Comparación Camiones

ICA
2013
Listen, Learn, Discuss, Share, Experience, Practice

and Enjoy!
Camiones Convencionales vs. Camiones Subterrneos

Greg Hughes Customer Application Specialist : Narrow Vein Mining
Mining Forum 19 - 22, 2013, Ica, Mastering Safety and Productivity in Underground Mining, Greg Hughes, Sandvik Mining
Quien soy
Greg Hughes, nacido en Zambia - frica
27 aos
Ingeniero en minas titulado en Camborne School of Mines en
Inglaterra
Aprox. 2 aos de experiencia en produccin en minas en Chile,
Zambia y Inglaterra
4 aos en Sandvik dedicado especialmente a minera de vetas
angostas y otros mtodos como ingeniero de aplicaciones y
tambin especialista de aplicacin
Surfista, motociclista y mas que nada amante de comida y
cerveza Peruana !
Objetivo de la presentacin
Comparar los beneficios de usar camiones

diseadas especialmente para entornos
subterrneos con los de carreteras
Aprox. 35 % de minas en la regin Latino

Americana usen camiones convencionales en vez
de subterrneos porque !?!
Cambiar la mentalidad !
Estudios realizados
Estudios :
Candelaria
Colossus
EcoOro
IRL
Goldcorp
Etc
Contractores:
Zublin (Candelaria)
Candelaria alternativas estudiadas
Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Situacin Actual
En la visita al terreno, las siguientes factores importantes fueron notados:
Alta presencia de trafico y tiempo muerto en la rampa principal
Maniobrabilidad baja de los camiones
Demasiados camiones al interior de la mina
De repente hay curvas muy cerrados en la rampa donde los camiones tenan que parar y dar marcha atrs.
Eso da tiempo perdido y des-continuidad a la operacin. Las tolvas tocaran a las cajas durante los giros.
La carga de camin con LHD viene hecha mediante una plataforma y una gran sobre-excavacin un
construccin no necesario con camiones de bajo perfil.
Desgastes comunes en las camiones:
Amortiguadores
Suspensin de los asientos
Transmisiones
Daos a las tolvas

Carguo de Camiones Mediante Plataforma
Plataforma no necesario con camiones de bajo perfil - ahorros en el construccin de puntos de carguo.

Curvas en la rampa
Camiones de carretera no son articulados y
construido por este tipo de operacin.

Curvas en la rampa
Simulacin (a escala) del TH550 haciendo la curva donde los Mercedes-Benz tenan que parar,
dar marcha atrs y tocaran la tolva en la caja. No habra ningunas de estas problemas con los
TH550.
TH550

Circuito Carguo Camiones
XC
4
Simulacin (a escala) del TH550 en el

circuito de carguo de camiones. Se
vea que no hay problemas.
XC5
XC6
TH550
XC7
XC8

Circuito Camiones Ejemplo (tramo 3.300m)
433.2
421.2
4 33 .2
4 21 .2
Simulaciones de Carguo y Transporte

Parmetros de Operacin
MINE CHARACTERISTICS
Mine background
Mining method
Production rate
8
46
6
46
6
8
Shift schedule
Number of shifts per day
Times per shift
Shift time
Shift Start
Operation
Lunch
Operation
Operational Interferences
Shift end
Shift total hours
Effective hours per shift
2
12 hr
1.5
3.5
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
12.0
6.5
Days per months

Days per year
Haulage route
Underground distance
@ Gradient
Rolling Resistance
Surface distance
@ Gradient
Rolling Resistance
Total distance
hr
hr
hr
hr
hr
hr
hr
hr
30
360 days
Production rate (per 24 hrs)

Production rate
Tunnel Section
Width
Height
Material characteristics
Fragmentation:
Bank density:
Swell factor
Broken density
SL Stoping
6,400 tpd
Altitude
Average mine working altitude
4.5 m
4.0 m
3
3.4 t/m
1.4
3
2.4 t/m
3,300
9%
2%
200
5%
2%
3,500
m
10
2
m
10
2
m
300 m
30
267 t/hr
492 t/effective hr
55
45
27
15
Other
Electric price
Fuel price
0.1 US$/kW
0.6 US$/l

Suposiciones Importantes
Leasing: 36 meses, 12% tasa de descuento/inters.

