IJHSS, Tangasseri, Model Examination,Jan.

2013
Solved PHYSICS Paper-I(Theory)
STD:- XII
(Three hours)
(Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper,
They must NOT start writing during this time)
Answer all questions in Part I and six questions from Part II, Choosing two questions
from each of the Sections A, B and C.
All working including rough work should be done on the same sheet as, and adjacent to,
the rest of the answer.
The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].
(Material to be supplied: Log tables including Trigonometric functions)
A list of useful physical constants is given at the end of this paper.
PART I(Answer all questions)
Question 1.
A Choose the correct alternative A, B , C or D for each of the questions given below:
[5]
(i)
A charge q is placed at the middle point of the line joining two charges 12C each.
The system of three charges will lie in equilibrium if q is equal to:
(A)
8C
(B) 3C
(C)
3C
(D) +4C
Ans:(C)
In this case we have to ensure that both 12C charges as well as q must be static.
The force between the two charges 12C = k*12*12/r2. This force moves each of the
charges outward. In order to hold them at their place there must be a force generated
by the charge q = k*12*q/(r/2)2. For equilibrium, k*12*12/r2= k*12*q/(r/2)2.
Hence q= 3C.
(ii) A uniform wire of length l and radius r has resistance 100. It is recast into thin
wire of length 2l. The resistance of the new wire is:
(A)
200
(B) 300
(C)
400
(D) 500
Ans:(C).
Use the concepts that the resistivity of the material remains the same and the volume
of the wire remains the same.
For volume equality:
A1* l =A2* 2l. A1/A2 =2
For resistivity equality:
= R1A1/L1=R2A2/L2. R1/R2=( A2/A1)( l/2l)=1/4
R2 = 4R1 =400.
(iii) The rate of change of current 10 As-1 in a coil produces an e.m.f of 5 V. Then the self
inductance of the coil in henry is:
(A)
0.5
(B) 0.25
(C)
1
(D) 1.25
Ans:(A).
Use the formula for self inductance: L = e/(dI/dt).
L = 5/10 =0.5 henry. (Writing the unit as Vs A-1 is clumsy.
(iv) The focal length of thin lens of refractive index ( = 1.5) in air is 10 cm. If air is
replaced by water of =4/3, its focal length is :
(A) 20 cm
(B) 30 cm
(C) 40 cm
(D) 25 cm
Ans: 1
1
1
Use the Lens makers equation: = (n 1) . Remember that n is the absolute
f

R1

R2

refractive index of the material (here glass). In general it is the relative refractive
index we have to consider. The (n-1) part of the equation is applied in this case. This
part becomes: ng/nw.
Thus:

ng
1
1
= k (n 1) ..(1) 1 = k ( 1) (2)
f
f
nw

From equations (1) and (2)

f1=40cm.
(v) If e/m of electron is 1.76 x 1011 C kg-1 and the stopping potential is 0.71 V, then the
maximum velocity of the photoelectron is :
(B) 200 kms-1.
(A) 150 kms-1.
(C) 500 kms-1.
(D) 250 kms-1.
Ans:Remember the relation between the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the
photoelectron:
mv2= e Vo.
v = {(2e Vo)/m}. Use the given e/m and find v = 500kms-1.
B Answer all questions briefly and to the point:
[15]
-15
-19
(i)
An oil drop weighing 1.0 x 10 N and carrying a charge of 8 x 10 C is found to
remain at rest in a uniform electric field of intensity E. Find E.
Ans:- At the equilibrium state, the electric force is balanced by the gravity.
Use the equation and find E : qE =mg
E = 1.25 *103 NC-1. The units of E are : NC-1 or Vm-1.
(ii)
Which conservation principle is involved in Kirchoffs second law?
Ans:- Law of conservation of energy.
(Remember that in this law we are discussing about the product of current and
resistance (or Voltages) which is the electric potential energy per unit charge from
definition)
(iii)
State any one difference between Joule effect and Peltiers effect
(iv)
What is the resistance and tolerance of yellow, violet, red colour coded resistor
respectively?
Ans:- Yellow represent the digit 4, violet; 7 and red represent the power of ten
multiplication factor. If the forth band is missing, it means that the tolerance is 20%.
Thus the resistance value =(47 * 102+ 20% )
(v)
An electron of mass m and charge e is moving around the nucleus in a hydrogen
atom with an angular momentum l. What is its magnetic moment?
Ans:- Use the concept of magnetic moment: M =IA
But I =Charge /time = e/T =

