Pronouns

AZZMALRAWI

: :Personal Pronouns1

I, You, He, She, It, They, We -: : Subject Pronouns

me, you, him , her , it , them , us -: : Object Pronouns
.

Subject

Plural

We

He

She

Singular

It

They

You

Object

Plural

me

us

him

her

Singular

them

you

you

Examples

it
You

1.

I am a doctor.

2.

Samy visited me yesterday.

3.

He is my friend.

4.

I welcomed him.

5.

We visited our friend.

6.

They welcomed us.

7.

I invited them.

8.

She met her uncle yesterday.

9.

We shall visit you tomorrow.

. )(

10. You should help the old man.

.
.
.


-: Possessive Pronouns 2

Singular

my

mine

his

his

her

hers

its

its

your

yours

Plural

our

ours

their

theirs

your

yours

.( )( Possessive Adjectives) .1

.( ) .2

Examples

AZZMALRAWI
1. It is my pen.

.
.

2.

It is mine.

3.

It is not yours.

4.

I found his bag.

5.

This bag is his.

6.

This is our garden.

7.

This garden is ours.

8.

They entered their garden.

9.

That garden is theirs.

10. Did you bring your car?

11. This car is yours.

.( )

.
.
.
.

.

Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3
: ).

.( selves) ( ) self ( )

.(


Singular

Plural

myself

He

himself

She

herself

It
You

itself

yourself

We

ourselves

They

themselves

You

yourselves

( / )

( / )

/
( / )

Examples
. /

1. I blamed myself.

. /

2. He blamed himself.

. /

3. You blamed yourself.

. /

4. You blamed yourselves.

. /

5. They blamed themselves

6. Mr. Ahmed himself visited me.

.( )
.

7. The manager himself visited him.

: DemonstrativeAdjectives4

this

these

that / those

( this, that, these, those ) DemonstrativePronouns

.(noun)
1. This pen is mine.

2. This is my pen.

.( )

3. Those are book.

.
.


Examples
.

1. This is my book in my hand.

2. That book on the shelf is not mine.

3. These pupils in this class are very clever.

4. Those pupils in that class are not clever.

Exercise No. 1

*) Choose the right answer between brackets:1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

The window is green. (He She It) is not yellow.

Usama is standing up. (He She It) is not sitting down.
The pencils are in the box. (He They We) are not on the table. The plane is in the air.
(She It He They) is flying to Cairo.
My name is Ahmed. (I Me My) am fifteen years old.
(We Our Us) are students.
(Yours You Your) are teachers.
(Your Yours You) books are new.
He is doing his work; I am doing (my mine me).
He is doing his work; I am doing (my mine me) work.
The girl is drinking milk. She is drinking (she it they he) from the glass.
The children are eating apples. They are eating (them her him) in the room.
You should do your homework by (yourself himself herself).
We finished our homework. We finished it by (ourselves themselves yourself).
I always depend on (himself myself herself).
The boys helped the old man. They helped him (ourselves themselves herself).
The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of (themselves herself yourself).
(Those This That) girls are playing basketball.
(This These That) pupils are polite.
(This These Those) bag is mine.

Patience is a key to relief.


The Verb

).(Verb

(Full verb1 : travel visit give

:
.

) (

1. He always travels to France.

) (

2. He is travelling to France now.

Helping ( Auxiliary )Vereb2

:
- write ........ buy ).(verb

.1 .

.2 .

.3 ).(Passive
.

) (not :
.

1. They are students.

2. They are not students.

)( :

1. He is a doctor.

?2. Is he a doctor


Forms of Verb

The Infinitive 1

to to ( base)

: (base infinitive)

(to) play

(to) sing

(to) be

The Present 2

are I am : to be to

:
play

sing

am (are)

The Present with 3rd person singular 3

.( s) ( - s)
plays

sings

is

The Past 4

(Irregular Verbs) ) .( -ed)

.(Helping Verbs)
played

sang

was (were)

The Past Participle 5

(Irregular Verbs) ) . ( -ed)

.(Helping Verbs)
played

sung

been

The Present Participle 6

.( ing) ( -ing)
playing

singing

being

Infinitive
(base)

Present

3
Present with 3rd
person singular

(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be

play
sing
am (are)

(-s form)
plays
sings
is

4
Past

5
Past
Participle

6
Present
Participle

played
sang
was (were)

(-ed form)
played
sung
been

(-ing form)
playing
singing
being

:( to be) .1
to be

am

is

are

was

were

been

being

(s) .2

(present) : .(ing)
(base) (past participle) (past)
:(to) ( infinitive)

Past

Past participle

smile

smiled

smiled

bring

brought

brought

rose

risen

Present

rise

.{( } P.P) (Past Participle)

( Finite Verbs) .3
.

( present participle) ( past participle) ( infinitive) .4

. (Non-finites or Infinities)

) .5
: (

1. Dina is playing.
2. He has gone home.

(finite + non-finite)

(finite + non-finite)

Finite Verb

Do good and cast it into the sea.

7

Helping Verbs

Verb To Be

Verb To Do

Verb To Have

Defective Verbs

1- Verb To Be
be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being
Pronoun

Past

Present

was

is

was

are

were

am

He , She , It
We , They , You

be

am, is

was

been
are

were

Examples
1.

I am a teacher.

2.

He is a doctor.

3.

Huda is not a nurse.

4.

I was doing my home work.

5.

I and Ali are neighbors.

6.

Are you a doctor?

7.

Was she angry yesterday?

8.

Today, he is better.

9.

You are not a teacher.

10. They were given a good lesson yesterday.

.
.
.


.
.
.

Verb To Be .1
.

.(n't) not Verb To Be .2

am , is , are , was , were

Exercise No. 2

(n't) not

I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

The window........ green.

I ......... in the classroom.
We ........ students.
There ........ a pen and two pencils on the table.
There ........ two pencils and a pen on the table.

II) Put (was) or (were) in the spaces:1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

My brother ....... ill yesterday.

They ........ students five years ago.
Huda and Nabila ........ in the hospital last month.
There ........ no planes two hundreds years ago.
There ........ a map here last week .

Cowards die often.

: are is am

: were was


2- Verb To Do
do, does
Pronoun

did

I , We , They , You

do
does

He , She , It

Past

did

do + play = play

does +

= s +

does + play = plays

did +

did + play = played

do

Present

. .1
.( n't) not .2

do not = don't

does not = doesn't

did not = didn't

Examples
1.

I do not like smoking.

2.

He does not remember her name.

3.

We do not go to school on Friday.

4.

Do you speak English?

5.

Did she go to school yesterday?

6.

Does he live in Gaza?

I do my home work everyday.

7.

( )

Exercise No. 3
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

10

... he bring money yesterday?

She .. not speak Arabic.
I not care.
I and Huda . not go to school today.
.. Samy like smoking?

: did does do


3- Verb To Have
have, has

Pronoun

had

Present

I , We , They , You

have

He , She , It

has

Past

had

. not
has not = hasn't

have not = haven't

had not = hadn't

Examples
.

1. I have a new bag.

2. Samy has a larger bag.

3. The cat has a tail.

4. I had a key but I lost it.

5. We had a useful lesson yesterday.

6. Has Huda got any sisters?

7. Huda has not got any sisters.

8. I have done my work.

Exercise No. 4
*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

: has have

I ............... a new watch.

You ........... a red pen.
Usama ............... a green pencil.
We .............. dinner before we go to bed.
Ramzy ............... breakfast at home.
He ............. two sisters.

Many hands make light work.

11

4- Defective Verbs

Present
shall
can
may

Past

/ should
could
/ might

Present

will

Past

must

had to (ought to)

ought to

would

( ) .1
. go went gone :

.(had to) must ought to .2

.( ) to ( s) .3

. We I shall .4

.(They, You, He, She, It) : will .5

Examples

1. I can carry this heavy bag .

2. The train will move

3. I shall come again.

4. We should help our parents.

5. They may meet us in Gaza.

6. Students must get up early.

7. Can you carry this bag?

8. She couldn't understand me yesterday.

He is rich that has few wants.

12


Exercise No. 5

*) Choose the correct answer between brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

-:

She must (help - helps - helped) her mother.

Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday.
Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls.
My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me.
A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard.
We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.

. be, have, do .1

.it, she, he has, does, was, is .2

Manners make the man.

