Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATION
Submitted to :
Tan Sri Dato Sri Dr. Hj. Mohd Nasir bin Mohd
Ashraf
Prepared by:
Ms. Nurmahirah
819387
819442
1.
Introduction
In Malaysia, the government had presented comprehensive reforms especially from
1980s to improve the quality of the services delivered to the public. The latest
restructuring is more substantial and complete in depth. However, over the decade
quality of civil services have been hot topics in media mass. The civil service
basically being criticize for the poor performance and failure in meeting the
expectations of the people. Lately in a news article the same issues were republished
Delays in taking action and failure in enforcement are the most frequent complaints
made by the public against the civil service. According to the Public Complaints
Bureau (PCB), 36 per cent of complaints received as of November last year were on
late or no action by government agencies and departments, 13 per cent were on lack of
enforcement. Other complaints on government service filed adhere to procedures,
unsatisfactory manpower quality, lack of public amenities, unfair action, inadequacies
in policy implementation, abuse of power and staff misconduct, (Fairuz Mohd
Shahar, Civil services lack of action top grouse, New Straits Times, 4 January, 2016,
p.12). The leadership qualities in the management of the civil services play a vital role
in resolving this issue. There are many studies done focusing on private sectors
leadership style and quality, but very less in public sector. This report wills overview
about this statement emphasizing for the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the
leadership qualities required.
2. Literature Review
2.1
Leadership
Leadership definition differs in various aspects stated by ( Bass1981). According to
him, leadership consist of communication between members of a group that involve in
structuring and restructuring of situations as well as the sensitivity and expectation of
the members. Jacob and Jaques (1990) defined leadership as a method of providing a
significant direction or determination to cooperative effort, and producing keen effort
to be expected to achieve purpose. Kara Ohngren (2001) stated that a leader can have
characteristic like understanding the subordinates and listening to them. Leaders also
ready to understand their emotional capabilities, honesty and self-confident and
determine the leadership skill. The request of the characteristic can be differ from
each situation.
2.2
charge 50 cents a year for treatment. The booming tin mining industry in Perak led to
the state having the most hospitals by the end of the 19th century. 15 hospitals in
Perak are situated at Taiping, Teluk Intan, Tapah, Sg.Siput, Slim River, Sri Manjung,
Selama, Parit Buntar, Kuala Kangsar, Kampar, Ipoh, Grik, Changkat Melintang, Batu
Gajah and Tanjung Rambutan. The health status of Malaysians has improved
significantly since the nation achieved its independence in 1957. At independence in
1957, there were 10 major hospitals and 56 district hospitals, plus 7 institutions for
leprosy and mental health patients. Despite such success, there remain issues and
challenges that need to be addressed. These matters in question range from the
evolvement of disease patterns to the administration of health services. The
government focus more on improving the socio-economic development of the rural
population after Malaysia gained independence. The country has a total of 65
hospitals when it gained independence in 1957 but since then the Ministry of Health
had shown an excellent achievement in providing health care services. In 20 years
since independence (1957-1977), the national healthcare development had focus
primarily on the development and upgrading of existing health services and it was
during this period the General Health Centre, Minor Health Centre, Midwives Centre
and Clinics were built. The Ministry Of Health has also played a role in rehabilitation
of social issues and community development. The Welfare Department was placed
under the Ministry of Health in two separate periods, from 1956 to 1957 and 1960 to
1962. During the merger, the ministry was named the Ministry of Health and Social
Welfare with the honourable Dato V.T Sambathan (1957-1959) as its first minister. In
1963, the ministry reverted to its original name, the Ministry of Health with its fourth
minister, the honourable Dato Abdul Rahman Talib (1962-1964), and the name
remained to this day. The Ministry of Health will continue to grow with the increase
of health facilities each year. The ministry also serves as a reference from
neighbouring countries in a variety of medical technologies and methods such as
Cardiology and Geriatric medicine. The focus of the ministry is now more extensive
especially in providing equitable, accessible and quality health facilities. This
development is consistent with the pattern shift in environmental health, health
technology development globally and liberally pursuant to the changes of diseases,
health, environment and technological development in the world. The private health
sector provides mainly curative and diagnostic health services in urban areas. In fact,
most primary care in urban areas is currently provided by private practitioners, and
there are large numbers 19 of private dental clinics and retail pharmacies, as well as a
growing number of private hospitals. Since independence, the government and the
Ministry of Health has emphasized reaching rural areas with services, including
primary care and dental services.
