(b) LMAF,
(c) LABM.
Revision Exercise
,ffi
, iffi
35'
The diagram shows part of a regular polygon with n sides. Each interior angle
is 156". Find
(a) the value of n,
(b)
36'
LPRS.
In the diagram, PQRST... is part of an n-sided irregular polygon. Reflex L7RS Z44o and
=
the size of each of the remaining interior angles is equal to I43". How many sides does
the
polygon have?
.Ut.p-j
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
37
38.
In the diagram, PQRST... is part of

(a) LQRS,
(b) LXRS,
(c) LXST.
regular 1S-gon. QRXY is a square. Calculate
The diagram below is not drawn to scale. It shows a regular pentagon ABCDE and part of a
regular polygon FEDGH... Given that LDGC = 46.5", flnd
(a)
(b)
LCDE,
the number of sides of the regular polygon FEDGH...
r-,;rco Publications Pte Ltd
Revision Exercise
,:,ot=t*'
.389,'
39.
In the diagram, ABRQ is a square, BRSDC is a regular pentagon and PQRST... is part of
regular polygon with n sides. Find
(a)
(b)
40.
LQRS,
the value of n.
In the diagram, ABCDE rs a regular pentagon, ABQP and BCSR are squares and BRQ ts a
triangle. Find
(a)
(b)
(c)
,'&
ti390$;
\.i\***4:'
LABC,
LARB,
LPBS.
Mathematics Tutor
lA
41.
7 cm, BC = 6 cm and LABC = 56. Measure
(a)
Construct a triangle in which AB

write down the size of LACB.
(b)
On the same diagram, construct the angle bisector of LCAB. The angle bisector meets
BC at X. Measure and write down the length of BX.
41. (a)
(b)
(c)
. -,r'io
and
Construct LABC such that AB = 10.5 cm, BC = 9 cm and AC = 8.5 cm.

On the same diagram, construct the angle bisector of LACB.
The angle bisector of LACB meets AB at the point X. Measure and write down the
length of CX.
Revision
Exercise,
43.
(a)
On AABC, construct
(i)
(ii)
(b)
the angle bisector of LABC,

the perpendicular bisector of AB.
The angle bisector of LABC and the perpendicular
(c)
Mark and label the point X.

of AB intersect at the point X.
,igits-..E:',
.i:gZ F'
t+o***di'
Mathematics Turor
lA
Ltd
(a)
(b)
(c)
-15.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Construct AWXY wherc WX -7 .5 cm, LWXY - 120" andXY = 9 cm. Measure and write
down the length of WY.
(i) the angle bisector of LWYX,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of WX.
The point Z ts equidistant from both points W and X and the lines W and I{. Mark and
label the point Z on you diagram.
Construct LABC such that AB = 9 cm, AC = 7 cm and BC = 8.5 cm.

Measure and write down the largest angle in the triangle.
(ii) the angle bisector of LCAB.
Mark and label the point P where the angle bisector of LCAB intersects the perpendicular
bisector of AB.
Measure and write down the length of AP .
--.,i t, Publications Pte Ltd
Revision Exercise
,,t'-=,
j
,j393
i3=,.,*r-'i
46.
Constructaparallelogram ABCD inwhich AB

and write down the length of BC.
47.
(a)
Construct a quadrilateral WXYZ such thatWX = 6.5 cm, LZWX = 115o,XZ= 11.5 cm,
YZ = 10 cm and XY = 11 cm. Measure and write down the length of WZ.
(b)

(i) the angle bisector of LXYZ,
(ii) the perpendicular bisector of YZ.
Mark and label the point P where the angle bisector of LXYZ meets the perpendicular
bisector of YZ.
(c)
,r&,
rffi$f: Mathematics Tutor lA
- 8 cm, AC -
15 cm and
LABC -l10o.Measure
Ltd
(a)
rb)
+9. (a)
(b)
(c)
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which the base AB = 6.5 cm, AD = 6 cffi,