13

Tenses of The Verb

( infinitive) .....go visit : (Full Verb)

-:

.( Tense)

Present

Simple

Past

Continuous Perfect

Simple

Future

Continuous Perfect

Simple

1. The Present Simple Tense

1) Formation :-

(s) ( )
: (he , she , it)
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
[

1. Ali drinks tea.

drink + s = drinks

2. Huda plays football.

play + s = plays

3. He eats a cake.

eat

4. I play basketball

play

+ s = eats

:( he, she, it)

(es) ( sh, ch, o, x, ss) -: .1

-: (s)

wash + es = washes

watch + es = watches

wish + es = wishes

teach + es = teaches

finish + es = finishes

mix + es = mixes

14


go + es = goes

fix + es = fixes

do + es = does

pass + es = passes

cross + es = crosses

match + es = matches

(y) ( y) .2
-: ( ies)

try

tries

cry

cries

study

studies

fly

flies

( s ) ( ( ) y ) .3
-: ( y )

play + s = plays

obey + s = obeys

buy + s = buys

enjoy + s = enjoys

say + s = says
stay + s = stays

( a, e, i , o, u )vowels

2) Usage:
:

-: (fact) .1
.

1. The earth moves around the sun.

2. They play football every week.

-: (habit) .2
.

1. Samy goes to school every morning.

2. Boys go to school at the age of six.

3) Key words

never

often

generally

usually

frequently

sometimes

rarely

(... )

seldom

every.

15

always

.1 ) (every .

.2
) (fact ) (habit

-:

The earth moves around the sun.

) . ) (move .

.3 ) (to .
4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:
) + don't +(.

.1 ) (s
.2 ) (s

)?... + .(Do +

.3 ) (s ) (es

) + doesn't + (.

.4 ) (s ) (es

)?... + .(Does +

Interrogative

Negative

Examples

I speak English.
I don't speak English.
?Do you speak English
.
.

1.

Ali speaks English.

Ali doesn't speak English.
?Does Ali speak English
.
.

2.

Huda washes the car.

Huda doesn't wash the car.
?Does Huda wash the car
.
.

3.

Examples
.
.
.
.
.

Samy usually stays at home everyday.

1.

It often rains in winter.

2.

Ahmed always watches TV at night.

3.

Always they watch TV at night.

4.

Ameera never visits us.

5.

16


Exercise No. 6

I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

-:

He sometimes (take takes to take) the bus to school.

We generally (spoke speaks speak) Arabic.
He (watch watches is watching) the news on TV every evening.
I always (meet meets meeting) him on the corner of this street.
The sun (give giving gives is giving) us light.
He usually (drives drive is driving) very fast.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

-:

I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk.

He always (reach) school late.
He never (visit) us.
He rarely (answer) my letters.
Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish.
Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television.
He always (study) Arabic at school.
She usually (get) up early.
The moon sometimes (shine) at night.
He (to visit) his uncle every week.

The exception proves the rule.

17

2.The Past Simple Tense

1) Formation:-
.

1. I watched TV yesterday.

2. The wolf ran away.

3. Hanan met her friend at school.

|
(irregular)(regular) 1
( ed) (Regular Verbs)
-: ( d)

help - helped - helped

smile - smiled - smiled

watch - watched - watched

) ( ed) .1
: (
travel + ed = travelled

stop + ed = stopped

( y) ( y ) ( ed) .2
-: (ied)

study + ed = studied

deny + ed = denied

carry + ed = carried

cry

+ ed = cried

( ed) ( y) .3
-: (ied) ( y)

enjoy + ed = enjoyed

play + ed = played

: (ed) ( d) ( e) ( e) .4
invite + d = invited

prove + d = proved

18

smile + d = smiled
exercise + d = exercised

:(Irregular Verbs)

2) Usage:-
-:

. .1

. .2

-: .3
.

I met him yesterday.

-: .4
When I was on holiday, I swam everyday.

3) Key words
.
yesterday
once

in olden times

one day

just now
in the past

ago
last...

last night

last month

4) The Past Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:

: .1
did not
: .2
Did?
Examples

Negative

They went to school.

They didn't go to school.
.
.
The wolf ran away.
The wolf didn't run away.
.
.
19

Interrogative
Did they go to school?

Did the wolf run away?


Examples
.

1. Ahmed travelled to Japan last week.

2. Samy wrote the letter.

3. My father bought a new car last year.

4. Huda studied lesson ten a week ago.

.
.

5. We invited them for lunch three days ago.

Exercise No. 7
*) Correct the verbs in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ahmed . (buy) a new bicycle last week.

She . (make) a cake yesterday.
Two months ago, we (have) a holiday.
Samy . (to climb) a tree yesterday.
I (finish) my work two hours ago.

A stitch in time saves nine.

20


Conjugation of Verbs
Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs

( past participle) (( ) past tense) ( )

.( ) .d ed

Present or infinitive

Meaning
Past

Past participle

prove

proved

proved

help

helped

helped

burn

burnt

burnt

.(d) ( e) .1
Present or infinitive

Meaning
Past

Past participle

arrive

arrived

arrived

change

changed

changed

invite

invited

invited

( i) ( y) ( y) .2
.( ed)

Present or infinitive

Meaning
Past

Past participle

cry

cried

cried

marry

married

married

study

studied

studied

( y) (( )y) .3
.( ed)

Present or infinitive

21

Meaning
Past

Past participle

enjoy

enjoyed

enjoyed

obey

obeyed

obeyed

play

played

played

stay

stayed

stayed


( ed) .4
.(

Present or infinitive

Meaning
Past

Past participle

stop

stopped

stopped

travel

travelled

travelled

Present or
infinitive
Meaning

act
damage
ask
believe
attack
blink
arrive
belong to
boil
call
borrow
carry
change
chase
check
clean
close
climb
compare
collect
compute
condense
correct
cook
control
copy
correct
count
crawl
cross
dance
22

Past

Past
participle

acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived

acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived

belonged to

belonged to

boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced

boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced

Present or
infinitive

describe
die
disappear
dive
dream
drop
earn
end
enjoy
erupt
evaporate
exercise
explain
explode
finish
float
fold
follow
form
guess
happen
hate
heat
hope
hurry up
introduce
join
jump
kick
kill
land

Past

Past
participle

described
died
disappeared
/ dived

dreamed

dropped
earned

ended

enjoyed
( )erupted

evaporated

exercised

explained

exploded

finished

floated
/ folded

followed

formed

guessed

happened

hated

heated

hoped

hurried up

introduced

joined

jumped

kicked

killed

landed

described
died
disappeared
dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed

Meaning


Present or
Past
infinitive
Meaning
Past
participle

Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle

lift
like
listen
live
load
look after
look at
look for
look good

lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good

lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good

remember
replay
report
rest
revise
sail
scream
shop
shout

look up

looked up

looked up

love
marry
match
measure
mend
milk

loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked

remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted

remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted

slope

sloped

sloped

loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked

sow
start
stay
stop
support
store

sowed
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored

sowed (sown)

switched on

switched on

talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated

talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated

travelled

travelled

started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored

miss

missed

missed

switch on

move
need
open
order
own
paint
pass

moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed

moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed

talk
taste
tie
thank
touch
train
translate

phone

phoned

phoned

travel

pick
plant

picked
planted

picked
planted

try
turn

tried
turned

tried
turned

play

played

played

type

typed

typed

plough
point to
post
pour
practice
prefer

ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred

ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred

use
visit
wait
want
wash
watch

used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched

used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched

pretend

pretended

pretended

water

watered

watered

pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received

pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received

weigh
welcome
work
worry

pronounce
pull
push
rain
receive

23

/
/

weighed
welcomed
/ worked

worried

weighed
welcomed
worked
worried


:The Irregular Verbs

Present or
infinitive

abide
agree
am
are
arise
awake
be
bear
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bet
bid
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blend
blend
blow
break
breed
bring
bring up
broadcast
build
burn
burst
buy
can
cast
catch
choose
cling
24

Meaning

/
/

/
/
/

Past

abode
agreed
was
were
arose
awoke
was / were
bore
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
betted
bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blent
blended
blew
broke
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt (burned)

burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
clang

Past
participle

abode
agreed
been
been
arose
awoken
been
born
borne
beat (en)
become
begun
bent
bet
bet
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blent
blended
blown
broken
bred
brought
brought up

broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
---cast
caught
chosen
clung

Present
or
infinitive

Meaning

Past

clothe
come
cost
creep
cut
dare
deal
dig
do/does
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang

