Vinyard 1

Sarah Vinyard
Professor Doran
ENC 2135
8 December 2016
Annotated Bibliography
Birgden, Astrid. "A Compulsory Drug Treatment Program for Offenders in Australia:
Therapeutic Jurisprudence Implications." Thomas Jefferson Law Review. Vol 30, No. 367,
2008. pp. 367-390.
This journal article discusses the 2006 bill in Australia that established a new drug
treatment program that offenders can partake instead of being incarcerated for their
actions. This treatment is abstinence-based. The offenders have to be eligible, as in they
need to be treatment ready (382). They must be motivated and actually want to get
better. They also need to have the mental ability to engage in the treatment since there are
many interactive components to the treatment. This article states that drug treatment in
the community reduced drug-related offenders from re-offending by 12.4% (373). The
whole idea of the community drug treatment is using the law as a therapeutic agent
(375). They still use consequences, but they focus on providing guidance to improve
these criminals.
This is a credible source because it is reviewed by professionals from Thomas Jefferson
Law Review. It is a detailed piece in which the information is accurate and easy to
understand. I will use this source to compare Australias drug policies with the United

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States policies to show that Australias policies are better. This article is interesting
because it describes how the treatment works, as well as Australias success with the
program.
Exum, Jelani Jefferson. "Sentencing, Drugs, and Prisons: A Lesson from Ohio." University of
Toledo Law Review. Vol. 42, 2011. pp. 881-889.
This article discusses how prison overcrowding is a problem. Over 2 million people in
the US are in prisons. The US is number one in the world for incarceration rates, but
whats worse is that drug offenders make up most of these numbers. In 2009, states spent
a total of $52.3 billion on prisons, and even with those numbers not many states are
discussing reforms. The article states that in 2008, 35% [in prison] were fourth and fifth
degree drug offendersthe single largest category of low-level offenders (885).
Legislatures dont want to appear soft on crime so they arent changing anything.
Mandatory minimum sentencing seems tough on crime, but is costing money.
This article is useful for my paper because it provides evidence for my argument that the
USA has too many people in jail. These people in jail should be getting help instead. This
article shows how overcrowded and cast damaging prisons are. I will use a lot of
information from this article in my paper to give background information about the US
and jail, then to continue on to make the argument on what we should do about it.
Gottfredson, Denise C., Brook W. Kearly, Stacy S. Najaka, Carlos M. Rocha. How Drug
Treatment Courts Work. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Sage
Publications. Vol. 44, No. 1, 2007. pp. 3-35.

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This article published through the University of Maryland first gives a brief history of
drug treatment courts, back to when they were first brought up. It goes into great detail
about how they work in the USA, and gives specific examples like the drug treatment
courts in Maryland. Some specific elements of drug treatment courts are listed,
including the prompt identification and placement of eligible offenders, the use of a
nonadversarial approach among prosecution and defense counsel, the integration of drug
treatment services with justice system case processing, frequent drug and alcohol testing,
frequent status hearings with judges, and intensive drug treatment (4). The article also
goes over some of the effects drug treatment courts has had since they have been
established.
I will use this article to show examples of the drug treatment courts in this country, and
give a background about how they work so the reader better understands the paper. The
paper also gives some statistics about drug treatment courts that I may use in the paper.
This is a credible source because it is published through the University of Maryland and
the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency.
Hepburn, John R. Recidivism Among Drug Offenders Following Exposure to Treatment.
Criminal Justice Policy Review. Vol. 16, No. 2, June 2005. pp. 237-259.
This article discusses recidivism patterns of drug offenders. It points out that areas with
drug treatment programs have declined in drug-related crimes, and less recidivism rates.
Also, it is calculated that for every $1 spent on publicly funded programs in California,
more than $11 was saved in the costs of arrest and prosecutions, losses resulting from
property crimes, and medical expenses for drug addiction (239). This article shows both
negative and positive aspects of both incarceration and drug treatment programs.