LABC = 105o , LBAD = 85o and LADC -78o. Measure and write down the length of AC .
On your diagram, draw the perpendicular bisector of BC. The perpendicular bisector
meets AD at the point 7. Measure and write down the length of AT.
Construct the quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = 9 cm, BC = 6.5 cm and LABC = 1 10o .
DC ts parallel to AB and AD is parallel to BC .
Write down the name of the special quadrilateral ABCD.
On the same diagram, draw the perpendicular bisector of AB. The perpendicular bisector
of AB intersects AB at the point M.Measure and write down the size of LAMC.
Ltd
Revision Exercise
,#%,,
rt395$;
"bg*,.
50. (a)
(b)
(c)
Construct a parallelogram EFGH such that EF = 8 cm, LEFG = 100o and FG = 6 cm.
Measure and write down the size of LFGH.
(i) the perpendicular bisector of EF,
(ii) the angle bisector of LHEF.
The perpendicular bisector of EF intersects the angle bisector of LHEF at the point X.
Measure and write down the length of EX.
.'"+'r.';-
'.i396
i,
=i-* -"-'r.;'"
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Mid-Year Examination
Specimen Paper A
Paper
Marks
/s0
ii
Time: I hour
- . i er ALL the questions.

-. 'I..-rking must be clearly shown.
ra) 5-(-2)+4x(-3)+6
b) ('i-,i) .r!
(a)
(b)
(c)
Answer: (a)
t1l
(b)
t1l
Answer: (a)
tll
(b)
t1l
(c)
t1l
Express 0.375 as a fraction in its lowest term.

Express
tf,
"ta
recurring decimal.
Express 30.998 12 corcect to 3 significant figures.
1 Casco Publications Pte Ltd
Mid-Year Examination A: Paper
ffi
3.
Use the given numbers to answer the question.

3
J, - t, o, 0.36, t, *, -1.5, 7t,
g,
83
99
Write down
(a) the whole numbers,
(b) the perfect squares,
(c) the recurring decimals,
(d) the irrational numbers.
4.
Giventhata=2,b--3
(a)
,';stL;n\,
i{398ij
'*\**elr
5ac
3(c
Mathematics Tutor
b)2
lA
and c
Answer: (a)
t1l
(b)
tll
(c)
t1l
(d)
t1l
Answer: (a)
tzl
(b)
t2l
Ltd
- -1, flnd the value of the following.

3c3 - 2b'
(b)
ab-fc
Estimate correct to one signiflcant flgure, the value
,t ,1#
Answer:
lz)
Answer: (a)
tzl
(b)
12)
(a) lrr.-zy)-|ru.-ey)
(b) 1r;" -
2(P
3q)
,'ffi
l{Ar#,
1.
(a) 3(2x-3)-
(b)
8.
-x)=6-(4x+
5)
,*-t*r'=)*Y
(a)
Express 926I as a product of its prime factors.
(b)
l.
+00
,f'.-i\*,*.*#,
2(L
Mathematics Turor 1A
of
1,lg26t
Answer: (a)
l2l
(b)
l2l
" F,
Answer: (a)
tzl
(b)
l2l
Ltd
Given that
A=22 x
3s
x 7a and
B=3x52xJ3,
flnd in index notation
(a) the LCM of A and B,
(b) the square root of 2lB.
10.
Answer: (a) LCM =
tll
(b)
t1l
Jim is x years old. His sister, Jill is 8 years younger than him. Their father is twice as old
Jim. Their mother is 3 times as old as Jill. Write down the expression in terms of x for
(a)
(b)
(c)
as
Jill's age,
their mother's age,
the sum of Jim, Jill and their parent's ages.
Answer: (a)
years t1l
(b)
years t1l
(c)
years
tzl
"m
11. (a)
(b)
Expand (3a - 4b + 9c)(-3).