Past
participle

clothed
came
cost
crept
cut

clothed
come
cost
crept
cut

dared (durst)

dared (durst)

dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (ed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
/ / flung

flew

forbade
/
forecast

foretold

forgot
/ forgave
/ forsook

froze

got
/
gave

went

ground
/ / grew

hung

dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung

/
/

/
/


Present or
infinitive

hang
have / has
have to
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
is

Meaning

Past

Past participle

Present
or
infinitive

Meaning

hanged
had
had to
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
was

hanged
had
had to
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
been

say
see
seek
sell
send
set out
set aside
sew
shake

Past

Past
participle

said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewed
shook

said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewn
shaken

keep

kept

kept

shed

shed

shed

kneel

knelt

knelt

shine

shone

shone

knit (knitted)

knit

shoe

shod

shod

shot

shot

showed
shrank
shut
sang
sat
sank
slew
slept
slid

shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
sunk
slain
slept
slid

slung

slung

smelt (ed)

smelt (ed)

sowed
sped

sown
sped

spent

spent

spilt
span
spat
split
ran
rose
sawed
sold
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole

spilled
spun
spat
split
run
risen
sawn
sold

knit

know

knew

known

shoot

lade
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let

laded
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt

laden
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt

lie

learned (learnt)

learned (learnt)

left
lent
let

left
lent
let

show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
sink
slay
sleep
slide

lay

lain

sling

lied
lit (lighted)
lost

lied
lit (lighted)
lost

smell
sow
speed

lie
light
lose

make

made

made

spend

may
mean
meet
mistake
mow
overcome
pay
put
quit
read
rid
ride
ring

/
/
/

might
meant
met
mistook
mowed
overcame
paid
put
quit
read
rid
rode
rang

---meant
met
mistaken
mown
overcome
paid
put
quit
read
rid
ridden
rung

spill
spin
spit
split
run
rise
saw
sell
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal

25

/

/

spoilt (ed)

spread
sprung
stood
stolen


Present or
infinitive

Meaning

Past

Past
participle

stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
undergo
understand
undertake
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
win
wind
wring
write

/
/

/
/
/

/
/

//

/ /

stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swang
took
taught
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underwent
understood
undertook
upset
woke (ed)
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
wrote

stuck
stung
stunk
stridden
struck
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
undergone
understood
undertaken
upset
woken (ed)
worn
woven
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
written

26

3.The Present Continuous Tense

1) Formation:-
-:

am
is
are

I
He, She , It
They, You, We

+ + ing

1. I am watching TV now.

2. Samy is eating an apple.

3. We are doing our home work.

2) Usage:

-: .1
I am writing now.

.
-: .2

While she is making tea, I am reading her new book.

: .3
.

1. They are building a new school in our street.

2. The sun is shining this morning.

3) Key words

:
now

still

while

as

at this moment

Look!

at the present

Listen!

! /!

Smell!

! / !

as long as

27



.1

-:
) (

.2

He is going to buy some sugar.

) (e ) (ing-:

ride + ing = riding

write + ing = writing

ing = giving

give +

come + ing = coming

ing = inviting

invite +

smile + ing = smiling

.3

) (ee ) (ing:

.4

) (ing:

shut + ing = shutting

put + ing = putting

travel + ing

stop + ing = stopping

dig + ing

run + ing = running

= travelling

= digging

= swimming

swim + ing

) (t .
) (r .

.5

sit + ing = sitting

greet + ing = greeting

enter + ing = entering

) (ie ) (y ) (ing:

.6

agree + ing = agreeing

die + ing = dying

lie + ing = lying

) :
( ) ( -:

(Verbs of Sense) :

notice

see

taste

hear

observe

smell

touch

(Verbs of Thinking) :

mean
believe
think

understand
suppose

feel

know
28


: (Verbs of Emotion)

love

like

desire

hate

want

refuse

forgive

dislike
care

wish

: ( Verbs of Possessing )

own
belong

possess

Verb To Have, Verb To Be Helping Verbs

:

appear

disobey

seem

suit

fit

contain
obey
matter

consist of

The Present Simple

.
I am understanding; he is hating her.

I understand; he hates her.

I am seeing you tomorrow.

(Emphasis) ( ).
( Threat) ( )

Are you forgetting your promise?

Examples
1. The train is travelling now.
2. We are having a test at this moment.

.
.

3. Listen! The tractor is working.

.!

4. Look! The plane is crashing.

.!

5. I am drinking tea at this moment.

29


4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:
.(Verb To Be) ( not) 1
am, is, are + not + + ing
( Verb To Be) .2
. )(

Examples
1.
2.
3.

Negative

She is not working now. Is she working now?

She is working now.
.
.

They are playing.
I am playing.

They are not playing.

Are they playing?
.
.

I am not playing.
Are you playing?
.
.

Exercise No. 8
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting).

(Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)?
Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters.
Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now.
Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil.
The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment.
At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house.
I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teachers question now.
She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening.
. I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.

II) Correct the verbs in brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Interrogative

He (wait) for you at this moment.

You cant see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath.
He is (drive) his car.
Look! it (rain) heavily.
Now, we (hear) very well what he say.
I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now.

Glory to my God, the Greatest.

30

4.The Past Continuous Tense

1) Formation:

-:

I, He, She , It

was + + ing

They, You, We

were + + ing
.

1. I was walking in the street.

2. Ahmed was reading a story.

3. They were cooking the food.

2) Usage :

. .1
.

1. They were making a party yesterday.

2. They were sitting behind as she was driving her car.

. drive sit 2
: .2
While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.
.

. stop .1

. drive .2
3) Key words:

:
while
still

31

as
when

.1 while as
:

While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
.
.2 when
:

My mother was cooking, when I came.

.3 )
(......:

1. I was shopping all afternoon.

2. They were studying all day.

.4 as while .
.

While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend.

4) The Past Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:

.1

not ) (Verb To Be:

+ ing were + not + was

.2

) (Verb To Be

)( .

Interrogative

Negative

Examples

I was working.
I was not working.
?Were you working
.
.

They were working. They were not working.
?Were they working
2.
.
.

1.

.
.

Examples
1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy.
2. While we were having supper, all lights went out.

The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked
into the room.
.
.

.

3.

4. He was reading a book, when the bell rang.

5. Yesterday, he was watching a good film on TV.
32


Exercise No. 9

I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
sleeping - still slept).
He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
- studies).
She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).

The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath.

She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was
10.
beginning) to cry.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house.

He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath.
She (cook) all morning yesterday.
As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door.
As we (to play), it (rain).
The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come).
What you (do) when I came in?
As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us.
The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move).
He (watch) TV, when I (come).

He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained.

33

5. The Present Perfect Tense

1Formation: )
-:
have has + Past Participle (P.P)
()
I, They, We, You
He, She, It

have + P.P
has + P.P

Examples
.

1. I have finished my homework.

2. Nader has written a letter.

3. They have met their teacher.

2) Usage :

: ( ) .1
.( ) .

We have just received this letter.

: .2
.( ) .

Maged has learnt English recently.

: .3
We have already written the letter.
Or: We have written the letter already.

.( ) .

: .4
She has changed some words in the contract.

) .

.(

3Key words :
:
already

34

just

ever

( )

since

yet

for

never

recently

lately

.1 )( )(.
.

I have finished my work.

.2 just already just

already .
have, has + P.P + already

have, has + already (just) + P.P

.3 ) yet ( -:
)(.

He has not received the money yet.

.4 ) ever ( .

.5 ) never( ever.

.6 ever
-:

)(

?Have you ever travelled by air

)(

Yes, I have travelled by air.

)(

No, I have never travelled by air.

.7 ) recently( ) (P.P -:

.8 ) since(

I have recently written a new book.

Recently, I have written a new book.

.
since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last etc
1995.

.9 ) for(

I haven't seen Ahmed since 1995.

.
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years ..etc

She has been in London for seventeen years.

.10 since .
.

I have come here since you left.

4) The Present Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:

not ) : have.(has
35

( has have : )
. )(

Examples

Negative

Interrogative
Have you finished work?

1.

I have finished work.

.

I have not finished work.

.

2.

Samia has met Mona.

.

Samia has not met Mona. Has Samia met Mona?

.

Exercise No. 10

*) Correct the verbs in the following sentences:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I . (not, see) my friend since last month.

Hatem . (already, eat) his breakfast.
Hassan .. (never, be) to Jordan.
I and Ali . (finish) the work yet.
She .. (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.

It is no use crying over silt milk.

36

6.The Past Perfect Tense

1) Formation:
:
had + past participle (P.P)

1. She had bought a paper.

2. They had met their friends.

2) Usage:

.

After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school.

.
3) Key words :

:
before

until

after

by the time

as soon as

till

.( ( ) before Before) before .1
(past perfect

before

(had + P.P)

(past simple)

.( ( ) after After) after .2

(Past simple)

after

37

(Past perfect
(had + P.P)


. : .3

1. After I had done my home work, I played football.

2. I had washed my face before I came to school.
4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:

.(had) not

)( ( had)
.

Examples

Negative

Interrogative

Had she made a cake?

She had made a cake.
She had not made a cake.
.
.

We had written a letter.
We had not written a letter.
Had they written a letter?
2.
.
.

1.

Exercise No. 11

*) Correct the verbs between brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Mazen .. (drink) much tea before he (finish) his supper.

After Nadia .... (cook) the food, her father (come).
They (leave) Rafah before I . (reach).
Samy . (go) to school after he . (take) his breakfast.
She .. (thank) him because he (save) her daughter.
The police (arrest) the thief who (steal) the bag.