e
2r

=
v

ev
emv
emvr
el
=
=
=
: (mvr=angular
2
2r 2rm 2r m 2r 2 m

momentum.)
M =

el
el
elr 2
A
=
=
2
2
2r m
2r m 2m

(vi)

A metal conductor of length 1m rotates vertically about one of its ends at angular
velocity 5 rad/s. If the horizontal component of earths magnetic field is 0.2 x 10-4 T,
then what is the emf developed between the ends of the conductor?
Ans:- Use e =blv =bl (l)= 50V. ( since the radius of the circle is formed by the
conductor; v =radius * angular velocity)
(vii) The distance of coverage of a transmitting antenna is 12.8 km. Then what is the
height of the antenna?
Ans The standard formula is : d =(2hR).
h =12.8 m.
(viii) The least distance of distinct vision of a person is 75cm. What is the focal length of
the reading spectacles for such a person?
Ans:- Use the equation: 1 = 1 + 1 . Here v=-D=-25 cm and u=-75cm.The New Cartesian
f

sign convention is used in this case.

F = +37.5 cm ; the plus sign shows that the person must sue a convex lens.
(ix)

What is the deBroglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated by a

potential of 64V.
2

Ans:-

Use the standard equation for wave length of electron: =

12.27 10 10
V

=1.53 * 10-10 m OR 1.53 angstrom unit.

What is the fraction of the radioactive sample that will remain undecayed after 4half life periods?

(x)
Ans:-

1
Use the formula: N = N o where n is the number of half periods:
2
It gives N = No/16. (You may use simple logic of half of half each time instead of
the formula)
(xi)
Find the momentum of a photon of energy 3.0eV.
Ans:- The relation connecting energy and momentum is : p= E/c.
P = (1.9*10-19 *3)/3*108 =1.6*10-27 Ns.
(xii) If a hydrogen atom goes from a third excited state to second excited state, what kind
of radiation (visible light, ultraviolet, infrared etc) is emitted?
Ans:- Instead of using the standard formula for calculating the wave length remember the
various series.
Here it is Balmer series.
Therefore the radiation is either visible of infrared.
(xiii) Where in our Universe is the thermo nuclear energy being released naturally?

Ans:- In stars ( Sun)

(xiv) In which of the solids (semi conductors, conductors or insulators) do conduction and
valance band overlap?
Ans:- In conductors.
(xv) Write down the truth table of a NAND gate.
A
B
Y
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
PART II . SECTION A (Answer any two questions)
Question 2
(a)
With the help of a labeled diagram, obtain an expression for the electric field
[4]
intensity E at a point P in broad side position (ie equatorial plane) of an
electric dipole.
Ans:EB
EA Sin
EA Cos
+
EB Cos

EA

EB Sin
r

-q
A

O
2a

+q
B

The point on the equatorial line is marked P. A unit positive charge is

placed at P.
3

EA represent the force between the unit positive charge and q, and EB
represent that between the unit charge and +q.
EA =

q
(1)
4 o AP 2

EB =

q
.............(2)
4 o BP 2

And E A = EB
Resolving EA and EB into components:
EA sin and EB Sin are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction,
and hence these components will cancel each other.
The resultant intensity at P will be E=EA Cos + EB Cos
E=2EA Cos

.(3)

(4)

From the triangle APO:

Cos =OA/AP =

a
r + a2
2

.(5)

Equation (4) becomes:

a

E = 2EA

=2

q
4 o AC 2

r 2 + a2
r 2 + a2
q
1
a
2qa
E=2
=
2
2
4 o (r + a ) r 2 + a 2 4 (r 2 + a 2 ) 3 2
o

But the dipole moment, p=2qa.