Factorise the following expressions completely.
(i)
Zm'n'-
(ii)
p(3x
l*'n',
,)
y)
- 7q(y -
3x).
tll
Answer: (a)
(b) (i)
t1l
(ii)
12.
In the diagram, PQRS is
a rhombus.
LQPU = 42" and LTQV =

LPQV,
(a)
(b)
PU is parallel to QT and QVS is a straight line. Given that
84o, calculate
LVPS.
,F64*\
1{+OZ}i Mathematics Tutor lA
''h=d'
t3l
Answer: (a) LPQV
(b) LvPS
" l2l
" l2l
Ltd
13.
(a)
(b)
Three of the exterior angles with a polygon with n sides are 80o, 50" and 70".
The remaining exterior angles are each 20' . Calculate the value of n.
ABCDE is a pentagon. Find the value of xo.
Answer: (a) n -
tzl
(b) x" =
l+.
ABCDis a rectangle. AB =
(a)
(b)
(*.+ t).-,
BC = (2x -3) cm and CD=
the value of x,
the perimeter of the rectangle.
(;x
/r-)
l-x+l
l,
\A
l2)
+ 8)
.*.
Find
lcm
(2x
-3)
cm
(i..') "*
Answer:
i.
(a)x-
cm t3l
(b)
cm t1l
, ,,m)
Specimen Paper A
NIarks
/s0
Paper 2
Time:
t hour 15 minutes
ALL
the questions.
A11 working must be clearly shown.
Answer
1.
2.
(a)
Simplify 5x
(b)
If x -
(a)
Use a calculator to evaluate the following, giving your answer correct to 3 significant
figures.
9y2 +
3.85'
Round
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[8;r
22.
ffi,flndthe
685 + (18.26
(b)
- {9x-
- (1x - 6 -
5x)]
- a].
valueof zwhen x=5 andy
t3l
--6.
t3l
- <[+t S)'
tll
- {6001 65
off 169.58 to
the nearest whole number,
2 signiflcant figures,
the nearest perfect square.
tll
tll
t1l
\:;: i: i- '-
it1+O+3; Mathematics Tutor 1A

t:.1.'1i11,
Ltd
In the diagram, PV is parallel to RU, LPQV ="76o and LQUR = 30o. Calculate
(a) LQPV,
(b) LVQU,
(c) LQVU.
(a)
(b)
tll
t3l
t1l
Add(2x2+Sxy)tothesumof 0;-ll*y)and(3 -2*y).

t1l
is
more
its
numerator.If
4
is
In a fraction, the denominator 3
than
added to both the
numerator and the denominator, the fraction becom.r
Form an equation to flnd the
original fraction.
t3l
, i:ffi
'\*s:
5.
(a)
On the diagram, construct

(i) the angle bisector of LABC,
(ii) a line parallel to AB, passing

(b)
t1l
through
C to cut the angle bisector at
point X.
the
t1l
Answer: (a)
Answer: (b) BX
6.
(a)
(b)
,ffi
I'Wfd)
cm
tll
Charles, Betty and Lisa sat for a Mathematics qurz. Charles scored 17 marks more than
Lisa but 31 marks less than Betty. It is given that Charles scored x marks and Betty's
marks were twice Lisa's marks.
(i) Write down an equation in terms of x.
t3l
(ii) Solve the equation to flnd Lisa's marks.
tzl
Mr Lee has a collection of n toy f,gurines. Each toy flgurine costs $29. He displays the
toy flgurines in a glass cabinet costing $198.
(i) Write down an expression, in terms of n,, for the total value of the cabinet and
n toy figurines.
tzl
(ii) If the total value of the cabinet and n toy flgurines is $gS t , flnd the number of toy
figurines in Mr Lee's collections.
l2)
Mathematics rutor I A
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8.
(i)
(ii)
Factorise 5p + 5q.
Hence, without using a calculator, evaluate (5
x 88.825 + 5 x
Il.l75).
7x-4y )a
x
Given that 5X+
" -; - .find the value of ; .
tll
l2l
t3l
A flshmonger buys p kilograms of pomfret at $q per kilogram at the wholesale market.

He then sells them at $r per kilogram. Write down, in terms of p , q and r the amount he
earns.
t1l
Jonathan has three parcels to post. The mass of Parcel A is x grams. The mass of Parcel B is
three times as heavy as Parcel C. The mass of Parcel C is 80 g lighter than Parcel A.
(a) Write down in terms of x
(i) the mass of Parcel B,
(ii) the mass of Parcel C.
l2l
(b) Given that the total mass of the three parcels is 920 g, write down an equation in terms
(c)
ofx.
tLl
Solve your equation to find the mass of Parcel B.
l2l
2 i,ffi-i
(a)
Construct
LABC
(b)
a quadrilateralABCD such that the baseAB = 9 cm and LBAD = 85o ,AD =7 cm,
75" and CD = 6.8 cm. Measure and write down the length of BC.
t3l
On your diagram, draw

(ii) the angle bisector of LADC.
tll
t1l
The perpendicular bisector and the angle bisector meet at X. Measure the length of
t1l
AX.
,';&
'.W-}'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
Specimen Paper B
Marks
/s0
Paperl
Time:Lhour
Answer ALL the questions.

A1l working must be clearly shown.
1
(a)
Complete the number line below to represent all prime numbers
>
30 and
<
40.
Answer: (a)
(b)
t1l
A polygon has n sides. Two of its exterior angles arc 40" and 45o while the remaining
(n - 2) exterior angles are each equal to 25". Find the value of n.
Answer: (b) n =
2.
t2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
24x 8 + 6 -36 + (-9)

(-3)' x (-2)' + 18 x (-2)
{to52 -27) + 5 x 6l - 105 + t5} x2
(b)
tll
tll
(c)
l2l
Answer: (a)
Mid-Year Examination B: Paper
;o"\
,{+OO;}i
t&*'ue*
3.
'.ffi
ut a decimal, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
Express
(b)
Arrange the following numbers in descending order.
-8
4.
64
(a)
#,
-8.63, -8
;, -8.63, -8.63, -8.6
Answer: (a)
t1l
(b)
tzl
Write and simplify an algebraic expression for each of the following statements.
(a) Add 4pq to twice the product of 3p and2q.
(b) Subtract 5f -Txy + 8 from the sum of -x' + 9xy and 3 - 2i.
Answer: (a)
tzl
(b)
t2)
Ltd
5.
(a)
A number corrected to four signiflcant figures is 1 930 000. Write down the minimum
possible value of the number.
(b)
The number 29 899 corrected to n significant flgures is 30 000. Write down the possible
values of n.
Answer: (a)
t1l
(b) n6.
Estimate correct to one signiflcant flgure the value of
t1l
(-3.oll;3 + thu)
1.969 + 4.032
Answer:
1.
(a)
Given that x- -1,
(i)
(*y)'
/"\
(11.,
xV-,f+Z
(b)
! = 4 and z= 3, find the value of the following.
- 8xz
Write down in its simplest form, the fraction which is exactly halfway between
13and- t4
15
15.
Answer: (a) (i)
(ii)
(b)
8.
(a) -ab - 9abc,
(b) 3(2x - 3y) - th(3y
,f+tZl*t
'&**41
Mathematics Tutor
lA
t1l
Lzl
t1l
2x).
Answer: (a)
t1l
(b)
t2)
Ltd

3x - {5 - t8 - (sx - a)l}
9.
(a)
(b)
10.
re?
-(x+1)-
2x+l
Answer: (a)
tzl
(b)
tzl
(a)
(b)
(c)
3x
- 15 + 2(x -7)) -
t3
x+3 4-2x
, (x-2) =--2(3x+4)
'69
2x-l
--a
Answer: (a)
l2)
(b)
tLl
(c)
tzl
,lPiiic&qa
@ Casco Publications Pte Ltd
1 lt 413F
"
.=,.-*t
'
11. (a)
(b)
Express 53 - 15 and 1 12 + 9 as a product of its prime factors in index notation.