If you want peace, be prepared for war.

38


7.The Future Simple Tense

1) Formation:
:

shall will + (infinitive)

: We I ( shall ).1
(I , We

shall + Infinitive)
-: ( will ).2

( He, She, It, They, You

will + infinitive)
.

1. I shall meet Mohammed tomorrow.

2. They will visit us next Friday.

3. Shadia will come next month.

2) Usage:

. .1
.

1. They will visit us tomorrow.

2. Cars will move without petrol in the future.

. .2
.

I shall see you tomorrow.

3) Key words:
:
tomorrow
next .....

... / tonight

next (week, month, year, )

39

in the future

soon


Examples
1. The match will begin soon.

2. Ramy will travel tomorrow.

.
.

3. I shall watch TV tonight.

4. It will be hot in the future.

5. She will come back next year.

4)The Future Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:

.(shall will) ( not)

shall will not +

shall will

. )(

.'( ll ) shall will .1

.( ) shan't

.( ) won't

shall not

will not

: .2
am / is / are + going to
1. He is going to read a new story.
2. Shadi is going to weekend in London.

Examples

()
(Planning) ()

Negative

.
Interrogative

1.

I shall go to school.
I shan't go to school.
Will you go to school?
.
.

2.

He will leave school.

He won't leave school.
Will he leave school?
.
.

3.

He'll come to school.

He won't come to school.
Will he come to school?

.
.

40


Exercise No.12

I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house.

He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow.
We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week.
Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea.
Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

She (clean) the rooms tomorrow.

We (see) him next Friday.
Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday.
My father (be) forty next May.
I (take) the exam next Tuesday.
Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow.
Nadia (study) at home tomorrow.
We (meet) Ali next week.
When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock.
He (leave) in a few days.

Birds of a feather flock together.

41


Exercise No. 13

General Exercises on Tenses

I) Correct the verbs between brackets:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

He usually (visit) us once a month.

I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes.
He (live) in England since 1985.
We (finish) the project by the end of the year.
Many planets ( to move) round the sun.
He (travel) to France next week.
If you think it over, you (see) I am right.
The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills.
After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door.
I (wait) her till she comes back.
I (wait) her till she came back.
Samy (come) tomorrow.
My uncle (become) better.
She (leave) London before we (reach).
I (not see) my friend since his absence.
I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a caf.
The pupils (learn) English grammar now.
Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil.
While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents.
Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast.
They (buy) some fruits now.
A policeman always (direct) traffic there.
Rain (fall) heavily tonight.
He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France.
She (see) the accident before she (go) to school.

II) Choose the correct answers between brackets: :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
42

I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?


8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

Have you (did - do - done) your work?

She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.
Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad.
Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave).
Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was
receiving) a telephone call.
We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon.
They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow.
Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem?
I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem.
Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot.
While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.
Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping).
By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang rung).
As soon as he (had finished finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang rung).
She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays.
What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher
entered?
I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.
He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.

The exception proves the rule.

43



Tense

Formation
:

The Present Simple

:
I, You, We, They
s +

Examples
1) I play football.
.

doesn't +
He, She, It :

The Present
Continuous

44

1) They watched TV.

.
2) He studied the lesson.
.

:
am, is, are + + ing

Do + . ?

Does + +. ?
He, She, It :

He doesn't read a story.

Does he read a story?
.

He, She, It

The Past Simple

don't +

Interrogative

I, You, We, They : I, You, We, They :

I don't play football.
Do you play football?
2) He reads a story.
.

.

:
:

Negative

didn't +

Did +...?

1) They didn't watch TV.

1) Did they watch TV?
.

2) He didn't study the lesson.
2) Did he study the lesson?
.

1) I am writing now.
Am, Is, Are + + + ing ?
am, is, are + not + ing
.
1) I am not writing now
1) Are you writing now?
2) He is reading a story.
.

.
2) Is he reading a story?
2) He is not reading a story.
3) They are walking.

.
.
3) Are they walking?
3) They are not walking

Tense

The Past
Continuous

Formation
:
was, were + + ing

The Present
Perfect

45

have has + P.P

Examples
1) I was running.
.

Negative
was, were + not + + ing

Interrogative
Was, Were + + + ing.. ?

1) I was not running.

1) Were you running?
.

.
2) She was not making tea.
2) Was she making tea?
3) We were drinking milk.
.

.
3) We were not drinking milk.
3) Were they drinking milk?


2) She was making tea.

1) I have done my work.

.

have has +not + P.P

Have Has + + P.P ..?

1) I have not done my work.

1) Have you done your work?
2) He has written the letter.
.

.
2) He has not written the letter.
2) Has he written the letter?
3) They have played basketball.
.

.
3) They have not played basketball.
3) Have they played basketball?
.


:
had + P.P

The Past
Perfect

1) I had met Ali.

had + not + P.P

Had + + P.P ..?
.
1) Had you met Ali?
1) I had not met Ali.
2) She had cooked the food.
.

.

2) She had not cooked the food.
2) Had she cooked the food?
3) You had done the work.
.


.
3) You had not done the work.
3) Had you done the work?
.

Tense

The Future
Simple

Formation

Examples

Negative

1) I shall visit you tomorrow.

shall will + not +
Shall Will + + .?
.
shall will +
1) I shan't visit you tomorrow.
1) Will you visit me tomorrow?
2) He will arrive next Friday.
.
we I :
shall

.
2) He won't arrive next Friday.
2) Will he arrive next Friday?
:
will
.

He, She, It, They, You

Nobody listens until you say something wrong.

.

46

Interrogative

Key words of the Tenses

Key Words

Tense

47

The Present
Simple

The Past Simple

The Present
Continuous

The Past
Continuous

always

yesterday

now

while

often

once

at the present

when

usually

sometimes

just now

Look!

! still

just /

never
/

every.. . in olden times

Smell!

already

The Past
Perfect
after

before

The Future
Simple
tomorrow

soon

one day
at this moment
ever
as soon as
in the future
as /


( )

Listen!

generally

The Present
Perfect

ago

until
till

tonight

/ by the time next ...

since

(next month, year,

yet


in the past
frequently
/

while

never
last .
.... as
/( last month, year, day.)
still
rarely

48

recently

lately

as long as

for

day)

(..


Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)

. ( if)

.( if)

. ( if)
.
:

1-The Zero Conditional

1) Form:

if + Present Simple

Present Simple

2) Usage:
100
( if) ( , ) ( if) u
.

Examples
1.

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

( ).

2.

If we put sugar in water, it dissolves.

( ).

3.

If we heat iron, it expands.

2.The First Conditional

( ).

1) Form:

if + Present Simple

Future Simple

shall / will +
.will shall can may

49

2) Usage:

.(Probable) ( )
50

Examples
1.

If you eat too much, you'll be sick.

2.

If he works hard, he will succeed.

3.

If he works hard, he can succeed.

4.

If he works hard, he may succeed.

5.

You'll fall if you are not careful.

6.

If he does not work hard, he will not succeed.

3.The Second Conditional

.
.

1) Form:

should / would +

if + Past Simple

2) Usage:

.would should could might

-:

Improbable

10

If he won the prize, he would buy a new car.

.( ) . /

If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.
.( ) .

1.

.
.( : ). ( I ) ( was) ( were)

If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car.

2.
3.

If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police.

. )( (I, He, She, It) ( was) ( were) u

50


Examples

.( )

1.

If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed.

2.

If I met a lion, I would climb a tree.

3.

If I were you, I'd take the money.

4.

If I were a car, I would be Mercedes.

5.

If you found a snake in your room, you should run away.

3.The Third Conditional

.
.
.

1) Form:

if + Past Perfect

should have / would have + P.P

.would have should have could have might have

2) Usage:
( Impossible)

0 .

Examples

1.

If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have

been killed.

2.

If he had studied hard, he would (could) have )

succeeded.
.(

3.

If I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost

the money.
.( ) .

4.

If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born.

5.

If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized.

51

If
( if )

( ) ) ( Should - Had - Were)

. )( (

. ( should) ( if ) ( 1
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2.
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.
1.

()

()

. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.

If I were a bird, I would fly.

= Were I a bird, I would fly.

2.

If he bought that car, it would cost him much.

= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much.

.
.

.if were. to

. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3

1.
2.
3.

. had

. had

If I had enough money, I would buy a new house.

= Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.
If he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded.
If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.
= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.

()

()

()

.unless ( 4

unless = if..not
.

. ( unless)
1.

If he does not succeed, he will not join the university.

= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.

2.

If he did not work hard, he would not succeed.

= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.

52

.
.


If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
.
3.
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4.
.
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.

Exercise No. 14

I) Choose the correct answer:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If she (had has have) time, she will visit us.