Horas efectivas camiones:
13 horas/da
Horas efectivas cargadores:
10 horas/da
Cambio CLP USD:
500:1
Cambio EUR USD:
1:1,30
VAC: calculado por 5 aos (60 meses) a 10% tasa de descuento (incluye contingencias a +10%)
Costos operacionales: costos de los TH550 fueron considerados de acuerdo a la experiencia en Mina El
Toqui, Chile y tambin de operaciones en Australia. Costos del TH660 vienen de experiencia en Australia.
Adems, estn considerados costos de servicio de mantencin de la flota de carguo y trasporte.
Precios de equipos: Los precios de equipos Sandvik son referenciales por el afecto de la prueba y estn
sujeto a variaciones. El valor del camin Mercedes-Benz y cargador Volvo, fueron estimados de acuerdo al
valor del mercado.
Situacin actual: Los tiempos de ciclos y costos actuales fueron entregados de Zblin y estn localizados en
los anexos.
Simulacin 1
SANDVIK LH410 & SANDVIK TH550
Equipment selection
Model
Theoretical capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Theoretical N of passes
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required
Operating parametres (LHD)

Physical availability
Operational utilisation
Effective utilisation
Effective work hours
Effective required tonnage
Cycle times (LHD)
Average tramming distance
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
Total of workers per day
Total of workers per month
LH410
4.6
85%
9.5
5.35
5
9.96
286.0
3
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
38
38
30
14
1.99
3
7%
7
14
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Box size (choose larger)
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Production per truck
Fleet required
Total production per daily hours
TH550
50
22
95%
50.8
47.5
19.6
3,500
17.1
36.8
77.4
7
292.72
Operating parametres (trucks)

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Velocity limits within the mine
Average Velocity Underground
Average Velocity Surface
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1
Cycle times (trucks)

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
Mining Forum 19 - 22, 2013, Ica, Mastering Safety and Productivity in Underground Mining, Greg Hughes, Sandvik
Mining
9.96
17
23.05
3.0
30
36.79
7
7%
15
30
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph
Simulacin 2
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required

Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
LH517
7.6
85%
15.7
3.24
3
6.51
433.5
2
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
45
41
30
15
2.17
2
7%
5
10
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
TH550
50
22
95%
50.8
47.1
19.4
3,500
17.1
33.3
84.7
6
274.43

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
6.51
17
23.05
3.0
30
33.34
6
7%
13
26
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph
Simulacin 3
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required
Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
LH621
9.8
85%
20.2
2.28
2
4.55
533.5
2
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
50
42
30
15
2.28
2
7%
5
10
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
TH550
50
20
95%
46.1
40.5
16.7
3,500
17.1
31.4
77.4
7
292.47

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
4.55
17
23.05
3.0
30
31.38
7
7%
15
30
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph
Simulacin 4
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required
Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
LH517
7
85%
14.5
4.15
4
8.69
399.2
2
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
45
41
30
15
2.17
2
7%
5
10
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
TH660
60
32
95%
73.8
57.8
23.8
3,500
17.1
35.8
96.8
6
313.72
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
8.69
16
23.36
3.0
30
35.82
6
7%
13
26
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
Simulacin 5
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required

Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
LH621
9.8
85%
20.2
2.97
3
6.83
533.5
2
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
50
42
30
15
2.28
2
7%
5
10
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
TH660
60
32
95%
73.8
60.7
25.0
3,500
17.1
34.0
107.2
5
289.55

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
6.83
16
23.36
3.0
30
33.96
5
7%
11
22
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph
Simulacin 6
SANDVIK LH410 & MERCEDES BENZ Actros 4143
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required
Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
LH410
4
85%
8.3
3.35
3
5.98
248.7
3
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
m3
t
min
tph
LHDs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
38
38
30
14
1.99
3
7%
7
14
m
s
s
s
s
min
MB Actros 4143
26
12
95%
27.7
24.8
10.2
3,500
17.1
34.6
43.0
12
278.66

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
5.98
30
24.59
3.0
30
34.56
12
7%
26
52
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph
Simulacin 7
VOLVO L210F & MERCEDES BENZ Actros 4143
Equipment selection
Model
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Real N of passes
Cycle time
Production per LHD
Fleet required

Cycle times (LHD)
Gradient
Load time
Tramming time
Manoeuver time
Dump time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
Volvo L120F
3.0
85%
6.2
4.20
4
7.12
208.7
4
m3
t
min
tph
FELs
87%
80%
60%
10.0 h/day
639 ton/h effective
60
2.5%
30
35
30
12
1.78
4
7%
9
18
m
s
s
s
s
min
Equipment selection
Type of truck
Maximum capacity
Fill Factor
Real capacity
Loaded capacity
Work distance
Average velocity
Cycle time
Fleet required
MB Actros 4143
26
12
95%
27.7
24.8
10.2
3,500
17.1
35.7
41.6
12
269.72

Utilisation
Operating factor
90%
80%
75%
13.0 h/day
Transport Velocity
Average Velocity
25.0
18.4
15.7
17.1