The above equation becomes:
E=

p
4 o (r 2 + a 2 )

..........(6)
2

For r>>a, the above equation becomes: E =

p
4 o r 3

Thus the electric field decreases as the cube of the distance from the
centre of the dipole along the equatorial line.
(b)

Find the electric charge Q1 on plates of capacitor C1 in the figure shown below:
C1
8F

C2
16F
110V

[2]

C3
32F

Ans:- Since the capacitors are connected in series, the charge on each capacitor is the
same.
Effective capacitance C needs to be found out.
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
7
=
+
+
= + +
=
C C1 C 2 C 3 8 16 32 32
C =

32
F
7

Charge Q = Q1=CV=(32/7)*110 =502.9C

(c)

What is meant by temperature coefficient of resistance? Write down Ohms law

in vector form , stating the meaning of every symbol used
Ans:- The temperature constant is given by:
=

[3]

Rt Ro
, where Rt resistance at toC, Ro- resistance at 0oC and t the
Ro t

temperature.
Ohms law is given by:
I = V/R, Where I is the current, V the voltage and R the resistance respectively.
I
=
A
I
=
A
r
J =

V
, where A is the area of cross section of the wire.
RA
E *l
, where l is the length of the wire
RA
r
r
E
E
= = E , where is the resistivity and , the conductivity of the wire.
RA

Question 3
(a)
Draw a labeled diagram of a balanced Wheatstones bridge. Using either Ohms law
or Kirchofffs laws, obtain the relation between four resistors forming the bridge.
Ans:-

[3]

I3

P
I

I5

I1

G
I4

I2
R

S
E

When the bridge is balanced, the current I5 =0.

Potential difference across P = Potential difference across R
I1P = I2 R ..(1)
Potential difference across Q = Potential difference across S
I3 Q = I4 S .(2)
Dividing equations(1) by (2) gives:
I1P/I3Q = I2R/I4S.
P/Q = R/S ; since I5= 0; I1=I3 and I2 = I4.
(b)

Obtain an expression for magnetic flux density B at the centre of a circular coil of
radius R and having N turns, when a current I is flowing through it.
Ans:Preferred method:- Use Biot-Savarts law and Amperes circuital law.

[3]

I
dl

Magnetic field at the centre of the circle due to the current element I dl :
dB =

o IdlSin
Idl
, Since = 90 o ; dB = o 2 ..........(1)
2
4 R
4 R

The circular coil is divided into current elements.

Total field at the centre of the coil due to all these elements:

2R

2R

o Idl
o I
0 4 R 2 = 4R 2
I 2R
B= o 2
4R
I
B= o
4R

dl

B=

For ' N ' number of turns :

magneticfield at the centre of the coil =

o IN
4R

Second Method: This method is not suitable because of lengthy and complicated
steps.
Let R be the radius of the current carrying loop with current I.
Let P be a point on the axis of the coil at a distance of x from its centre.
A
dl
S
r
Q
R
I

M
Q

S
A
Magnetic field at P due to the current element dl at A :
o Idl sin
..............(1)
4r 2
Idl
dB = o 2 .....................(2), since = 90 o
4r
dB =

The above magnetic field acts along PQ perpendicular to the line AP.
Resolving dB into components along PN and PM:
PS=dB Cos & PM= dB sin ..(3)
Consider a diametrically opposite element at A. Due to the symmetry, the
magnetic field at P due to this current element is having the same magnitude but along
the direction PQ. Resolving this will give:
PS=dB Cos & PM= dB sin .(4)
Thus components PS & PS cancels and the field at P is due to the component
dB sin .
Therefore, the field due to all the elements of the coil is:
B = dB =
sin =