What (will would do) you do if you (has had have) a lot of money?
If he (came come-comes), I (should shall would) forgive him.
(Was Were Am) I a car, I (will would shall) be Ford.
If she (stayed stays had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.

Books and friends should be few but good.

53

If

The Zero
Conditional
If

Probability
percentage

%100

The First
Conditional

If

If

if + Present Simple

Present Simple

%50

if + Present Simple

%10

if + Past Simple

should, would +

if + Past Perfect

should (would) have + P.P

The Second
conditional

Form

Future Simple

(will, shall + )

Usage

.()

Time

any time

future

future

The Third
Conditional

If

54

%0

*
.
*

.

past

Examples

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

.( )
1) If you clean my bike, I'll give
you a dollar.
.
2) Should he studies hard, he will
succeed.
.
1) If he won the prize, he would
buy
a car.
.
2) If I were a bird, I would fly.
.
3) Were I a bird, I would fly.
.
1) If he had studied hard, he
would have succeeded.
.
2) If I had listened to his advice,
3) I would not have lost my
money.


Active Voice and Passive Voice
.( subject) ( Active Voice) .1

1. Ahmed rides a bicycle.

2. Huda plays games.

.( Object) ( Passive Voice) . .2

Verb To Be

by

*
.

1. A bicycle is ridden by Ahmed.

2. Games are played by Huda.

.
.

Active & Passive Voice

(Statement)

55

(Order)

(Question)


1. Statement
7

:Passive Active

.1 ) (.

.2 ) ( Verb To Be ) (.

.3 ) .( Verb To Be

.4 by

.

Verb To Be

by

|
1
( .

( .
( ) . (.

.2 by
active -:passive

you

they

we

it

she

he

you

them

us

it

her

him

me

To Be

Tenses

Verb To Be
am, is, are

Present Simple

was, were

Past Simple

am being, is being, are being

Present Continuous

was being, were being

Past Continuous

has been, have been

Present Perfect

had been

Past Perfect

shall be, will be

Future Simple

56

be

:
will, would, shall, should can,
could, must, had to, ought to

am, is, are

was, were

been

being

Examples
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Passive Voice

Shadi studies English.

English is studied by Shadi.
.
.
She bought many books.
Many books were bought by her.
.
.
They visited the farm.
The farm was visited by them.
.
.
Samia is studying the map.
The map is being studied by Samia.
.

.
She is cooking dinner. . Dinner is being cooked by her. .
She was arranging them.
They were being arranged by her.
.
.
Television was being watched by them.
They were watching television.
.
.
Huda is writing the letters.
The letters are being written by Huda.
.
.

They congratulated us.

. We were congratulated by them. .
He has mended a chair.
A chair has been mended by him.
10.
.
.
They have built the road.
The road has been built by them.
11.
.
.

9.

12.

He drives a car.

13. We met them.

. A car is driven by him.

. They were met by us.

.
.

14.

She had prepared everything.

Everything had been prepared.
.

15.

It was making much noise.

Much noise was being made by it.
.
.

16. I have remembered it.

17.

57

It has been remembered by me.

The government will build a bridge. A bridge will be built.

.
.
.( the government )


|
: ( Defective Verb) .1
The Defective Verb + be + P.P
be

will would shall should can could may might must - ought to (had to).
Active Voice
1.

He may bring them.

Passive Voice

They may be brought by him.

.
.

2.

They will cross the lake.

The lake will be crossed by them.
.
.

3.

She can not carry it.

It can not be carried by her.
.
.
-: .2
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) +
-: ( Passive)
have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be +

Active Voice
1.

Passive Voice

Everyone has to follow the orders.

The orders have to be followed. .
. The ( have) ( has)

. orders

They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out.
.
2. project.
.
( project is are
I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared.
3.
.
.
.(Passive) Verb To Be .4
Active Voice
1.
2.
58

Passive Voice

He does not make the mistake.

.

The mistake is not made by him.

.

I did not write the lesson.

The lesson was not written by me.

.


3.
4.

They have not met Ali.

.

Ali has not been met by them.

.

She won't write the letter.

.

The letter won't be written by her.

.

( Passive) ( Verb to Have) .5

-:

possess own belong to + P.P

Active Voice
1.

I have a car.

2.

I had a car.

Passive Voice

. A car is had by me.

XX
A car is owned by me.
Or: A car is possessed by me.
.( )
Or: A car belongs to me.
. A car was owned by me.
Or: A car was possessed by me.
Or: A car was belonged to me.
.

( Adverb of Manner) .6
.

Active Voice
1.

The teacher punished the lazy boy severely.

Passive Voice
The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.

Mother cooks the food excellently.

The food is excellently cooked by mother.
.
.
He speaks English well.
English is well spoken by him.
3.
.
.
2.

( Preposition) .7
.
Active Voice

59

Passive Voice

1.

They are looking for the map.

The map is being looked for by them.
.
.

2.

She looks after her children.

Her children are looked after by her.
.
.

3.

I looked at the picture carefully.

The picture was carefully looked at by me.
.( )
.

( )

.8 )
(.

to }

)( to ) ({.
.

They gave me a present.

)(2

)(1

) ( .
Active Voice

Passive Voice

A present was given to me by them.

They gave me a present.
.
.
1.
Or: I was given a present by them.
.
They were taught many lessons by him.
.
Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.
.

He taught them many lessons.

.

2.

.9
:

Samy went to school.

.10 ) (to +
) (to + -:

send

advise

tell

offer

expect

ask

Passive Voice

Active Voice

He advised me to give up smoking.

I was advised to give up smoking.
.
.

60


-:

Active Voice

Passive Voice

I never expected the police to arrest the thief.

I never expected the thief to be arrested.
.
.
) .11
-: (Passive) (

somebody

people
someone

the police

nobody

the government

Active Voice

Passive Voice

The police arrested the thief.

The thief was arrested.
. ) (
.( )
1.
. The police

2.

Someone stole her jewels yesterday.

Her jewels were stolen yesterday.
.
.
Someone

Nobody has attacked him yet.

He has not attacked yet.
.( )
.( )
3.
. Nobody
-: .12

People say
Doctors believe

Scientists know

People think

One newspaper reports

The police allege

-:
Active Voice
People say.
People said .

It is said....
It was said .

Doctors believe....

It is believed .

People knew.

/ It was known .

The police allege.

61

Passive Voice

It is alleged.

....
....
....
....

....


Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

People say that he is mad.

It is said that he is mad.
Or:
He is said to be mad.
1.
.

. /
People say that peace will prevail soon.
It is said that peace will prevail soon.
2.
. Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.
.
The police allege that the thief escaped.
It is alleged that the thief escaped.
3.
. Or: The thief is said to be escaped.
.
People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
. Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.
4.
.
( Reflexive Pronoun) ( / )Let .13
-:

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Don't let yourself (or: yourselves) be heard.

Don't let people hear you.
.
. )(
He let people cheat him.
He let himself be cheated.
2.
.
.
1.

Smile . . . tomorrow may be worse.

.

62


2.Order
.

-:

Let + object + be + P.P

be
Active Voice
1.

Open the window.

Passive Voice
Let the window be opened.

.
Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
Keep this medicine away from heat.
2.
.
.
Clean the room.
Let the room be cleaned.
3.
.
.
Give me your book.
4.

Let your book be given to me.

.
Or: Let me be given your book.
.

If you think education is expensive -- try ignorance.

.

63


3. Question

Question

begins with a question word

(Yes, NO question)

begins with a helping verb

(Wh- question)

(Yes, NO question)

.( ) .1
.( Passive ) .2

.3
. )(
(Wh- question)

( ( ) By whom) ( ( ) Who) .1
(By whom

Who) .

( ( )Who) ( ( )Whom) .2
(Who
Active Voice
Did she help him?
1.

2.

Whom) .

Passive Voice

1. She helped him.

2. He was helped by her.
3. Was he helped by her?

Can anyone answer this question?
1. Anyone can answer this question.
2. This question can be answered.
3. Can this question be answered?

3.

Does she break the plates?

1. She breaks the plates.
2. The plates are broken by her.
3. Are the plates broken by her?

4.

Were they playing football?

1. They were playing football.
2. Football was being played by them.
3. Was football being played them by?

64


5.

Have they painted the walls?

1. They have painted the walls.
2. The walls have been painted by them.
3. Have the walls been painted by them?

6.

Why are you making a fuss?

1. You are making a fuss.
2. A fuss is being made by you.
3. Why is a fuss being made by you?

7.

8.

Will Ali write the lesson?

1. Ali will write the lesson.
2. The lesson will be written by Ali.
3. Will the lesson be written by Ali?

Where did she hide it?
1. She hid it.
2. It was hidden by her.
3. Where was it hidden by her?

Who killed the cat?