Load time
Dump time
Haul time
Waiting time
Maneuver time
Cycle time
Workers
Workers per shift
Absence
7.12
30
24.59
3.0
30
35.71
12
7%
26
52
km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
min
sec
min
min
sec
min
t
m3
t
t
m3
m
km/h
min
tph
trucks
tph

Resultados CAPEX / OPCOSTS
Costos Operacionales TOTALES de la flota (incl. leasing de

los equipos de carguo y camiones)
Inversin total flota

de carguo y
transporte
3 LH410
7 TH550
Operating Cost (US$/t)

0.33
1.18
1.51
Total Fleet Operating Cost (US$/t)

1.00
8.23
9.22
Total Fleet Operating Cost + Investment (US$/t)

2.05
9.40
11.45
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t
Total Investment (EUR)

1,350,000
EUR
4,515,000
EUR
5,865,000
EUR
2 LH517
6 TH550

0.34
1.07
1.42

0.68
6.45
7.13

1.34
7.45
8.79
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

1,272,000
EUR
3,870,000
EUR
5,142,000
EUR
2 LH621
7 TH550

0.34
1.18
1.51

0.67
8.23
8.91

1.72
9.41
11.12
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

2,006,015
EUR
4,515,000
EUR
6,521,015
EUR
2 LH517
6 TH660

0.37
1.38
1.75

0.74
8.29
9.03

1.40
9.62
11.02
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

1,272,000
EUR
5,100,000
EUR
6,372,000
EUR
2 LH621
5 TH660

0.34
1.25
1.59

0.67
6.24
6.91

1.72
7.34
9.06
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

2,006,015
EUR
4,250,000
EUR
6,256,015
EUR
SANDVIK LH410 & MB Actros 4143
3 LH410
12 MB Actros 4143

0.38
0.95
1.33

1.15
11.38
12.52

2.20
11.83
14.03
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

1,350,000
EUR
1,760,000
EUR
3,110,000
EUR
VOLVO L120F & MB Actros 4143
4 Volvo L120F
12 MB Actros 4143

0.13
0.98
1.11

0.53
11.75
12.28

1.35
12.21
13.56
US$/t
US$/t
US$/t

786,667
EUR
1,760,000
EUR
2,546,667
EUR
Costos operacionales y inversiones son solo estimaciones referenciales con el objeto de comparar alternativas de manejo materiales. Estas figuras estn sujeto a variacin.
VAC Total 5 aos (incl. pie

flota, leasing flota por 36
meses, costos
operacionales flota)

Resultados VAC TH550
INVESTMENT
Fleet Downpayment (15%)
Leasing (85% fleet price)
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
879,750
879,750
87,975
967,725

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
1,778,667
14,169,405
15,948,072
1,594,807
17,542,879
VAC 33,276,764 EUR
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
771,300
771,300
77,130
848,430
Year 0
978,152
978,152
97,815
1,075,967
DR = 10%
1,778,667
14,169,405
15,948,072
1,594,807
17,542,879
14,169,405
14,169,405
1,416,940
15,586,345
1,559,404
10,949,610
12,509,014
1,250,901
13,759,916
1,559,404
10,949,610
12,509,014
1,250,901
13,759,916
DR = 10%
1,559,404
10,949,610
12,509,014
1,250,901
13,759,916
10,949,610
10,949,610
1,094,961
12,044,571
VAC 32,608,244 EUR
1,977,616
13,683,722
15,661,338
1,566,134
17,227,472
DR = 10%
Year 5
10,949,610
10,949,610
1,094,961
12,044,571
10

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
1,977,616
13,683,722
15,661,338
1,566,134
17,227,472
14,169,405
14,169,405
1,416,940
15,586,345
10

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
VAC 26,050,967 EUR
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
1,778,667
14,169,405
15,948,072
1,594,807
17,542,879
Year 5
1,977,616
13,683,722
15,661,338
1,566,134
17,227,472
13,683,722
13,683,722
1,368,372
15,052,094
Year 5
13,683,722
13,683,722
1,368,372
15,052,094
10
Costos operacionales y figuras VAC son solo estimaciones referenciales con el objeto de comparar alternativas de manejo materiales. Estas figuras estn sujeto a variacin.

meses, costos

Resultados VAC TH660
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
955,800
955,800
95,580
1,051,380

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
1,932,424
13,875,685
15,808,109
1,580,811
17,388,920
VAC 32,933,214 EUR
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
938,402
938,402
93,840
1,032,242
1,932,424
13,875,685
15,808,109
1,580,811
17,388,920
DR = 10%
1,932,424
13,875,685
15,808,109
1,580,811
17,388,920
13,875,685
13,875,685
1,387,568
15,263,253
VAC 25,968,025 EUR
1,897,250
10,621,104
12,518,354
1,251,835
13,770,189
DR = 10%
13,875,685
13,875,685
1,387,568
15,263,253
10