3. Discussion
3.1
Leadership is vital in MoH for two major reasons. Main, leadership directly and
indirectly have influence the commitment of the employees towards their duty and
dedication in supporting the health departments value, vision and mission. Then, this
commitments and dedication is related to both health department achievement and it
employees performance which influences the quality of services provided to the
citizens. The effective leadership will permit the health department to effectively
deliver the department values, achieve the mission, and attain the vision and goals. It
is vital to the health department leaders to understand that patients are not just a client
and health professional are not just employees. The doctors, nurses, physicians and
other professionals in health department not only aiding the health department but
they empower the health department to provide better service to the communities. The
health department leaders need to recognize what is utmost important task that the
staffs do every day and find the better way to improve their performance. Health
department spend a huge amount of money investing in infrastructure to improve on
hospitals and purchasing new equipment to be update with changes in hospitals.
Nevertheless it been least focused on spending on developing or understanding the
people whom work in the hospitals. Not only the health department leaders essential
to comprehend the environment of the field, its a leaders job to provide good
environment to the employees to work if the leaders fails to do it may effect in the job
performance which later gives negative impacts on the service being provide to the
people. To improvise the staffs job performance and dedication as well as their job
satisfaction, leaders required to observe the leadership in the health department. There
are significant area need to understand by the leader, the reason for some staff work
harder than other, the steps need to be taken to make the motivate the other staff and
what would be the effective motivators to them. It is obvious that the performance of
MoH is a product of several factors. First factor is the effectiveness of leader within
3.2
Leaders in the MoH are conscious of the difficulties and environment changes in
health industry, as one a government department they need to familiarize to this
turbulent situation. Identify the leadership talent of the staffs and set the MoH
direction and alignment to gain the commitments from them to meet the mission.
MoH Leaders must gradually adjust to encounter the changes in the environment. The
nation healthcare need to grow more advance in technology and medicine. Respond to
the demand that required by hospital environment. The leaders of MoH must manage
the latest and diverse challenges healthcare department. Leaders also need recognize
that the communities that they serve depend on the hospitals to produce new value and
capitalize more resources to upgrade the state of healthcare. It is essential to identify
the best leadership style to be utilized in MoH, whether to use transformational or
authoritative leadership style. This both style have different consequences and
teamwork. The transformational style focuses on the team support, autonomy,
motivation, commitment and team member development, job satisfaction, moral,
employee performance and group cohesion. The authoritative style of leadership
emphasize on controlling the members to get them to behave as the managers want
them to perform. This style grips and threat to inspire the employee and promotes
separation. The transformational leadership style increase the productivity, employees
performance and group cohesion, the authoritative leadership style increases
separation and autocracy which has a negative impact on team member performance.
3.3
Statement Discussion
Delays in taking action and failure in enforcement are the most frequent complaints
made by the public against the civil service. According to the Public Complaints
Bureau (PCB), 36 per cent of complaints received as of November last year were on
late or no action by government agencies and departments, 13 per cent were on lack
of enforcement. Other complaints on government service filed adhere to procedures,
unsatisfactory manpower quality, lack of public amenities, unfair action,
inadequacies in policy implementation, abuse of power and staff misconduct,
(Fairuz Mohd Shahar, Civil services lack of action top grouse, New Straits Times, 4
January, 2016, p.12).
Based on the Public Complaints Bureau annual report of 2001, complaints regarding
the Ministry of Health and agencies under it total at 108 complaints. Of these cases,
only 47 out of the 87 investigated were found to be substantiated while 21 cases were
still under investigation.
The total number of complaints received had decreased by 6.1% compared to 115
cases for the year 2000. Complaints against hospitals seemed to be the highest with
66%, followed by complaints against the Medical Services Division with 7.3%.
Most of the 3 complaints were regarding delays by the hospital in issuing medical
reports, attitude of hospital staff who were lacking in courtesy towards their clients
and lack of public amenities in the hospital/clinic. Other complaints were regarding
service matters.
The total number of complaints against the Ministry of Health is as shown in Table
below ad followed by a chart.
Agency
Hospital
Medical Services Division
Ministry
Health Services Division
State Health Directors Office
Dental Services Division
Human Resource and Training Division
National Heart Institute
Medical Research Institute
Respiratory Medical Institute
Nursing Board
TOTAL
Total
Received
72
6
8
4
10
2
2
1
1
1
1
108
Total
Resolved
61
6
4
2
7
2
2
0
1
1
1
87
Substantiated
40
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
47
Under
Investigation
11
0
4
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
21
The highest number complaints been registered from the hospitals with 67% out of the
total complaint made during the year. Followed by the State Health Directors Office
with 9% complaints. The rest 24% complaints received from the agencies under the
Ministry of Health Malaysia (MoH). Below is the some example of substantiate cases
against MoH.
3.3.1
3.3.2
2001 the mistake was not rectified. According to the initial report, the victim
was riding a bicycle while he was involved in an accident on 15.1.2001, when
in actual fact he was walking home from school. Investigation revealed that
the amendment to the report had been sent to the complainant. However, there
was a delay due to the fact that such amendments require the Medical Legal
Division and the Medical Practices Division, Ministry of Health to approve
such amendments before they can be released.