1. The cat was killed.

2. Was the cat killed?
9.
3. By whom was the cat killed?

Who will carry out the project?
1. The project will be carried out.
2. Will the project be carried out?
10.
3. By whom will the project be carried out?

Whom did you meet?
1. I met someone.

2. Someone was met by me.

3. Was someone met by me?
11.
4. Who was met by you?

All great discoveries are made by mistake.

.

AZZMALRAWI

65

Exercise No. 15

General Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice

Change Into Passive Voice:

:
.

1.

Kamel wrote many letters.

2.

They may have to cancel the meeting.

3.

He was carrying two big bags .

4.

I shall help him.

5.

She ate an apple.

6.

Passing cars have crushed it.

7.

The man is carrying a heavy box.

8.

Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary.

9.

She was washing clothes.

10. You can keep these papers.

11. They could not open the door.
12. She has written twenty letters to her friends.
13. He is looking for his bag.
He gave them many useful lessons.
14. a) Begin with: They..
b) Begin with: Many useful lessons.
I showed him my new book.
15. a) Begin with: He
b) Begin with: My new book.
He offered us a big house in Gaza.
16. a) Begin with: We.
b) Begin with: A big house in Gaza..
17. People say that there is no water on the moon.
18. I am having a car.
19. Don't open the door.
20. Give this book to Emad.
21. I don't want any buildings here.
22. You must leave everything as it is.
23. They have not cleaned the room.
66

.
.

.
.
. ) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

24. I have looked up this word.

25. People say that she is innocent.

26. People said that she is innocent.

.
.

27. Bring all necessary things.

28. Where have you left my car?

29. Do people speak English all over the world?

30. Will they allow us five minutes break?

31. Did you buy any spare parts?

32. Who asked both boys to leave?

33. Who showed him the way?

)(

34. Who has cooked the food?

35. Who told this story?

36. When did they find the ring?

37. Is Ali writing the letter now?

38. Has anybody answered your question?

39. Do they gain much money?

40. Why did not they tell me the truth?

For a "TRUE" problem, there is no solution.

.

67


Direct and Indirect Speech
Reported Speech

-:() Direct Speech

-:() Indirect Speech

-:

.( )

Sentences

(Statement)

(Question)

(Command)

begin with
a question word

begin with
a helping verb

(Request)

(Exclamation)

(Yes / No - questions)

What, Where, Who : Are, Do, Have, Will :

1. Statement
indirect(direct)

: ( : )1
Direct Speech
say

say - declare

says

says - declares

say to

tell - declare

says to

tells - declares

said - declared

told - declared

said
said to
shall say
68

Indirect Speech

shall say - shall declare

.2 )( ) (that ) ( .
.3 .

.4 ) (
.

.5 ) (
-:

Indirect Speech

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

Direct Speech

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Present Continuous
Past Continuous

)( . had + been + + ing :

Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

should /

shall

would /

will

could

can

might /

may

) had to (must /

must

to ought

ought to

should have + P.P

should +

would have + P.P

would +

could have + P.P

could +

might have + P.P

might +

.6 )( )
(
-:

69


Direct Speech

Indirect Speech
/ that

this

these

those

here

there

so

thus
now

then / at once

today

tonight
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday afternoon
tomorrow
tomorrow morning
the day after tomorrow
last ....
last night
ago
a year ago

that day

/ /

the same day

that night

the same night

the day before / the previous day

two days before
the previous afternoon
the following day / the next day
the following morning
in two days' time

the previous ..
the .....before
the previous night

the night before
before / previous

a year before
the previous year

...

come here

go there

bring this

take that

He said, "yes ".

." ": He agreed.

He said," No".

." " : He refused. / He disagreed.

He said, "Good morning".

." " :

He said, "thank you".

." " : He thanked me.

He wished . good morning.

. /
.
.

. ) (

70


Examples
Direct Speech
1.

3.

Indirect Speech

He said to me, "I shall see you tomorrow".

He told me that he would see me the next day.

.
." " :

They say, "We shall play basketball tomorrow".

2.

." " :

They say that they will play basketball tomorrow.

.
.(

She says that she is very happy today.

She says, "I am very happy today".
.
." " :
. ( says)

4.

We say that we are playing football now.

We say, "We are playing football now".
.
." " :
.( says)

5.

We said to Ali, "We are playing football now".

." " :

We told Ali that we were playing football at once.

.
.( said to)

6.

He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with
his father the day before.
father yesterday".
.
." " :

7.

Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his
father's advice to me".
father's advice to him.
." " :
.

8.

I said to the boy, "You have neglected your

I told the boy that he had neglected his duties.
duties".
.
."
" :

9.

He said," I must go now".

He said that he had to go at once.
." " :
.

10.

He said, "I must not go there".

He said that he had not to go there.
." " :
. :

. .1
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

The boy said that he had written his lessons

"I wrote my lessons yesterday", the boy said.
the day before.
1.
." "
.
2.

71

"You have written a good letter", said my father.

." "

My father said that I had written a good letter.

( shall say says to say to says say) : .2

.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

1.

He says, "I feel hungry".

He says that he feels hungry.
." " :
.

2.

I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for
in the house".
him in the house.
." " :
.

3.

Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car
tomorrow".
tomorrow.
." " :
.
-: ) ( .3
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

1.

He said," The earth is round".

" " :

He said that the earth is round.

.

2.

Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round
the sun.
round the sun".
.
." " :
. .4
Direct Speech
I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".
." " :

Indirect Speech
I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
.

.5

( ... )that ( Comma) ( )

. ( and added that) ( and that )

Direct Speech

1.

Indirect Speech

She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it".
had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
. . " :

. .

2.

72

.
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ".
the day before and that (and added that) the
" . " " next day she would travel abroad.

."
.


3.

Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
and that he had been about to leave when he
late. I was about to leave when I saw you".
had
seen him.
. " :

."
.

.( and) .6
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my

Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed
book", said Ahmed.
said that it was his book.
. " "." " :
.

Always has been * always will be

73


Exercise No. 16

*) Put the following sentences into indirect speech (Reported Speech)::

1.

''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he "
said to them.
."

2.

I said to her, ''I have something to show you''.

3.

She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''.

4.

He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''.

." " :

5.

She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''.

." " :

6.

Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk " :

beside my bed".
."

7.

She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house

this morning''.

8.

He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning".

9.

He said," I must go again next week".

10. He said, "I hope to go there''.

11. He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book".
12. She said, "Iron is heavier than gold".
13.

15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year".

." " :
." " :
." " :

." " :
." " ." " :

." " :

." " :

." ":

She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless . ":
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now".
." 300.000

17. She said to him, "My bag was full of money".

18.

." " :

. " :
He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all
papers. I hope to reach an agreement".
." .

14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".

16.

." " :

." " :

She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some . ":
books. I have many useful books on this subject".
." .

19. He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''.

." " :

He says, "We are living in a house near to my school. " :

I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in
. .
20. 5 minutes".
." 5

74


2.Questions
begin with
a question word

begin with
a helping verb

What, Where, Who : (Yes / No - questions)

Are, Do, Have, Will :

Examples
1.

2.

He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?".

(Direct)

He asked me where I had gone the day before.

(Indirect)

." " :
.

Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''.

(Direct)

." " :

Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long.

(Indirect)

Indirect Direct

. .1

-: .2
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

ask
saysay to

enquire

want to know

question

asks
sayssays to

/ enquires

wants to know

asked
said / said to

/ enquired (inquired)
wanted to know

shall say

shall say

shall enquire

.( ) .3

75

.4 )(Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be

.
if whether ) (...

.5 :

When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much etc

) (.
.6 ) : ( ) (.

.7 )( ) (.
.8 )?( ).(.) (Full stop

.9 :

( ) ( .

( ) (
.

Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the
yesterday, Azza?".
film the day before.
. " : ".
She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".
She asks Ali if he is happy today.
": ".
.

1.

2.

"?I said to Mazen, "Have you met the teacher

I asked Mazen if he had met the teacher.
" : ".
.

3.

She wanted to know whether they had departed.

She said, " Have they departed?".
.
" : ".

4.

I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the
yesterday?".
day before.
.
" : ".

5.

Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the
problem?".
problem.
. " : ".

6.

Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved
"?the question
the question.
" : "
.

7.

He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the
"?tomorrow
next day.
" : "
.

8.

I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?" I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.
" : "
.

9.

"What are you doing now?'' said John.

John asked what I was doing at once.
" " : .
.

10.

76


I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
London.
11. London?"
" " :
.
12.

"Who has finished his work?" said the man.

The man asked who had finished his work.
. " "
.
He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English?"

13.

He asked Adel where he learnt English.

" " :
.

|
told said asked .1
.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked
going now?"
where I was going then.
" . " : .
.and asked .2
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea
and asked how I should go there.
there?" said Ramy.
. : " " " "
.