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
1,897,250
10,621,104
12,518,354
1,251,835
13,770,189
Year 5
1,897,250
10,621,104
12,518,354
1,251,835
13,770,189
10,621,104
10,621,104
1,062,110
11,683,215
Year 5
10,621,104
10,621,104
1,062,110
11,683,215
10

meses, costos

Resultados VAC ACTUAL
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
466,500
466,500
46,650
513,150

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
943,164
19,234,795
20,177,959
2,017,796
22,195,755
VAC 42,500,284 EUR
INVESTMENT
Operating Cost
Total
Contingencies 10%
Gran total
Year 0
382,000
382,000
38,200
420,200
943,164
19,234,795
20,177,959
2,017,796
22,195,755
DR = 10%
943,164
19,234,795
20,177,959
2,017,796
22,195,755
19,234,795
19,234,795
1,923,480
21,158,275
VAC 41,409,491 EUR
772,323
18,866,727
19,639,050
1,963,905
21,602,955
DR = 10%
19,234,795
19,234,795
1,923,480
21,158,275
10

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
772,323
18,866,727
19,639,050
1,963,905
21,602,955
Year 5
772,323
18,866,727
19,639,050
1,963,905
21,602,955
18,866,727
18,866,727
1,886,673
20,753,400
Year 5
18,866,727
18,866,727
1,886,673
20,753,400
10

meses, costos
Resumen y Recomendaciones
ALTERNATIVAS DE CARGUIO Y TRANSPORTE
TH550
TH660
ACTUAL
VAC
33,276,764
26,050,967
32,608,244
EUR
EUR
EUR
RANK
5
2
3

32,933,214
25,968,025
EUR
EUR
4
1

42,500,284
41,409,491
EUR
EUR
7
6
Resultado #1: Camiones TH660 cargados por LH621

Resultado #2: Camiones TH550 cargados por LH517
(26.0 MEUR vs. 26.1 MEUR)
Figuras VAC son solo estimaciones referenciales con el objeto de comparar alternativas de manejo materiales. Estas figuras estn sujeto a variacin.

Resumen y Recomendaciones
Se vea una enorme diferencia de ahorro entre la situacin actual y la propuesta de circa 16 MEUR en
5 aos (equivalente a aprox. 38% menor costo del sistema actual).
Tcnicamente las 2 mejoras alternativas son apropiados y recomendados por este trabajo, son
tecnologas hechas para las condiciones ms exigentes en la minera subterrnea. Las 2 flotas
funcionaran sin problemas en las condiciones requeridas:
Carpeta rodado normal

Secciones suficientemente amplio para transito normal
Gradiente normal
Algunas curvas con alta ngulo (ms que comn) pero no sera una problema, como demostrado en el
imagen con el TH550 solapando la curva exacta entregado por Zblin.
Al final, no hay mucha diferencia de ahorro entre la opcin TH550 y TH660. La decisin final sera
de preferencia e impresin.
Muchas gracias!
Greg Hughes

Comparación Camiones

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Listen, Learn, Discuss, Share, Experience, Practice

Camiones Convencionales vs. Camiones Subterrneos

Greg Hughes, nacido en Zambia - frica

Comparar los beneficios de usar camiones

Aprox. 35 % de minas en la regin Latino

Candelaria alternativas estudiadas

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Alta presencia de trafico y tiempo muerto en la rampa principal

Maniobrabilidad baja de los camiones

Demasiados camiones al interior de la mina

Desgastes comunes en las camiones:

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Simulacin (a escala) del TH550 en el

Sistema de Carguo y Transporte

Simulaciones de Carguo y Transporte

Days per months

Production rate (per 24 hrs)

Simulaciones de Carguo y Transporte

Leasing: 36 meses, 12% tasa de descuento/inters.

Operating parametres (LHD)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (LHD)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (LHD)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Operating parametres (LHD)

Operating parametres (trucks)

Cycle times (trucks)

Simulaciones de Carguo y Transporte

Costos Operacionales TOTALES de la flota (incl. leasing de

Inversin total flota

SANDVIK LH410 & SANDVIK TH550

Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost + Investment (US$/t)

Total Investment (EUR)

SANDVIK LH517 & SANDVIK TH550

Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost + Investment (US$/t)

Total Investment (EUR)

SANDVIK LH621 & SANDVIK TH550

Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost + Investment (US$/t)

Total Investment (EUR)

SANDVIK LH517 & SANDVIK TH660

Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost (US$/t)

Total Fleet Operating Cost + Investment (US$/t)