Hence, flnd the HCF and LCM of 53 - 15 and ll2 + 9.
Answer: (a)
L2.
5'-
15 =
t1l
ll2 +9 -
t1l
(b) HCF =
tll
LCM =
t1l
Three different coloured lights on a signboard flash at regular intervals. The green light
flashes every 15 seconds, the yellow light flashes every 20 seconds and the blue light flashes
every 35 seconds. Occasionally all the lights flash simultaneously. If all the lights flashed
simultaneously at 11 00, when is the next time the lights will flash together agatn?
Answer:
lfl}:
-T
t3l
Ltd
Find the value of ro and yo in the following diagram.

,{
t4.
Answer: x" =
tzl
yo=
t1l
Hisham, Chongming and Bala shared 1 10 marbles. Hisham receivea
] ,, many as Chongming
and Bala received twice as many as Chongming.
(a) If Chongming received x marbles, write an equation in terms of x.

(b) Solve the equation and write down the number of marbles Hisham received.
Ltd
Answer: (a)
l2l
(b)
marbles tzl
r;i;ct\:..
i.i+
lS'1,
.l
..
.._,
...
Specimen Paper B
i Marks
Paper 2
Time:
ALL the questions.

All working must be clearlY
/s0
hour
1"5
minutes
Answer
1.
(a)
shown.
Use a calculator to evaluate the following, giving your answer correct to 3 signiflcant
figures.
0.0265'x 86.9 - (-t+.s)'

Jtg.s + V-sz.s
(b)
PQRis atriangle in which PQ=
(5x-
2) cm,QR= (6x +1) cm andPR =
(zx + 4 \
[;
t1l
) "*.
Given that the perimeter of trian gle PQR is 53 cm, write an equation in terms of x and
t3l
solve it to flnd the shortest side of the triangle.
ii
I
{
2.
5.4
(a)
Solve the equation 1 .7x
(b)
ll2
Ifx= 1,)'=-i
-'-
and z
- r(1.* t)
t3l
.evaluate
x(z-y)
x*y
3xyz
t3l
giving your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.
ifi,ui,
i\.-'*-$'
Mathematics Tutor
lA
Ltd
The diagram shows a regular octagon ABCDEFGH and a regular n-gon ABXY...WV. Both
LVWA = 168o, flnd
(a) the value of n,
12)
(.b) LW'AH,
l2l
polv_eons share a cofitmon side AB. Given that
1.
(C)
LATVH.
(a)
A coin box contains 91 coins. 19 of the coins are 5(, coins. The rest are I0(, and 20(,
(b)
t2)
coins. Given that there are twice as many 10p coins as 20C, coins, flnd the total amount
of money in the coin box.
t3l
Jason earns $890 a month and Jamie earns $1335 a month. How many months would
Jason take to earn the same amount Jamie will have earned after working for half a
year?
(c)
The product of two numbers is
lTl
the smaller number is
JJ
, find the difference
between the two numbers.
lzl
,;ftc\:.
iL117S
.1.=}111-:=
5.
(a)
Mrs Kamal bought 102 sticks of satay. Her

ate
Her daughters,Aini andAminah, '4
sons , Halim and Ham zah, ate
I "t the satay.
of what was left. Mrs Kamal and her husband
of the satay. If her husband ate twice as many as her, how many sticks of
Mrs
Kamal eat?
satay did
l4l
On a certain day, the high tide was 2.5 mabove a mark on a sea wall on Pulau Ubin. The
low tide was 1.8 m below the mark on the sea wall. Find the difference between the high
and low tides.
t1l
ate the rest
(b)
6.
In the diagram, ABDE, EFG, GHJA, FHI, CBJI and CDF are straight lines. Calculate
values of
the
(a)
xo,
tll
io,
l2l
tzl
(b)
(c)
zo.
y" +
,ffi,
w'
{+rsBi Mathematics Tutor 1A
10o
130o
Ltd
In the dia_eram. PQRS is a rectangular field. PS = (5x + 7) m,SZ = (4x + 8) m and the perimeter
of the field is ( l-Lr + 26) m.
tat Find. in terms of x, an expression for
P(2.
.
,
PT
tJ, ;.. lhut the ien-eth of R.S is thrice the length of PT,form an equation in terms of
H= ,.:. :o1r e the equation to flnd the value of x.
tLl
t1l
x. [1]
t1l
(5x+7)m
(4x+8)m
P
,S-+,
Ltd
Mid-Year Examination B:
Paper,
,rfug*S:
8.
When written
as the
product of its prime factors,
m=2'x3u,
n=2x32x7.
(a)
(b)
,ffi,
'ffij
Find
tll
the value of the cube root of m,
tll
the smallest possible value of q such that nq is a perfect square.
down
tll
write
Hence,
Express 132 asthe product of its prime factors.
(i) the LCM of m,n and 132, gltng your answer as a product of its prime factors, [1]
t1l
(ii) the greatest number that will divid e m, n and 1 32 exactly.
(i)
(ii)
Mathematics Tutor
Ltd
-' . '- -: Irlilnsle
'
ABC, such that AB = 10 cm, /-ABC = 50o and BC = 8 cm. Measure