B=
B=

o Idl
sin .....(5), it acts along the positive x - direction.
4r 2

o IR

4 x + R
2

o IR

3
2 2

o IR

dl =

4 x + R
2

3
2 2

dl =

o IR

4 x + R
2

3
2 2

2R

2 x +R
2

1
R
and r = x 2 + R 2 2 ........(6) Sustituting (6) in Eqn (5) :
r

3
2 2

...........(7)

At the centre of the coil x=0

B=

o IR 2

2R 3
I
B= o
2R
IN
For N turns, field B = o
2R

Equation (7) becomes:

(c)

(i) State any two differences between a moving coil galvanometer and a tangent
galvanometer.
(ii) What is the use of a Cyclotron?
Ans:- (i)
(1)The operation of moving coil galvanometer depends on the force acting on a
current carrying conductor in a magnetic field where as tangent galvanometer works
on the principle of the tangent law.
(2) A moving coil galvanometer with its dead beat nature can be used to measure the
current directly and faster than the tangent galvanometer.
(ii) A cyclotron is used to accelerate protons and deuterons for artificial transmutation
of elements.

Question 4
(a)
What is meant by the time constant of an L-R circuit?
When the current flowing through a coil P decreases from 5A to 0 in 0.2 s, an
emf of 60V is induced across the terminals of an adjacent coil Q. Calculate the
coefficient of mutual inductance of the two coils P and Q
Ans:- The time constant is defined as the time required by the current in an L-R circuit
to fall to 0.368th of its steady value.
OR
The time constant is defined as the time required by the current in an L-R circuit
to grow to 0.632th of its steady value.
M =

(b)

Ans:-

[3]

60
60 0.2
e
=
=
= 12.4 H
5
dI
5
0.2
dt

When an alternating emf e = 300 Sin(100t + /6) volt is applied to a circuit, the
current I through it is I=5.0Sin(100t /6)ampere. Find the (i) phase
difference between the emf and the current (ii) average power consumed by the
circuit.
(i)
(ii)

[3]

Phase difference = /6 (/6) = /3 rad.

Pa = IrmsVrms Cos
I0

V0

Cos
2
2
IV
300 0.5
= 0 0 Cos =
Cos = 37.5W
3
2
2

(c)

Obtain an expression for the resonant frequency fo of a series LCR circuit.

[3]

Ans:- The impedance (Z) of an L-C-R circuit is given by:

2

2
Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) = R 2 + L
, where L is the self inductance, C the
C

capacitance and , the angular frequency.

The phase difference between the current and voltage in the circuit is given by:
1
X L X C L C
. When XL = XC, the current and voltage will be in the
tan =
=
R
R

same phase and Z will have the minimum value and the current becomes
maximum.
This condition is called the resonance.
At resonance: XL = XC.
7

[3]

1
C
1
=
LC

L =

fo =

1
=
2 2 LC

fo is called the resonant frequency.

SECTION B (Answer any two questions)
Question 5
(a)
Draw a neat labeled diagram and explain the working of Michelsons method for
the determination of speed of light in air.
The speed of red light in vacuum is 299792458 ms-1. What is the speed of red
light in glass of refractive index 1.5?
Ans:-

[4]

TP

M5

M3

M2

C2

C1

3
8

Slit
Source of
light

M4

M1

The most important part of the experimental setup is an octagonal mirror M

which can be uniformly rotated about its centre.
A well collimated beam of light from a powerful source is incident on the first
face of the rotating mirror M and the reflected beam is received at the eye piece E
after traveling through a distance of 70 km. The multiple reflections are carried
out by plane mirrors M1 to M5 and two concave mirrors C1 and C2 as kept in the
diagram.
If the mirror M is at rest and the beam of light is reflected from the first face is
will be received after reflection from the fifth face. As the mirror is rotated the
beam of light received at the eye piece flickers and becomes once again steady
when the sixth face replaces the fifth face. It means that the time required for the
beam to travel twice the distance between the stations at C1 and C2 is the same as
the time required for the mirror to turn one of its faces ( or one by eight of a
rotation)
Let n be the frequency of rotation of the mirror M and d, the distance between the
stations ,then:
Speed of light in air = v =

2d
= 16nd .
1
8n

Refractive index = Speed of light in air/Speed of light in the medium.