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This article is credible because it comes from an educated source. It is published through
Arizona State University. I will use this article to discuss pros and cons about drug
treatment programs, as well as including statistics for my arguments. One of my
arguments include recidivism and how drug treatment decreases the rates, so this article
will provide the information I need to prove my statement.
Hser, Yih-Ing, Cheryl Teruya, Alison H. Brown, David Huang. "Impact of California's
Proposition 36 on the Drug Treatment System: Treatment Capacity and Displacement."
American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 97, No. 1, 2007. pp. 104-109.
This article describes The California Proposition 36 in great detail. It provides results
from the proposition. For example, the article gives statistics on the amount of offenders
that came back to complete treatment, and the numbers overall increased over the years.
This article also discusses how the program will create more jobs if it is allowed to
expand. They discussed staff capacity and service capacity when referring to the
possibility of expansion.
I will use this in my paper when giving an example of how treatment programs work in
the USA. California is a great start to programs that could be successful all around the
country. This source is reliable because it comes from official studies for the California
treatment program. I also enjoy how the article discusses the possibilities of expansion
and the benefits of the program.
Lim, Jillian Rose. Treatment vs. Punishment: Poll Finds Americans Prefer Rehab Over Jail for
Drug Offenders. Medical Daily. 4 April 2014.

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This article summarizes surveys and polls from Americans regarding drug treatment and
jail time for drug offenders. It also summarizes bills and proposals make by various
lawmakers. Some of the polls give results of the general populations opinion. For
example, Two-thirds of Americans would like to see illegal drug offenders enter
programs that focus on rehabilitation rather than incarceration (Lim). This website is
centered on surveys and polls, so the author does not focus on sharing opinions.
I will use this article to emphasize how many people think drug treatment programs will
be better than incarceration. It is not a reviewed source, but the author gets their
information from reliable statistics.
Niv, Noosha, Alison Hamilton, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Impact of Court-Mandated Substance Abuse
Treatment on Clinical Decision Making." Journal of Behavioral Health Services &
Research. Vol. 36, No. 4, 2009. pp. 505-516.
The California Proposition 36 offers treatment as an alternative to incarceration. It was
developed in the year 2000. The article describes how This law allows (under certain
conditions) adults convicted of nonviolent drug-related offenses to choose communitybased drug treatment in lieu of incarceration or probation without treatment. Offenders on
probation or parole who violate drug-related conditions of probation or parole can also
receive treatment (505). The actual treatment includes involved focus groups,
supervision and monitoring, drug testing, and then discharge. This article shows how the
study works and it analyzes the results.
This source is credible because it is from a research journal. It was also reviewed before
being published. I will use this article as an example in my paper to show how the USA is

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changing their ways in treating drug offenders. Since the article is about California, I will
use it when discussing California in my paper. I will also emphasize all of the positive
results from the California treatment program.
O'Callaghan, Frances, Noleen Sonderegger, and Stefanie Klag. "Drug and Crime Cycle:
Evaluating Traditional Methods Versus Diversion Strategies for Drug-Related Offences."
Australian Psychologist. Vol. 39, No. 3, 2004. pp. 188-200.
This article discusses drugs and crime in Australia. It also critiques traditional ways of
handling drug offenders by stating While traditional methods of crime prevention are
clearly insufficient and inadequate to reduce and control the complex issue of drugrelated crime, diversion programs represent a promising alternative (197). The article
talks about referral programs which are designed for nonviolent offenders with substance
abuse problems. In the USA we have drug courts, but it is still different from, and inferior
to, Australia.
This article is credible because it comes from a reviewed source. I will use it to
emphasize the example of Australia when comparing their dug treatment programs with
those in the USA.
Taxy, Sam, Julie Samuels, and William Adams. Drug Offenders in Federal Prison: Estimates of
Characteristics Based on Linked Data. Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 248648, 2015.
pp. 1-9.
This article shares a lot of statistics about the drug offenders in federal prison during the
time it was written. Some statistics include more than a third (35%) of drug offenders in
federal prison at sentencing, had either no or minimal criminal history lowest criminal

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history category and cocaine (powder or crack) was the primary drug type for more
than half (54%) of drug offenders in federal prison (1). It also shares information about
the demographics of these criminals.
I will use the information of the type of crimes that the criminals committed along with
the sentences they received. I will not include information on the demographics because I
will not be covering that in my paper. I will focus on the crimes. This source is heavy
with information. Not only does it cover a lot, but the information is reliable because it is
published with the US Department of Justice.
What Are Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws. Legal Articles Criminal Defense.
http://www.attorneys.com/criminal-defense/what-are-mandatory-minimum-sentencinglaws
This is a very short internet article found from attorneys.com. It gives the definition of
mandatory minimum sentencing laws. The article goes on to explain how they work. Also
if someone may be going through this situation, the article explains how the laws might
affect your sentence.
I will use this article to define what mandatory minimum sentencing laws are so the
reader has a better background in what the paper is about. This article comes from a
website run by attorneys, and can even connect you to your own attorney. Although the
article is very brief, the information is accurate because the people who wrote it are
professionals.