an-j rr rite dorvn the size of LACB.
t3l
. -' '-..lli dia,sram, draw the angle bisector of LBAC. The angle bisector cuts BC at
f . \lark clearly the point X on your diagram. Measure the length of AX. l2l
'
_,,"G;<-.
\!
i'.s
2 i{+Zt}
\:--:-

Sprache

Willkommen bei Scribd!

Singaporean Secondary Maths 1A

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Beschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Beschreibung:

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Singaporean Secondary Maths 1A

Hochgeladen von

Beschreibung:

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Verwandte Titel

Factors and Multiples

Recognise prime numbers.

Write a composite number as a product of prime factors.

ffi r".trrr""au"mpm -1.

:. 7 ,2,3 , 6,9 and 18 are called factors of

Nate that 18 is divisible by each of its factors.

Factors of 12: ,-tr , 2,

The common factors o\ 12 and 2I are

@ Casco Publications Pte

Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples

When rve multiply a number by a non-zero whole number, we

The multiples of 3 are 3 , 6 ,9 , 12, 15, ... and

The common multiple of two numbers is a number that is ,, ::' .. :

16,20 ,'24, ,28

Multiples of 6 are 6, l? , 18 , 24 ,30 , 36 , ...

1.2 ) Prime Numbers, Prime Factorisation and lndex Notation

A prime number is a whole number greater than

factors, 1 and itself.

A composite number is a whole number greater than I that ha: r:-

11, 13,17, ... are prime numbers.

.'. 6 is a composite number.

The numbers 4,6,8,9, 10 , tZ, 14, 15,16,... are con.rf' - .;

All prime numbers

All other numbers from 4 to 100 which

are not prime numbers are composite

Prime factors are factors of a number that are also prime.

The factors of 18 are 1,2,3,6,9 and 18.

The process of expressing a composite number as the product of prime factors is

Casco Publications Pte

Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples

Method 1 (Using the Factor Tree)

Write the number to be factorised at the

appear more than once, we Can use the index rtot&tirr,,.

'3 to the power of 5'

In index notation, 3 is called ti,base and the number at the tt-r!-. :

is called the index.

E.g. 2x2x2x5x5 =23x51

Start by dividing the number by the S1tr., : '

number. Here, we begin with 2.

The product of the divisors

The common factors of 12 and 18 are 1,2,3 and'',5,

Find the highest common factor of 225 and 210.

P:tblictttiotir Pi, i,t

Chapter 1: Factors and Multiples

Divide by common Prime factor 3'

What was the largest number of groups that could be formed?

by 120 and 150 since all the .. '

The number of groups formed must be divisible

of groups that can be formed was 30.

The number of girls in each group is

The smallest common multiple among the common multiple: g' ;

Multiples of 8: 8 , 16, 24, 32, 40 , 48, ...

the lowest common multiple

.'. The LCM of 8 and 12 rs 24.

To get the LCM, multiply the highest power of

LCM -23 x32 x 5

.'. The LCM of 24 and 90 is 360.

2I, 63 and 105.