Speed of light in the medium= Speed of light in air/ Refractive index
= 299792458 /1.5 =199861639ms-1.
(b)
How are electromagnetic waves produced? Which vector of the electromagnetic
wave is responsible for the optical effects?
Ans:- An oscillating (or accelerated) electron beam produces electromagnetic waves.

[2]

The electric vector is responsible for the optical effects.

8

(c)

Ans:-

Draw labeled graphs showing the variation in intensity with angular position of
(i) diffracted light in a single slit diffraction experiment and (ii) interfered light in
double slit interference experiment.

[2]

(i)
Intensity of fringes

Angular distance from the centre ()

(ii)
Intensity of fringes

Distance from the centre (x)

Question 6
[3]
(a)
Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
What is the refractive index of the medium for which its critical angle with air is
42o?
Explain one practical application in communication.
Ans:- When a ray of light traveling from optically denser to rarer medium, if the angle
of incidence in the denser medium is greater than the critical angle for the pare of
media, the light ray is reflected back into the denser medium. This phenomenon is
called total internal reflection.
m
1
1
=
=
a SinC Sin42 o
m = 1.49.

(b)

Total internal reflection is applied in optical fibers which are used for data
transfer in communication.
With the help of a neat labeled ray diagram derive lens makers formula for
refraction through a thin bi-convex lens.

Ans:-

N1

[3]

N2

n1

n1
n2

C2
R2

C1

I1

R1

v1

The ray OA from the medium of refractive index n1 is incident at the convex
surface and bend (AB) towards the normal C1N1 and forms an image I1 in the
denser medium n2. Thus:
9

n 2 n1 n 2 n1
=
......(i )
v1 u
R1

Since the second surface is concave for the ray AB in the denser medium n2, the
refracted ray BI bends away from the normal C2N2 and the final image I is
formed in the rarer medium n1.Thus:
n1 n2 n1 n 2

=
......(ii )
v v1
R2

Adding equations (i) and (ii):

1
n1 n1
1

= (n 2 n1 )
v u
R1 R2
1
n
1 1
1

= ( 2 1)
v u
n1
R1 R2
1
1 1
1
where n is the refractive index of the lens medium
= (n 1)
v u
R1 R2
with respect to the medium in which it is placed.
If u = and v = f, the focal length of the lens;
1
1
1
..........(iii )
= (n 1)
f
R1 R2

(c)

The above equation is called the lens makers equation.

When two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact, prove that their [2]
combined focal length f is given by

1
1
1
=
+
f
f1 f 2

Ans:O

I1

I
u

v1

L1 L2

Let f1 and f2 be the focal lengths of the two thin lenses respectively. The first lens
L1 forms a real image at I1 of an object kept at O.

1
1 1
= ..........(i )
f1 v1 u

This real image acts as a virtual object for the lens L1 and a real image is formed
at I.

1
1 1
= + ..........(i )
f2
v1 v

When lenses are combined:

1
1
1 1
1
+
= + .=
f2 f2
u v
f

1
1
1
=
+
f
f2 f2

Where f is the combined focal length of the combination.