: .1
Direct
What about..?
Why don't you ..?
Could I have... ?
Would you like.?

Indirect
... suggest

..... advise
..... ask
....

offered
offered to +

......

( ... ) Will you...? / (.... ) Would you? / (.... ) Could you ...? .2
.

asked . to ( .... ...... ) Would you mind.? .3

.(if )

77


Examples
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

"What about flying?" he said.

He suggested flying.
." " :
1.
." " :

2.

"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him.
." " :
.

3.

"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea.
." " :
.

4.

"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book.
" " :
.

"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door.
said.
.
." " : Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the
5.
door.
.
6.

''Would you like a drink?" he said.

He offered me a drink.
." " :

''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me.
.
7. like?" he said.
:" "

It is the end that counts

78


Exercise No. 17
Change Into Indirect Speech:1.
2.

Soha said, "What do you want to do on

Friday, Nadia?".
Mona said, "How are you going to travel to
France, Samia?".

:
." " :
." " :
." " :

3.

I said to my friend, "When did you arrive?".

4.

Mr. Hesham said, "Where was the voice

coming from?".

5.

I said, "Did I make anything wrong?".

6.

"Would you mind waiting?" he said.

7.

He said to her, "How did you come here?" " " " :
"Did you come here on foot?".
."

8.

She said, "Why do you blame me?".

." " )(:

9.

Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?".

." " :

10. "Could you wait a moment?" he said.

." " :

." " :
." " :
." " :

"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which : ." " :

way are you going?" I said.
."
She said to me, "Can you do it before
." " :
12.
tomorrow?"

11.

13. Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?".

"Why are you looking through the keyhole?"
14.
said to him.
"Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?"
15.
he said.

." " :
." " :
." " :

16.

She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to " :

see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?".
."

17.

"How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?"

Hassan said.

18. He says, "Is the weather good today?".

19. He said, "Is the weather good today?".
He said to me, "Did you answer this
exercise?".
20. I replied, "Yes".
Or: I replied, "No".

79

." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
." ": :


3. Command (Order)
4. Request

.1-:
" : ."

)(Direct

The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor".

)(Indirect

The teacher ordered us to clean the floor.

.2-:
" : ".

)(Direct

My father said to me, "Don't be late".

)(Indirect

My father advised me not to be late.

-:
" : ".
.

1. "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen.

2. Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen.

| ) (.

.1 :

( said to ordered ) command (

.

( said to ) prayed( ) begged(

Please .

( said to asked told .

( said to ) advised ... to ( .

( said to advised ... not to ... ordered ... not to begged ... not to

.2 ) ( )( ) (to + )(
) ( Don't ) (not to + ) .(....

.3 ) ( ) (.
.4 ) (.

80


Examples
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other
chance to prove his honesty and ability.
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability".
." " : .

The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an
dress".
other dress.
2.
." " :
.
Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle
for half an hour.
3. for half an hour".
." " :
.
The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that
point again.
4. this point again".
." " :
.
The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their
names clearly.
5. names clearly".
.
." " :
She said to her husband, "Dont trouble She advised her husband not to trouble
troubles till troubles trouble him.
6. troubles till troubles trouble you".
." " :
.
The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid.
7.
." " :
.

|
that ( ) .1
.asked ( )
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and
this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow".
take that medicine and said that he would
visit me the next day.
1. . " :
."
.
The poor man said to me, "Please, give me
some food to eat, will you help me cross the
road?"
2.
" :

The poor man begged me to give him some

food to eat and asked if I should help him to
cross the road.

"

81

.( )suggest ( )( Let us) Let's .2

suggested thatshould
Or:suggested gerund + .....

Examples
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said.

Mary suggested that they (we) should go to
the
cinema.
." ":
. )(
1.
Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema.
.
He said, "Let's not say anything about this He suggested not saying anything about that
subject".
subject.
." ":
.
2.
Or: He suggested saying nothing about that
subject.
.
3

.asked said (
.Please (
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

"Please, take a seat", he said to me.

He asked me to take a seat.
." " :
.

A chip of the old block.

82

Exercise No. 18

*) Change Into Indirect Speech:1.

2.
3.

The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me

the bag of maps".
Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English
book".

4.

The father said to his son, "Don't go alone".

5.

She said, "Forgive me".

6.

"Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said.

7.
8.

." " :

He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera".

." " :
." " :

." " :
." / " :
." " :

"Please, don't smoke", said the lady to the

. :" "
man sitting beside her.
"Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring . " :
this bag with you?" said my friend.
."

9.

Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father " :

that I cannot come home tonight".
."

10.

He said to her, "Don't waste our money in

this foolish way".

." " :

Every cloud has a silver lining

.

83


5. Exclamation


.

how , what :
: (!)
Ugh!

Alas!

! Oh!

! Hurrah!

. that .1

-: .2
.... / /

1.

say, cry, exclaim with joy .

2.

say, cry, exclaim with anger .

3.

say, cry, exclaim with sorrow .

4.

say, cry, exclaim with admiration .

5.

say, cry, exclaim with sadness.

.... / /

6.

say, cry, exclaim with regret ..

.... / /

7.

say, cry, exclaim with horror ..

.... / /

8.

say, cry, exclaim with pleasure .

.... / /
.... / /
.... / /

.... / /

.( ) .3

( Tense) .4
. ( )

Examples
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was
completely damaged.
1. damaged".
." " ! :
. ( )
He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize".
He cried with joy that he had won the first
prize.
."! ":
2.
.
84


3.

He said with regret that he had been foolish.

He said, "How foolish I have been!".
.
." " :

Fadi said, "What a great idea".

Fadi said with admiration that the idea was
4.
." " : very great.
.
." " :

5. He said, "Thank you".

He thanked me.

6.

He said, "Congratulation".

." ":

He congratulated me.

7.

He said, "Liar".

." ":

He called me a liar.

.
.

The absent party is not faulty.

Exercise No. 19

*) Change the following sentences into indirect ( Reported) speech:-:

1.

She said, "What a fool! You have spoilt

everything."

2.

He said, "Happy Christmas."

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

." " ! :
." ":

The poor man said, "Alas! I have lost my

only child."
She said, "Hurry! My daughter has
succeeded."
She said, "Oh! What a nice dress. Thanks
daddy."

." " ! :
." "! :
." . "! :
."! " :

"What a lovely girl!", he said.

She said, "Oh! It's a snake. Don't get near it
children".
Khalil said, What a surprise! I have not seen
you since we were in Paris ".
He said, "Oh! My son has returned to me
safe and sound ".

." . "! :
." " ! :
." "! :

10. He said," Alas! I shan't recover my money".

Do as you would be done.

85

." " ! :


Exercise No. 20

General Exercise on Direct and Indirect Speech

*) Change into Indirect Speech:-

-:

1.

She said to him, "I didn't find anything here.

Where did she hide the bag? Go and make . " :
her think we've found it. She will come and . .
try to make sure. What a surprise! I've
! !
found it!".

2.

She said to me, "What a foolish deed you ! " :

have done! Go by your own means to the .
police. Tell them everything as it has
happened. Do not tell any lies. It is better to . .
go to the police than to be arrested".
."

Cut your coat according to your cloth.

86


Adjectives
.1 ..... .
.2 .

.3 )
) : (.

Examples

1. He is clever.

2. She is clever.

3. They are clever.

.1 .

an old woman / .
a new house .

a clever boy
a red book
-

.2 Verb to Be-:

Examples
.

1. Fadi is polite.

2. She is tall.

3. I am happy.

.1 the -:

the poor

poor

the rich

rich

the brave

brave

.2 -:
...
...

? Which ...
? How much ...

? What sort
?How many
87


Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.

.(How many...?) ( numerous) .1

.(Which?) ( these) .2

.(What sort?) ( reliable) .3

Comparison of adjectives

-: )(
(Positive Degree) .1
-:

1. He is a tall man.

2. She is an old woman.

3. I saw a tall tree near a big shop.

(Comparative Degree) .2
.

(Superlative Degree ) .3
.

) .1
-: (

88

expensive

dangerous

beautiful

/ important

wonderful
valuable

/ /

( ) .2
-:

short
big
quick

fat

cold

old

tall

hot

thin

-:

. than more (
more + + than

1. Nadia is more beautiful than Samira.

2. The lion is more dangerous than the dog.

. )( the most ( ( )
the most +

-:
1. Water is the most important thing in our life

2. Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class.

1. Arabic is more difficult than English.

2. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket.

3. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim.

4. The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano.

. )(

. than ( er) ( ) (

89


er than
er

-:

1. Fadi is older than Ahmed.

2. Tagreed is taller than her brother.

.( est) the ( )(

the + est
.

1. Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class.

2. Huda is the cleverest girl in the class.

1. He is the tallest of them all.

2. The lion is the strongest in the world.

. )(
.