3.3.3
3.3.4
the hospital had three categories i.e. critical cases under code red, partially
critical under code yellow and non-emergency under code green. This coding
ensured that the medical officer could efficiently and accurately carry out the
necessary emergency treatment.
3.3.5 BPA/9/2001.11/PPKN/8009 (Retired for Seven Years and Still No Pension
Payment)
A complainant, a support staff at the District Health Office, had retired on
29.11.1994. He reported that he did not enjoy any pension benefits even after 7
years of retirement. Investigation revealed that the complainant had not
furnished the documents that were requested by the department. Since
29.5.1993, the State Health Department had requested for the documents to
process his pension. Only after many reminders, on 14.6.2000 he responded
and even then it was not complete. The documents were finally forwarded to
the Pension Division on 11.10.2001 for processing.
3.3.6
Hospital
Complaints Resolved
Medical Services Division
Ministry
2%
8%
2% 1% 1% 1%
5%
7%
Human Resource and Training Division
70%
Medical Research Institute
Nursing Board
The chart show the cases or complaints that been resolved during the year it received.
61 complaints been resolved out of 72 complaints reported. Complaints against State
Health Directors Office received 10 and 7 been resolved. The complaint received
against Ministry and Health Services Division is 8 and 4 respectively and 2 and 4
been resolved respectively. All the complaints against Medical Services Division,
Dental Services Division, Human Resource and Training Division, Medical Research
Institute, Respiratory Medical Institute and Nursing Board been resolved within the
year. Only 1 complaint against the National Heart Institute was recorded and that
wasnt manage to resolve within the year. This chart shows the efficiency of the MoH
in handling the complaint and resolving it. Even the highest number of cases recorded
in hospitals but 85% of the case are been solved, and only 15% of the case are remain
unsolved during the year. The following table shows the number complaints received
by Public Complaint Bureau (PCB) for the year 2013, 2014 & 2015 as a comparison
of complaints received against the ministries.
In year 2013, total complaint received by PCB was 6,183, and total case resolved was
5,970. The cases that resolved within 15 days is 3,246. The second highest complaint
recorded against the MoH, where the number of complaint received was 480 and 84.4%
complaint been resolved which 405 complaints. 170 (42%) out the 405 complaint been
solved within 15 days. 75 complaints was under investigation during the year.
In 2014, total complaint received by PCB 4,518, and total case resolved was 4,481. The
cases that resolved within 15 days was 2,772. This year complaint against MoH fall in
the third highest record. However the number of complaint received this year its lesser
than the previous year, where the total complaint received against MoH was 368 and
the total resolved complaint was 364 which is 98.4%. 312 (85.7%) case was resolved
within 15 days. 4 complaints was under the investigation during the year, from this we
can we see that not only the complaints has dropped compare 2013 but almost all the
complaints also been resolved. This illustrates the increase efficiency of the MoH, and
the factor involved is the efficiency of the leadership in the MoH.
Lastly we going to compare the complaints received in 2015. The total complaints
received was 3,892 and 3,859 was resolved within the year. The total complaint reduce
in this year compare to last year. However complaints against MoH been moved to the
second highest complaint received 401 complaints. Unfortunately complaint on MoH
increase to 401 complaints. The complaints that been resolved was 398 which is 99.3%
complaints been resolved. 358 (89.9%) complaints been resolved within 15 days of the
complaint received and 3 complaint was under investigation in the year. Even though
the complaint rate on MoH increase but the percentage of complaint resolved increase
compare to last year and percentage of complaint resolved within 15 days also
increased compare to previous year.
3.4
MoH changes were upheld utilizing the transformation authority style. Both the
hospital and other Health department agencies used the backing and input of medical
professionals as well as other staffs to make these changes effective. If MoH were to
have used the authoritative leadership style where learning and assessments were not
shared, and representatives were thought to be of no worth to the ministry and ought
to simply stick to orders, the changes might not have been as fruitful. Similarly as
with the participative leadership style, every helpful to stressed the significance of
their main goal, objectives, and vision to representatives and how they assumed an
important part in the change. Emphasis was set on the significance of workers and the
quality that they add to the MoH regarding the completion of goals detailed in the
transformation and additionally performing in connection to every association's
missions and qualities.
The above Given the distinction between the participative and authoritative leadership
styles, one can presume that the participative leadership style is best style to use to
enhance processes inside of the MoH and additionally expand employee performance
and the quality and wellbeing of patients. The above exploration and cases secured
the significance of leadership at the managerial level and how initiative can affect the
MoHs goals. As previously discussed, utilizing the transformational leadership style,
administrators collaborated with staff and medical professionals to expand the health
department and employee performance through the correspondence and backing of the
MoHs mission and culture. While administrators correspond with medical
professionals, it is up to the doctors to then speak with nursing staff, clinical staff, as
well as support staff in regards to the values and goals of the MoH and inspire
employees to take after this vision and mission.
