Cap 4-Combustion - Unlocked PDF

Escuela Politcnica Nacional
04/01/2016
ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

FACULTAD DE INGENIERA MECNICA
Termodinmica III
Combustion
Ing. Jos Luis Palacios E., M.Sc.

Quito, 04 de Junio 2015
1

Termodinmica III
Contenido
1. Introduction
2. A/F ratio
3. Energy Balance
4. Pollution issues
04/01/2016

Termodinmica III
Contenido
1. Introduction
2. A/F ratio
3. Energy Balance
4. Pollution issues

Termodinmica III
Combustion
A chemical reaction during which a fuel is oxidized and a large quantity
of energy is released is called combustion. [1]
When this chemical reaction occurs, the bonds within molecules of the
reactants are broken, and atoms and electrons rearrange to form
products. [2]
[2]
mass of reactants = mass of the products

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Termodinmica III
[1]
For simplicity:
gasoline octane C8H18
methanol methyl alcohol CH3OH
diesel dodecane C12H26
natural gas methane CH4
The ultimate analysis gives the composition on a mass basis in terms of

the relatives amounts of chemical elements (C, H and S).

Termodinmica III
Combustion
Rapid combustion of combustible elements of the fuel results in energy
release as combustion products are formed.
The 3 major combustible chemical elements in most common fuels are:
C, H and S.
S is usually a relatively unimportant contributor to the energy released,
but it can be a significant cause of pollution and corrosion problems.[2]
[2]
Each mol of O2 reacts with 3.76 mol N2

[1]
04/01/2016

Termodinmica III
Contenido
1. Introduction
2. A/F ratio
3. Energy Balance
4. Pollution issues

Termodinmica III
Stoichiometric reaction
The mnimum amount of air needed for the complete combustin of a
fuel is called stocichiometric or theoretical air.
When a fuel is completely burned with theoretical air, no uncombined
oxygen is present in the combustin products gases.
The theoretical is also referred to as the chemically correct amount of
air, or 100% theoretical air. [1]
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Termodinmica III
Combustion is complete when all the carbon present in the fuel is

burned to carbon dioxide, and all other combustible elements are fully
oxidized.[2]
When these conditions are not fulfilled, combustion is incomplete.[2]
A key parameter is air-fuel ratio (AF), which is the amount of air in the
reaction to the amount of fuel. [2]

Termodinmica III
Stoichiometric reaction
What happens when air is humid?
Air with
= 60% and dry bulb temperature of 20C @ Quito atm. pressure.
SOLUTION
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Termodinmica III
11
dry air

Termodinmica III
Fuel: natural gas
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Termodinmica III
If 10% of excess air is required, then:
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Termodinmica III
The dew-point temperature of the products is the temperature at which

the water vapor in the products starts to condense as the products are
cooled at constant pressure.
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Termodinmica III
If the products are cooled down at 30C, what is the amount of water that
wil condense if 10% of excess air is required?
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Termodinmica III
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Termodinmica III
Deber:
Cap. 15, Cengel
15-13
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15
18
19
22
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Termodinmica III
Contenido
1. Introduction
2. A/F ratio
3. Energy Balance
4. Pollution issues
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Termodinmica III
The enthalpy of formation is the energy released or absorbed when

the compund is formed from its elements. [1]
The compound and elements all being at the standard reference state
(25C and 1 atm). [2]
[1]
- Heat is released
+ Heat must be added
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Termodinmica III
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Termodinmica III
[2]
Heating value (HV) is the amount of heat released when a fuel is

burned completely in a esteady-flow process and the products are
returned to the state of the reactants. [1]
The HV dependes on the phase of the H2O in the products.