3. This book is the cheapest one.

|
(er) : )
-: (( est)

fat

fatter than

the fatter

big

bigger than

the bigger

hot

hotter than

the hotter

thin

thinner than

the thinner

( er) ( r) ( e)
( est) ( st) ( + r + than)
-: (the + + st)

90

.1

.2

large

( )

larger than

the largest

nice

nicer than

the nicest

simple

simpler than

the simplest

fine

finer than

the finest

(er) ( i) ( y) ( y)
-: ( est)

easy

easier than

the easiest

happy

happier than

the happiest

Funny

funnier than

the funniest

heavy

heavier than

the heaviest

noisy

noisier than

the noisiest

pretty

prettier than

the prettiest

) (
-:

good

better than

the best

bad

worse than

the worst

ill

worse than

the worst

far

further than

the furthest

little

less than

the least

less

lesser than

the least

many

more than

the most

much

more than

the most

old

older than

the eldest

Examples
1. Nabil is better than Usama.
2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class.
91

.3

.
.

more ++ than

the most +

Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class.
.
.
er (r)than

the ++ est (st)

1) Ahmed is taller than Ali.

1) Ahmed is the tallest of them all.
.
.
2) This question is simpler than that.
2) This question the simplest of them all.
.
.

|
-: .1
as ++ as
.

1. She is as tall as me.

2. Mosab is as clever as Abed Allah.

-: .2
not ( as / so) + + as
1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah.

.
.

2. She is not so tall as me.

( ) .3
:

polite

politer than

the politest

polite

more politer

the most politer

in ( ) ( ) .4
: of

92


1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class.

2. Khalil is the cleverest of them all.

3. He is the tallest man in our house.

( est) ( er) ( ow) .5

:

narrow

narrower than

the narrowest

If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.

.

93


Exercise No. 21

I) Correct the words between brackets:

1.

Hany is the (old) student in our classroom.

2.

A train is (fast) than a car.

3.

Huda is the (thin) girl in the class.

4.

Football is the (popular) game in Gaza.

5.

Ali is the (good) football player in our school.

6.

Old men need (little) sleep than children.

7.

This is the (difficult) lesson in the book.

8.

Magda is the (clever) girl in the class.

9.

My table is (high) than yours.

10.

August is the (hot) month in the year.

II) Choose the right word:1.

Ali is as (old older oldest) as his friend.

2.

This is the (easy easier easiest) exercise.

3.

Oxygen is the (useful more useful most useful) gas.

4.

I have bought the (good better best) television.

5.

This is the (interesting more interesting most interesting) book I have read.

Conciliation is the matter of the law.

94

Answers

Exercise No. 1

13. ourselves

17. Those

10. it

14. myself

18. These

7. Your

11. them

15. themselves

19. This

8. mine

12. yourself

16. themselves

1. It

5. We

9.

2. He

6. You

3. They / It
4. I

my

Exercise No. 2
I
II

1. is

2. am

3. are

4. is

5. are

1. was

2. were

3. were

4. were

5. was

Exercise No. 3
1. Did

2. does

3. do

2. have

3. has

4. have

2. get

3. write

4.

Exercise No. 6
I 1. takes
II

95

2. speak

1. drinks
6. enjoys

3. watches

2. reaches
7. studies

5. hhas

6. has

Exercise No. 5
1. help

5. Does

Exercise No. 4
1. have

4. do

3. visits
8. gets

buy

5. study

6. help

4. meet

5. gives

4. answers
9. shines

6. drives

5. goes / catches
10. visits

Exercise No. 7
1. bought

2.

made

3.

had

4. climbed

Exercise No. 8

II 1. is waiting

1. are shouting
Are you listening /
2.
am saying
3. is typing
4. is making
5. are welcoming

2. is having

3. driving

are standing

7.

is building

is raining 5. hear

4.

was Samy telling

was shouting / was studying
was living / began
was getting
was talking / began

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

met
were playing / wrote
found / was digging
arrived / was still sleeping
was sitting / saw

II

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

rang / was leaving

6.
had (was having) / was having 7.
was cooking
8.
were working / knocked
9.
were playing / rained
10.

2.

has already eaten

Exercise No. 11
1. had drunk / finished
2. had cooked / came
3. had left / reached

6. think / know

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

was sleeping / came

were you doing
were coming / stopped
jumped / was moving
was watching / came

Exercise No. 10

96

6.

8. am answering
9. is doing / does
10. am not wearing

Exercise No. 9

1. have not seen

5. has not met

finished

5.

3.

has never been

4.

4. went / had taken
5. thanked / had saved
6. arrested / had stolen

have not finished


Exercise No. 12
I 1. are going 2. will study

II

3. shall start

will clean
shall see
will visit
will be
shall take (am going to take)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Exercise No. 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

II

97

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

visits
make / makes
has lived
shall finish
move
will travel
will see
examined / gave
had worked / heard
shall wait
waited
will come
became
borrowed
has lived
is watching
had had
was making / opened
since
see
done
hasn't finished
think
went / had left
slept / received
shall move

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

4. shall swim

5. will build

will arrive
will study
shall meet
will you meet / shall meet
will leave (is going to leave)

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

had left / reached

haven't seen
saw / sat
are learning
visited
was learning / had
came / had eaten
are buying
directs
will fall
was travelling / met

25. had seen / went

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

will visit
ever
never
goes
was walking / saw
is jumping
rang / had finished
had finished / rang
writes
were they doing
have lived / was

25. felt / had eaten

Exercise No. 14

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

has
would / had
comes / shall
Were / would
had stayed

II

Exercise No. 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
98

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

had won / bought

obeyed / would not stop
eat
told
would win

Many letters were written by Kamel.

The meeting may have to be canceled by them.
Two big bags were being carried by him.
He will be helped by me.
An apple was eaten by her.
It has been crushed by passing cars.
A heavy box is being carried by the man.
He was taught French and was given a dictionary.
Or: French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.
Clothes were being washed by her.
These papers can be kept by you.
The door couldn't be opened by them.
Twenty letters have been written to her.
His bag is being looked for by him.
a) They were given many useful lessons by him
b) Many useful lessons were given to them by him.
a) He was shown my new book by me.
b) My new book was shown to him by me.
a)We were offered a big house in Gaza by him.
b) A big house in Gaza was offered to us by him.
It is said that there is no water on the moon.
A car is being possessed by me.
Or: A car is being owned by me.
Or: A car is being belonged to me.
Don't let the door be opened.
Let this book be given to Emad.
Any building are not wanted here.
Everything must be left as it is by me.
The room has not been cleaned by them.
This word has been looked up by me.
It is said that she is innocent.
It was said that she is innocent.
Let all necessary things be brought.
Where has my car been left?


29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30.
Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?

Exercise No. 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

99

He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
I her that I had something to show her.
She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
He told us that the sun shines every morning.
He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
He hoped to go there.
He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
to reach an agreement.
She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldnt sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
dollars for her at once.
She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
many useful books on that subject.
He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.


Exercise No. 17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Soha asked Nadia what she wanted to do on Friday.

Mona asked Samia how she was going to travel to France.
I asked my friend when he had arrived.
Mr. Hesham asked where the voice had been coming from.
I asked whether I had made anything wrong.
He asked me to wait. Or: He asked me if I would mind waiting.
He asked her how she had gone there and inquired ( )if she gone there on foot.
She asked why I blamed her.
Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap.
He asked me to wait a moment.
Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going.
She asked me if I could do it before the next day.
Her husband asked what a suitable dress is.
I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole.
He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night.
She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and
unsuitable prices.
Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza.
He asks if the weather is good today.
He asked if the weather was good that day.
He asked me if I had answered that exercise.
I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.

Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

100

He asked his friend to lend him his camera.

The officer ordered the soldier to bring him the bag of the maps.
Heba asked Latefa to give her her English book.
The father advised his son not to go alone.
She asked for forgiveness. ()
She urged ( )Nagi to hit the other boy.
The lady asked the man sitting beside her not to smoke.
My friend asked me to wait for him at the bridge and asked if I could bring that bag with me.
Nader told me to go and tell his father that he could not go home that night.
He advised her not to waste their money in that foolish way.


Exercise No. 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
He wished me a happy Christmas.
The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
She exclaimed with disgust ( )that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
Khalil said with joy that he hadnt seen me sine we had been in Paris.
He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
He said with sorrow that he wouldnt recover ( ) his money.

Exercise No. 20

General Exercise on Direct and In direct Speech

1.

2.

She told him that she hadnt found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.

Exercise No. 21

oldest or eldest
faster
thinner
most popular
best

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

II 1. old 2. easiest

3.

most useful

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.

less
most difficult
cleverest
higher
hottest
best

most interesting

5.

After black clouds* clear weather.

101

AZZMALRAWI