Due to the changing healthcare environment, integrated healthcare conveyance
frameworks are being applied, modifying the way leaders relate to healthcare
department conveyance. Subsequently, the role of leader is experiencing a critical
change. Prepared to be individual decision makers, leaders now end up taking part in
gathering critical thinking and community oriented decision making. Leaders, who are
used to be "captain of the ship", now should utilize group leadership skills to rouse a
mutual vision, encourage accord, and steer the move into the integrated healthcare
4.0 Conclusion
Since the 1980s, complaint handling theory and practice has developed into a major
strategic focus in successful organisation. In recent years it has become more common
for complaint mechanisms to be sufficiently accessible and easy to use to enable the
people to complain without the need for external assistance as far as possible.
People should be provided with clear, comprehensible, and accurate information on
the process for initiating a complaint and be given information on avenues for appeal.
MoH leaders need to find out what its consumers think of it, both good and bad. The
Public Complaints Bureau (PCB) minds of the people and avoids their tarnishing the
reputation of MoH by voicing their complaints in the wider community. The focus
was on the complaints regarding the Ministry of Health why it is important to have a
complaint handling system; setting up a system; the day to day running of the system;
and maintaining the system in good order. It also provides useful appendices on
selection criteria for complaint handling personnel; how to process oral complaints;
and good investigation practice.
Consumer activism and media interest exposed large numbers of unsatisfactory and
unacceptable practices in various industries. These ranged from incomprehensible
contract terms through to failure to respond to complaints and repair mistakes or,
indeed to provide any relevant information to bewildered consumers.
Initially, the focus was on the financial services sector, but the utilities rapidly came in
for the same sort of scrutiny. This was accelerated in various countries with the
privatisation of previously state owned monopolies. Other sectors that attracted
attention and various redress systems included real estate agents; general directors;
legal services; public and private health services
One strategy for them to monitor and maintain a good relationship with people
customer and how it will impact the Health department performance is taking action
in enforcement are the most frequent complaints made by the public against the civil
service. In healthcare department, patients satisfaction refers to customers respond or
perception about service or product they used or consumed. Achieving customer
satisfaction positive respond from customer when they receive healthcare services and
appear to have more confidence in their healthcare providers based on past
experiences.
The patients usually prefer to believe in their providers, so health department need to
ensure that their patients satisfy with the treatment given. This is because patients
satisfaction will affect the performance of the health department. Achieving customer
satisfaction can be viewed as one of the health departments performance target. If
customers satisfy with the service offer by health department, it will bring customers
loyalty to use the service or product again in future.
Health department should offer their best in delivering and providing the service. As
in hospital, they should prepare various hospital facets such as technical, functional,
infrastructure, interaction and atmosphere to the fullest to bring the customer
In addition, information obtained through the internal complaint handling process can
lead to improvements in products and processes and, where the complaints are
properly handled, can improve the reputation of the organisation, regardless of size,
location and sector. The health department should ensure that accountability for, and
reporting on, the actions and decisions of the organisation with respect to complaint
handling are clearly established. The operation section concentrates on the process for
dealing with individual complaints.
As the custodian for health in the country, it is imperative that the MoH addresses
these concerns in the interest of boosting the system which in turn will ensure the
health of the people. The MoH shall give emphasis to the changing patterns of
communicable as well as non-communicable diseases, including mental health. At the
same time, it will persevere to provide universal coverage of healthcare services at
affordable costs. Provision of quality of services and optimisation of health resources,
in the forms of human, financial, infrastructure and technological will be given
priority, both in the public and private sectors. The MOH will also not overlook the
marginalised population such as the underprivileged and elderly as well as those
living in the remote parts of the country.
References
Official Portal Ministry of Health Malaysia:
MOH history- http://www.moh.gov.my/english.php/pages/view/532
Public Complaints Bureau Annual Report 2001
Public Complaints Bureau Annual Report 2013
Public Complaints Bureau Annual Report 2014
Public Complaints Bureau Annual Report 2015
World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, Ministry of Health Malaysia
(2001). The Structure and Sustainable Delivery of Essential Public Health Functions in the
Western Pacific Region. Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Country Health Plan: 9th Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Book 1, Ministry of Health Malaysia
Programme Health Plan: 9th Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Book 2, Ministry of Health
Malaysia
Malaysia Medical Association, MMA. Health for All. Selangor 1999
Ministry of Health (MOH) (2003b, 2004). Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of
strategy for health for all.