Question 7
(a)
(i) Define the term dispersive power of a prism.
[3]
(ii) Derive an expression for the condition for achromatic combination of two thin
lenses in contact.
Ans:(i)
Dispersive power is defined as the ratio of the angular dispersion
between two colours to the mean deviation caused to the emergent rays
after dispersion of white light from a prism.
(ii) Let fR,fV and fY be the focal lengths of first lens for red, violet and
yellow colours respectively. Let be its dispersive power. Then:
10

1
1

=
..........(i )
fV
fR
fY

Let f1R,f1V and f1Y be the focal lengths of second lens for red, violet and
yellow colours respectively. Let 1 be its dispersive power. Then:

1
1 1

= 1 ..........(ii )
f V1 f R1
fY

When both lenses are combined.

Adding (i) and (ii) gives:

fY

1
fY1

Where FV and FR are the focal length of the combination of lenses for colours
violet and red respectively.
For achromatic combination, the focal length FV = FR.

fY

fY

f Y1
=

=0

1
f Y1

This is the condition for achromatic combination.

(b)
What is shortsightedness? How is it corrected?
A person has his near point at distance 0.5m. What type of lens he must use for
correction? Calculate the power of that lens.
Ans:- It is a defect of the eye in which the person can see the nearby objects but not
able to see far away objects. It is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
power.

[3]

Here : u = D= - 0.25m; v= -0.50m

1
1 1
= +
f
u v
1
1
1
1
P=
+
=

= 4 2 = +2dioptre.
0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5

(c)

The positive sign shows that the person must use a convex lens.
(i) Define resolving power of telescope.
(ii) State one advantage of a reflecting telescope over refracting telescope

[2]

Ans:- (i)It is the ability of the telescope to produce two distant closely placed objects as
two distinct objects. It is given by:
R.P =

d
rad 1 Where d is the diameter of the objective and , the wavelength
1.22

of the light used to observe the distant objects.

(ii) Reflecting telescopes are free from chromatic aberration.
SECTION C(Answer any two questions)
Question 8
(a)
(i) How are cathode rays produced? Write down any two properties of cathode
rays.
(ii) What is the principle of e/m of electrons by Thomsons method?
Ans:- (i)Cathode rays are produced in a highly evacuated discharge tube under very
high potential when highly accelerated positive ions hits the cathode of the
discharge tube.
Cathode rays can ionize gases.
Cathode rays are deflected in electric and magnetic fields.
(ii) Electrons can be deflected in a magnetic and an electric field. When both
fields are crossed the velocity of electrons = Electric field / magnetic field.
(b)
Write down Einsteins photoelectric equation and explain the terms: threshold
frequency and work function of an emitter.

[2]

[3]

11

Ans:- Einsteins photoelectric equation is : 1 mv 2 = h( )2

max
o
2

Where;
m- mass of electron
vmax-maximum velocity acquired by the photoelectron
- the frequency of incident radiation
o- the threshold frequency, and
h- the Plancks constant.
Threshold frequency:- It is the lowest frequency for the incident radiation on the
emitter below which no photoelectric emission is possible.
Work function:- It is the minimum energy required for the incident radiation to
release electrons from the emitter.
(c)
Explain Geiger-Marsden experiment of alpha ray scattering with proper
illustration and derive an expression for the nuclear radius in terms of closest
approach of alpha particles to the nucleus.
Ans:- In the alpha ray scattering experiment, Geiger and Marsden found that the
scattering of alpha particles by the nucleus is in accordance with the Coulombs
law of interaction between charges.
- particles (+2e)

+Ze

[3]

Nucleus

rO

A few alpha particles will collide with the nucleus of the atom head-on and
scattered at an angle of nearly 180o.
At the distance of closest approach the potential energy of the -particle is:
U=

1
4 o

(Ze )(2e) .....(i) . This energy is derived from the kinetic energy of the ro

particle, K.
U = K =
ro =

(Ze )(2e )

4 o

ro

2 Ze 2
.........(ii )
4 o K
1

Equation (ii) gives the value of distance of closest approach to the nucleus and its
gives an estimate of the size of the nucleus.
Question 9
(a)
What is meant by mass defect?
Draw sketch graph showing binding energy per nucleon against mass number of
elements and based on the graph explain nuclear fission.
Ans:- The difference between the masses of the nucleons of a nucleus and the rest-mass
of the nucleus is called the mass defect.
8.8

B.E per nucleon (MeV)

Fe56
O2

U238

Li7

1.0
0

(b)

[3]

H2
Mass number (A)

From the above graph it is clear those elements having greater mass numbers
have lower binding energy per nucleon. Hence they split into two lighter nuclei to
increase their binding energy for better stability. Thus nuclear fission takes place.
How are X-rays produced?
[3]
With the help of a sketch graph explain the continuous and characteristic nature
of X-ray spectrum.
12

Ans:- X-rays are produced when fast moving cathode rays bombard heavy metals
having high melting points in a Coolidge tube.
K-Series

Intensity

L-Series

min
Wavelength

The X-ray emitted by a target contains two types of spectra:

(i)A continuous spectra and (ii) line spectra superimposed on the continuous
spectra. The positions of intensity peaks are characteristics of the target used.
These are called characteristic X-rays. The continuous spectrum has a
minimum wavelength depends on the voltage applied to the X-ray tube. As the
voltage is increased the continuous spectrum moves towards the right.
(c)

What are matter waves?

Calculate the wavelength of electrons of accelerated by a potential of 150V.
Ans:- The wave associated with moving particle is called matter waves. It is
independent of the charge carried by the particle. Its wave length is given by:
=

[2]

h
mv

We have for wave length of electron:

=

O
150
150
=
= 1.0 A
V
150

Question 10
(a)
Draw a labeled energy band diagrams for a conductor, semiconductor and an
insulator.
Ans:Conduction Band
Valance Band

Conduction Band

Energy Gap
Overlaps

[3]

Conduction Band

Energy Gap (1.1eV)

Energy Gap ( >6eV)

Valance Band

Conductor

Semiconductor

Valance Band
Insulator

(b)

With the help of a labeled common emitter n-p-n transistor circuit explain how
electromagnetic oscillations are produced?
Ans:- Principle:An oscillator is an electronic device having an amplifier and a positive feedback
circuit. It produces sustained electrical oscillations of constant frequency and
amplitude without an input.

[3]

L1
C
B

n-p-n
E

C1
+

B1

B2

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The emitter- base is forward biased and the collector-emitter is reverse biased.
When the key K is closed, a small collector current flows through the circuit. Since
L and L1 are inductively coupled this current aids the forward biasing and the
collector current increases. The electrical energy will be stored in the magnetic
field of the coil L. When it reaches the maximum value no more current flows
through it and the magnetic field decreases. This change in magnetic flux produces
an induced current which charges the capacitor. The alternate charging and
discharging of the capacitor through the coil produces electrical oscillations of
constant magnitude and frequency.
The frequency of oscillation depends on the values of inductance of the coil and
the capacitance of the capacitor by the following relation:
f =

(c)

1
2 LC

Prepare a table for the combination of gates shown in Figure 8 below:

A

[2]

Ans:-

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

Y
0
1
1
1

In the combination of gates, the first one is a NOR gate and

the second one a NAND gate. The NAND gate is made into a
NOT gate. Thus a NOR is NOTed to get an OR gate.
The combination is an OR gate.
Useful Constants and Relations:
1 Sped of light in vacuum
(c)
= 3.0 x 108 ms-1
2 Planks constant
(h)
= 6.6 x 10-34 Js
3 Constant for Columbs law 1 = 9 x 109 mF-1

4
5
6
7
8

Charge of an electron
Mass of an electron
1 electron volt
The radius of earth

(e)
(me)
(1 eV)
1 nm

=
=
=
=
=

-1.6 x 10-19 C
9x10-31kg.
1.6 x10-19 J
10-9 m
6400km

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