Higher heating value (HHV) when the water in the products is in the
liquid form.
Lower heating value (LHV) when the water in the products is in the
vapor form.[1]
[1]
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Termodinmica III
Determine the enthalpy of combustion (formation) of liquid octane

(C8H18) at 25C and 1 atm. Assume the water in the products is in the liquid
form.
stable elements
(liquid)
HHV
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Termodinmica III
First-Law Analysis
Steady Flow Systems
[1]
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Termodinmica III
First-Law Analysis
Closed Systems
[1]
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Termodinmica III
Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustin chamber at 25C at a rate

of 0.05 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 50 percent excess
air that enters the combustin chamber at 7C. An analysis of the
combustin gases reveals that all the hydrogen in the fuel burns to
H2O but only 90 percent of the carbn burns to CO2 with the remaining
10 percent forming CO. If the exit temperature of the combustin
gases is 1500K, determine the mass flow rate of air and the rate of
heat transfer from the combustin chamber.
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Termodinmica III
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Termodinmica III
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Termodinmica III
[2]
Heating value (HV) is the amount of heat released when a fuel is

burned completely in a esteady-flow process and the products are
returned to the state of the reactants. [1]
The HV dependes on the phase of the H2O in the products.

Higher heating value (HHV) when the water in the products is in the
liquid form.
Lower heating value (LHV) when the water in the products is in the
vapor form.[1]
[1]
28
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Termodinmica III
Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the mximum temperature when

[1]
combustin is complete and no heat is lost to the surroundings.
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Termodinmica III
Liquid octane enters the combustin chamber of a gas turbine

steadily at 1 atm and 25C, and it is burned with air that enters the
combustion chamber at the same state. Determine the asiabatic flame
temperatura for complete combustion.
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Termodinmica III
Enthalpies @ temperature trial and error.
31

Termodinmica III
Contenido
1. Introduction
2. A/F ratio
3. Energy Balance
4. Pollution issues
32
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Termodinmica III
[1]
Control of pollutant emissions is a major factor in the design of modern

combustion systems.
Pollutants of concern include particulate matter, such as soot, fly ash,
metal fumes, various aerosols.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS
Primary air pollutants emitted directly from the source.
Secondary pollutants formed via reaction involving primary pollutants
in the atmosphere.
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Termodinmica III
Seinfeld indicates four principal effects of air pollutants in the

troposphere:
1. Altered properties of the atmosphere and precipitation.
2. Harm to vegetation.
3. Soiling and deterioration of materials.
4. Potential increase of morbidity (sickness) and mortality in humans.
Emission of Nox into the straosphere by
speed civil transpord aircraft is also an issue.
Concern here is about the catalytic destruction
of stratospheric ozone by NO. [3]
ozone destruction
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Termodinmica III
CO has affinity with hemoglobin and removes O2 from the blood.
Effects of CO exposure on humans.
[3]
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Termodinmica III
36
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Termodinmica III
[1]
37

Termodinmica III
References
1.
2.
3.
Yunus Cengel and Michael Boles, Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach, McGrawHill, 5th Ed.
Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N. 1998, Fundamental of Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd. Edi., John Wiley & Sons, New
York, US
Turns S., An Introduction to Combustion, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill
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Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Ing. Jos Luis Palacios E., M.Sc.

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

mass of reactants = mass of the products

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

methanol methyl alcohol CH3OH

diesel dodecane C12H26

natural gas methane CH4

The ultimate analysis gives the composition on a mass basis in terms of

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Each mol of O2 reacts with 3.76 mol N2

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

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Combustion is complete when all the carbon present in the fuel is

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= 60% and dry bulb temperature of 20C @ Quito atm. pressure.

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Fuel: natural gas

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ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

If 10% of excess air is required, then:

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

The dew-point temperature of the products is the temperature at which

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

The enthalpy of formation is the energy released or absorbed when

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Heating value (HV) is the amount of heat released when a fuel is

The HV dependes on the phase of the H2O in the products.

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Determine the enthalpy of combustion (formation) of liquid octane

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustin chamber at 25C at a rate

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Heating value (HV) is the amount of heat released when a fuel is

The HV dependes on the phase of the H2O in the products.

Escuela Politcnica Nacional

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL