TOPICS

Some Measurable Properties of Gases

Objective

Absolute Temperature - Temperature at which a thermodynamic system has the lowest energy.It corresponds to -273.15
C on the Celsius temperature scale and to -459.67 F on the Fahrenheit temperature scale

OBJECTIVES
Determine how the volume of a gas changes with the temperature for a fixed amount of gas and pressure.
Generalize the behavior of gases using Charles Law
Solve problems involving Charles Law
Apply Charles Law in real situation
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASES
Indefinite shape
Indefinite volume
Take the shape and volume of container
Particles are far apart
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASES
Particles move fast
high Kinetic Energy - particles can separate and move throughout container
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
All gases are made up of very tiny particles called molecules which are widely separated from one another in an otherwise
empty space.
The gas molecules move at high speed travelling in straight line but in random direction.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
The molecules collide with one another but the collisions are perfectly elastic.
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules depends directly upon the absolute temperature of any given temperature.
Some Measurable Properties of Gases
Volume - (also called capacity) is a quantification of how much space an object occupies
Pressure - force exerted per unit area of surface by molecules in motion.

K = oC + 273.15

(SI)

R = oF + 460

(English)

Charles Law
Cleaning time
The interior of the tank cars were washed out & cleaned with steam (gas water).
Then all the outlet valves were shut and the tank cars were sealed.
Charles Law
.. All the workers went home for the cold evening and when they returned, this is what they found
Charles Law
The tank cars were smashed, crushed, or collapsed by an unseen force.. why?
What crushed them during the night?
Charles Law
The Collapsing Can Activity
Charles Law
Charles Law
Generalization:
As the temperature of the gas increases the gas molecules will begin to move quickly.
As the temperature of the gas decreases, the gas molecules will begin slow down.
The molecules will hit the walls of the container with more or less force causing the volume to increase or decrease.
Charles Law
The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure varies directly with the absolute temperature.
Charles Law
Mathematically,

Charles Law

Compound

Applying to State 1 and State 2

A chemical combination of two or more elements.

Sample Problem 1

It has constant composition and unique set of properties.

A sample of methane gas that has a volume of 3.8 L at 5.0 oC is heated to 86.0oC at constant pressure. Calculate its new
volume.

Its composition is represented by its formula, which lists the symbols of the elements are contained in the simplest unit of
the compound.

Solution to Problem 1

Chemical Bonding

Given:

Chemical Bond
V1 = 3.8 L

A strong force of attraction or linkage between atoms due to the interaction of electrons between them.

T1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K

Chemical Bond

T2 = 86 + 273 = 359 K

bonds form in order to

Sample Problem 2

decrease potential energy (PE)

A mass of neon occupies 150 cm3 at 0oC. If the volume of the gas increases to 200 cm 3 at constant pressure, what will be
the new temperature in oC?

increase stability

Solution to Problem 2
Sample Exercise
1.

A mass of gas has temperature of 150oC and volume of 0.2 m3. The temperature is changed to 50oC but the
pressure is unchanged. Determine the new volume.

2.

A gas at constant pressure is kept at 1000C. On decreasing the temperature to 500C, the gas occupies a volume
of 800 ml. Find the initial volume of the gas.

Chemical Stability
In compound formation, atoms tend to form bond with other atoms to become more stable.
Chemical Stability
In most atoms, chemical stability is attained by completing the outermost main energy level with eight electrons (electronic
configuration of noble gas) by gaining or losing, or sharing electrons.
Exception: H needs 2e- to become stable (configuration similar to He)

Thanks for Listening.

OCTET Rule

Chemical Bonding
Objectives

It states that in compound formation, atoms of electrons lose, gain or share electrons in such a way that each atom
participating in a chemical bonding acquires an electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest it in the
periodic table.

Explain how compounds are formed

OCTET Rule

Differentiate between an ionic and covalent bond

Octet: a noble gas electron configuration has 8 valence electrons (except for He)

Predict which compound is ionic and which are covalent

Ne: 1s2 2s22p6

Understand the term valence/oxidation number

Two Major Types of Chemical Bonding

What is a Compound?

1.

Ionic Bonding or Electrovalent Bonding

2.

Covalent Bonding

Method of representing atomic structure by showing the symbol and the electron distributed in different energy levels
represented by half-shell.

A. Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

It is formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

As a general rule, in ionic bond formation, metal lose electron to form positive ions and non-metals gain electrons to form
negative ions.

Example 1:
By Lewis System

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

Ions

Electron Dot Notation or Lewis Structure

charged atoms

The nucleus is represented by the symbol of the element and only the electron on the last shell are distributed along the
atoms using dots, dashes etc.

does not have equal number of protons and electrons

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

CATIONS positive ions

Example 2:

ANIONS negative ions

Reaction between Mg (2 valence e-) and Cl (7 valence e-) to form MgCl 2

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

By Lewis Structure

Electrovalent or Ionic Bond

Learning Check

The compound formed as a result of the transfer of electrons

Show the formation of Sodium Chloride by the reaction between Sodium ( 11Na) and Chlorine (17Cl) using half shell
notation and Lewis structure. What will be the new electron configuration and net charge of each element after ionic bond
has formed?

These compounds are usually hard, non-volatile solids with high melting points.
Ions in these solids follow a regular arrangement called CRYSTAL LATTICE.

B. Covalent Bonding

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

A covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between two non-metals.

Example 1:
Formation of Sodium Fluoride by the reaction between Sodium and Fluorine.
Na

Na+

Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent Bonding

Example 1:
By Half Shell Configuration

F-

NaF

It is consists of an electron pair shared between two bonded atoms.

A molecule results from this union.
B. Covalent Bonding
The compound formed is called covalent compound.
These compounds are usually gases or liquids with low boiling point.
The number of covalent bonds that an atom forms is equal to the number of electrons it needs to achieve a noble gas
electron configuration.

Half-Shell Notation

B. Covalent Bonding

Example 1:

two atoms share 3 pairs of electrons

Fluorine Molecule

N2

a. By complete Atomic Structure

B. Covalent Bonding

Coordinate Covalent Bond

Example 1:

both electrons of a shared pair originate from the same atom.

Fluorine Molecule

NH4+

b. By Lewis Structure
B. Covalent Bonding

Resonance Structures

Example 2:

Two or more equivalent electron dot structures that can be written for a molecule or polyatomic ion.

Methane (CH4)

Each structure differs only in the placement of the electron pairs.

a. By complete Atomic Structure

Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures

B. Covalent Bonding

1.

Determine which atom is the central atom.

Example 2:

2.

Determine the total number of valence electrons on all atoms.

Methane (CH4)

Add one electron for each negative charge.

a. By Lewis Structure

Subtract one electron for each positive charge.

Types of Covalent Bonds

1.

Place one pair of electrons in each bond.

Single Covalent Bond

2.

Complete the octets on all atoms bonded to the central atom. (duet - 2 electrons for bonds with hydrogen).

two atoms share one pair of valence electrons

Cl2
Double Covalent Bond

Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures

5.

Place remaining electrons, as nonbonding pairs, on central atom.

6.

If the central atom does not have an octet, form multiple bonds by moving lone (nonbonding) pairs into bonds until
the central atom has an octet.

7.

Check for possible resonance structures. Determine average structure.

two atoms share two pairs of valence electrons

CO2
O C O
Types of Covalent Bonds
Triple Covalent Bond

Learning Check
Show the Lewis Structure of the following covalently bonded compoundsl
a.

H2

b.

Br2

Predicting Ionic Charges

c.

HF

Predicting Ionic Charges

Learning Check

Predicting Ionic Charges

Show the Lewis Structure of the following covalently bonded compounds

Predicting Ionic Charges

a.

H2

Predicting Ionic Charges

b.

Br2

Terminologies

c.

HF

Radicals group of elements which act as one or single atom in chemical reaction and show definite valence.

Any Comment or Question?

Example:

Chemical Formula and Nomenclature

Sulfate ion (SO4-2)

Writing Chemical Formula

Ammonium ion (NH4+1)

Chemical Formula

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula

A representation of the composition of compounds. It contains:

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula

1.

The symbol and formula of elements or radicals

2.

The number of atoms of each element present written as numerical subscript to the right symbol.

RULE 1 (CRISS-CROSS RULE)

Chemical compounds are electrically charged, the total number of positive charge is equal to the
number of negative charges; hence, the valence of positive entity (ion or radical) equals subscript of
negative entity.

Things to know in writing a Chemical Formula

1.

The symbols of elements and radicals

The sum of the positive and the negative valence should add up to zero.

2.

Corresponding valence or oxidation numbers

The positive ion is written first followed by the negative.

Terminologies

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula

Valence - denotes the number of electrons in the outermost energy level.

RULE 2

- It also describes the combining power of an atom in a compound.

When valence number is 1, subscript is not written

Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

Example:

Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges
Predicting Ionic Charges

Sodium Chloride - Na+1Cl-1

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula
RULE 3

NaCl

When the oxidation numbers of both elements are numerically equal but greater than 1, the subscript are not also written.

Example:
Calcium Oxide - Ca+2O-2

CaO

Exception:

B. Classical or Conventional System

The ic and ous ending are added to the line stem or root word of the Latin name of the metal

The ic ending indicates higher oxidation number or valence

The ous ending indicates lower oxidation number or valence

B. Classical or Conventional System

Benzene - C6H6

Example:

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula

Stannic Chloride - Sn+4Cl-1

SnCl4

RULE 4
Stannous Chloride - Sn+2Cl-1
All radicals take more than one (the subscript is 2 or more) must be enclosed in parenthesis ().
Example:

SnCl2

Formulas of Binary Molecular or Covalent Compounds (Containing 2 Non-metals)

Rule 1

Ammonium Sulfate - NH4+1SO4-2

NH4)2SO4

The Greek prefix mentioned before the name of the non-metals are written as subscripts of the non-metals.

Rules in Writing Chemical Formula

Example:

RULE 5

Dinitrogen Pentoxide

N2O5

Rule 2
All subscript must be reduced to lowest terms (except for molecular or covalent compounds)
Example:

If prefix is mono, it is not mentioned at the start of the name, only the second portion.
Example:

Tin (IV) Oxide - Sn+4O-2

Sn2O4 SnO2

Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds Containing Metals with Variable Valence Oxidation Number or Valence

Phosphorous Pentachloride

PCl5

A. Stock System

Carbon Monoxide

CO

Roman numeral indicated after the name of the metal represents the oxidation number (valence) of metal.

Greek Prefixes Used in Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

Example:

Try These
+4

Tin (IV) Chloride - Sn Cl

-1

SnCl4

Write the chemical formula of the following

Aluminum and carbonate

Tin (II) Chloride - Sn+2Cl-1

SnCl2

Copper II and sulfate

Silver phosphate

OUS - contains less oxygen salt or radical ends in ite

Lead II chloride

B. Ternary Acids or Oxyacids

Ammonium acetate

B. Ternary Acids or Oxyacids

Answers

Example:

Al2(CO3)3

Nitric Acid - H+1 NO3-1

HNO3

CuSO4
Ag3PO4

Nitrous Acid - H+1 NO2-1

PbCl2

HNO2

Nomenclature
(Naming Compounds)

NH4C2H3O2

Rules in Naming Compounds

Formulas of Acids

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

A. Binary Acids

Containing 2 different elements Metal and Non-metal

Solutions of compounds consisting of hydrogen and non-metal.

The name ends in ide

The name starts with hydro and the ending ic attached to the acid forming element followed by the word acid.

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

The formula H followed by the other non-metal

Example:
NaF Sodium Fluoride
KI Potassium Iodide

A. Binary Acids

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

Example:
Hydrochloric Acid - H+Cl-1

HCl

Example:
SnF4 Tin (IV) Flouride

Hydrosulfuric Acid - H+S-2

SnF2 Tin (II) Flouride

H2S

B. Ternary Acids or Oxyacids

Those containing, H, O, and acid forming element.

The names do not have prefix hydro in their name terminate in ous or ic.

IC contains more oxygen salt or radical ends in ate

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

Example:
SnF4 Stannic Flouride
SnF2 Stannous Flouride

I. Binary Ionic Compounds

HClO2 Chlorous acid

Example:

HClO3 Chloric acid

NH4I Ammonium Iodide

HClO4 Perchloric acid

KCN Potassium Cyanide

VI. Ternary Compounds

Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide

Example:

II. Binary Molecular Compounds

Al(NO3)3 Aluminum Nitrate

Example:

NaNO2 Sodium Nitrite

P2O5 Diphosphorous pentaoxide or pentoxide

Try These

PCl3 Phosphorous trichloride

Name the following compounds

K2S

III. Binary Molecular Compounds Containing

Hydrogen listed as the First Element

CaCO3
MnCl4

Example:
HF Hydrogen Fluoride

HI

HCl Hydrogen Chloride

ANSWERS

IV. Binary Acids

K2S

potassium sulfide

Example:

CaCO3

calcium carbonate

HCl (in water solution) Hydrochloric acid

MnCl4

manganese IV chloride

HF (in water solution) Hydroflouric acid

HI

hydroiodic acid or hydrogen iodide

V. Ternary Acids (OXY acids)

Try These

Example:

Name the following compounds

H3PO4 Phosphoric acid

PCl3

H2PO3 Phosphorous acid

CCl4

V. Ternary Acids (OXY acids)

CO

Example:

CO2
HClO Hypochlourous acid

ANSWERS

PCl3

phosphorus trichloride

Question or Comments?

CCl4

carbon tetrachloride

Electron Arrangement in an Atom

CO

carbon monoxide

Characteristics of Electrons

CO2

carbon dioxide

Extremely small mass

Empirical and Molecular Formula

Located outside the nucleus

Calculating Formula Mass

Moving at extremely high speeds in a sphere

Calculating Percentage Composition

Have specific energy levels

Formulas

Energy of Electrons

molecular formula = (empirical formula)n [n = integer]

When atoms are heated, bright lines appear called line spectra

molecular formula = C6H6 = (CH)6

Electrons in atoms arranged in discrete levels.

empirical formula = CH

An electron absorbs energy to jump to a higher energy level.

Formulas (continued)
Formulas (continued)

When an electron falls to a lower energy level, energy is emitted.

Loss and Gain of Energy

Empirical Formula Determination

1.

Base calculation on 100 grams of compound.

2.

Determine moles of each element in 100 grams of compound.

3.

Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values.

4.

Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers.

Empirical Formula Determination

Bohr Model
First model of the electron structure
Gives levels where an electron is most likely to be found
Incorrect today, but a key in understanding the atom
Quantum Mechanics

Empirical Formula Determination

(part 2)
Empirical Formula Determination
(part 3)
Finding the Molecular Formula
Finding the Molecular Formula
Finding the Molecular Formula

Describes the arrangement and space occupied by electrons in atoms

Quantum Mechanics
Describes the arrangement of electrons in atoms in terms of:
Main or principal energy levels (n)
Energy subshells

 Orbitals (space occupied within the atom)

Quantum Mechanical Atom
Electrons in atoms have quantized energies
Electrons in atoms are bound to the nucleus by electrostatic attraction
Electron waves are standing matter waves
standing matter waves have quantized energies, as with the "electron on a wire" model

can take on integer values n = 1, 2, 3, ...,

all electrons in an atom with the same value of n are said to belong to the same shell

Quantum Numbers
The principal quantum number, n
spectroscopists use the following names for shells

Number of Electrons

Maximum number of electrons in any electron level = 2n 2

Quantum Mechanical Atom

Electron standing matter waves are 3 dimensional
The electron on a wire model was one dimensional; one quantum number was required to describe the
state of the electron
A 3D model requires three quantum numbers
A three-dimensional standing matter wave that describes the state of an electron in an atom is called an
atomic orbital

n =1

2(1)2

n =2

2(2)2

n =3

2(3)2

18

Quantum Numbers
The principal quantum number, n
Quantum Numbers

Quantum Mechanical Atom

The energies and mathematical forms of the orbitals can be computed using the Schrdinger equation

The azimuthal quantum number, l

designates the overall shape of the orbital within a shell

quantization isn't assumed; it arises naturally in solution of the equation

every electron adds 3 variables (x, y, z) to the equation; it's very hard to solve equations with lots of
variables.

affects orbital energies (bigger l = higher energy)

all electrons in an atom with the same value of l are said to belong to the same subshell

only integer values between 0 and n-1 are allowed

sometimes called the orbital angular momentum quantum number

energy-level separations computed with the Schrdinger equation agree very closely with those
computed from atomic spectral lines
Quantum numbers
Specify the address of each electron in an atom

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

The azimuthal quantum number, l

The principal quantum number, n

determines the size of an orbital (bigger n = bigger orbitals)

largely determines the energy of the orbital (bigger n = higher energy)

spectroscopists use the following names for subshells

Quantum Numbers
The azimuthal quantum number, l
Quantum Numbers

The magnetic quantum number, ml

The statement of how many electrons an atom has in each of its subshells.

determines the orientation of orbitals within a subshell

a list showing how many electrons are in each orbital or subshell in an atom or ion

does not affect orbital energy (except in magnetic fields!)

Pauli Exclusion Principle

only integer values between -l and +l are allowed

Limits the number of electrons in any orbital to not more than two

the number of m values within a subshell is the number of orbitals within a subshell

Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.

Quantum Numbers

Hunds Rule

The magnetic quantum number, ml

Priciple of Maximum Multiplicity

The number of possible ml values determines the number of orbitals in a subshell.

Within a sublevel, place one e- per orbital before pairing them.

Quantum Numbers

Empty Bus Seat Rule

The magnetic quantum number, ml

Aufbau Principle

Quantum Numbers

Electrons fill the lowest energy orbital first.

The magnetic quantum number, ml

Lazy Tenant Rule

Quantum Numbers

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

The magnetic quantum number, ml

s p d f Notation
the distribution of electrons using this method indicates the energy level and sublevels that are filled.

Quantum Numbers
The spin quantum number, ms

several experimental observations can be explained by treating the electron as though it were
spinning

spin makes the electron behave like a tiny magnet

spin can be clockwise or counterclockwise

spin quantum number can have values of

+1/2 or -1/2

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

Energy sequence
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d
4f 5f 6f 7f
Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

Quantum Numbers

s p d f Notation

The spin quantum number, ms

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

Electron Configuration

s p d f Notation

Example:
1.) 9F

1s2 2s2 sp5

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

2.) 13Al

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

Orbital diagram

3.) 2He

1s2

Example:

4.) 12Mg

1s2 2s2 sp6 3s2

1.) 9F

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

2.) 13Al

Orbital diagram

3.) 2He

using arrows to represent electrons and boxes for orbitals. (Pauli exclusion principle and Hunds Rule should be
followed)
Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

4.) 12Mg
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration using electron notation for each:

Orbital diagram

A. Cl
B. Sr

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

Orbital diagram

C. I
Solution

1.

write the electron configuration in subshell notation

2.

draw a box for each orbital.

Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration using electron notation for each:
A. Cl

Remember that s, p, d, and f subshells contain 1, 3, 5, and 7 degenerate orbitals,

respectively.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

B. Sr
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2
C. I

Methods of Illustrating Electronic Configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

Orbital diagram
Remember that an orbital can hold 0, 1, or 2 electrons only, and if there are two electrons in
the orbital, they must have opposite (paired) spins (Pauli principle )
4.

within a subshell (depicted as a group of boxes), spread the electrons out and line up their spins as
much as possible (Hund's rule )

Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic
-

When there is unpaired electron

configurations with unpaired electrons are attracted to magnetic fields (paramagnetism )

Diamagnetic
-

When all electrons are paired

configurations with only paired electrons are weakly repelled by magnetic fields (diamagnetism )

Some other important terms

Differentiating electron
-

the last entering electron in the electron configuration

Valence Shell
-

the outermost shell

Valence Electron
-all the electrons in the outermost shell or valence shell

Molar Mass of Compounds

The molar mass (MM) of a compound is determined the same way, except now you add up all the atomic masses for the
molecule (or compound)
Ex. Molar mass of CaCl2
Avg. Atomic mass of Calcium = 40.08g
Avg. Atomic mass of Chlorine = 35.45g
Molar Mass of calcium chloride =
40.08 g/mol Ca + (2 X 35.45) g/mol Cl
110.98 g/mol CaCl2
Molar Mass =
Calculations

Core and Valence Electron

chemistry involves mostly the shell with the highest value of principal quantum number , n, called the valence shell

molar mass
Grams

Moles

Avogadros number
particles

the noble gas core under the valence shell is chemically inert
simplify the notation for electron configurations by replacing the core with a noble gas symbol in square brackets:
Example of Electron Configuration written with the Core and Valence Electron
Psuedocore Electrons
electrons in d and f subshells outside the noble gas core are called pseudocore electrons
Examples of electron configurations containing pseudocore electrons
End Here
Thanks for listening.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
The study in chemistry dealing with calculations based on balanced chemical equations.
The branch of chemistry dealing with mass relationships
Interrelationship between Mole,Molar Mass and Number of Particles

Everything must go through Moles!!!

Types of Mole Problems
Mole to mole
Mole to mass
Mass to mole
Mass to mass
Mass to volume
Chocolate Chip Cookies!!
1 cup butter
1/2 cup white sugar
1 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract

2 eggs

Mole Mole Calculations

2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour

Mole Ratios

1 teaspoon baking soda

These mole ratios can be used to calculate the moles of one chemical from the given amount of a different chemical

1 teaspoon salt

Example 1

2 cups semisweet chocolate chips

How many moles of chlorine is needed to react with 5 moles of sodium (without any sodium left over)?
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl

Makes 3 dozen
Cookies and ChemistryHuh!?!?

Example 2

Just like chocolate chip cookies have recipes, chemists have recipes as well

20 moles of CO2 is the average amount exhaled by day. How many moles of LiOH will there have to be to complete this
reaction?

Instead of calling them recipes, we call them reaction equations

Furthermore, instead of using cups and teaspoons, we use moles
Lastly, instead of eggs, butter, sugar, etc. we use chemical compounds as ingredients

CO2(g)

+ 2LiOH(s) Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

Practice Exercise
How many moles of sodium chloride will be produced if you react 2.6 moles of chlorine gas with an excess (more than you
need) of sodium metal?

Chemistry Recipes
Looking at a reaction tells us how much of something you need to react with something else to get a product (like the cookie
recipe)
Be sure you have a balanced reaction before you start!
Example: 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of sodium with 1 mole of chlorine we will get 2 moles of sodium chloride
What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles?
50 moles?
Practice

Mole-Mass Calculation
Mole-Mass Conversions
Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are given in grams instead of moles
We still go through moles and use the mole ratio, but now we also use molar mass to get to grams
Mole-Mass Conversions
How many grams of chlorine are required to react completely with 5.00 moles of sodium to produce sodium chloride?

Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas reacting with oxygen gas.
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
How many moles of reactants are needed?

2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
Practice Exercise
Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine required to react completely with 0.50 moles of aluminum.

What if we wanted 4 moles of water?

What if we had 3 moles of oxygen, how much hydrogen would we need to react and how much water would we get?

Mass-Mole Calculation

What if we had 50 moles of hydrogen, how much oxygen would we need and how much water produced?

Mass-Mole

Sn (s) + 2HF (g) SnF2 (s) + H2 (g)

We can also start with mass and convert to moles of product or another reactant
We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get to moles of the compound of interest

Practice

Example 1

How many grams of calcium nitride are produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts with an excess of nitrogen?

Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C 2H6) needed to produce 10.0 g of water

Mass Volume Calculation

2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H20

Avogadros Hypothesis

Example 2

It states that one mole of a gas occupies 22.4 liters volume at standard condition

If 8.00 g of SO2 reacts,

At Standard Condition:

a.

How many moles of CS2 are formed?

b.

How many moles of CO2 are formed?

3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) CS2 (l) +

P = 760 mm Hg
= 1 atm

2CO2 (g)

T = 273.15 K

Solution (a)
3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) CS2 (l) +

Example 1
2CO2 (g)

How many grams of zinc must react with sulfuric acid to produce 1000 ml of hydrogen at STP?

Solution (b)
3C (s) + 2SO2 (g) CS2 (l) +

Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (s)

2CO2 (g)

Practice

+ H2 (g)

Example 2
How many liters of oxygen is needed to react with 10.0 g of carbon to form carbon monoxide at STP?

Calculate how many moles of oxygen are required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide
Mass-Mass Calculation

2C (s) + O2 (aq) 2CO (g)

Practice

Mass-Mass Conversions

1.

What is the volume of oxygen that will react with 30.0 grams of magnesium to form magnesium oxide?

Most often we are given a starting mass and want to find out the mass of a product we will get (called theoretical yield) or
how much of another reactant we need to completely react with it (no leftover ingredients!)

2.

How many grams of calcium is needed to react with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride and 2.6 liters of
hydrogen?

Now we must go from grams to moles, mole ratio, and back to grams of compound we are interested in

Limiting and Excess Reactant

Example 1

Limiting Reactant: The Sandwich Equation

Calculate how many grams of ammonia are produced when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with excess hydrogen.

2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice cheese sandwich

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
Example 2
How many grams of Tin (II) fluoride are produced when 30.0 grams of HF react?

Now assume you have the following quantities of ingredients:

a. 20 slices of bread

b. 24 slices of meat

10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which reactant is limiting, which is
in excess, and how much product is produced?

c. 12 slices of cheese

2 Al + 3 Cl2 2 AlCl3

How many sandwiches can you make?

Start with Al:

2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice cheese sandwich

Now Cl2:

Number of Sandwich can be made:

LR Example Continued

a. For 20 slices of bread = can make 10 sandwiches

We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum chloride from the given
amount of chlorine. Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction comes
to a complete
.

b. For 24 slices of meat = can make 8 sandwiches

c. For 12 slices of cheese = can make 12 sandwiches

Limiting Reactant Practice

How many sandwiches can you make?

There 8 sandwiches that can be made out of the available ingredients because the number of meat limits
the number of product or sandwich.
Limiting and Excess Reactant
Most of the time in chemistry we have more of one reactant than we need to completely use up other reactant.

Finding the Amount of Excess

By calculating the amount of the excess reactant needed to completely react with the limiting reactant, we can subtract that
amount from the given amount to find the amount of excess.
Can we find the amount of excess potassium in the previous problem?

That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too much).

The other reactant limits how much product we get. Once it runs out, the reaction
reactant.

15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting and how much product is made.

s. This is called the limiting

Limiting and Excess Reactant

Limiting Reactant the reactant that controls the amount of product formed in chemical reaction
Excess Reactant the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction

Finding Excess Practice

15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine.
2 K + I2 2 KI
We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and 19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced.
Limiting Reactant: Recap
1.

You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because there is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT.

2.

Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick any product you choose.)

3.

The lowest answer is the correct answer.

The lower amount of a product is the correct answer.

4.

The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the LIMITING REACTANT.

The reactant that makes the least amount of product is the limiting reactant. Once you determine the limiting reactant, you
should ALWAYS start with it!

5.

The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS.

6.

To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used from the given amount.

7.

If you have to find more than one product, be sure to start with the limiting reactant. You dont have to determine
which is the LR over and over again!

Limiting Reactant
To find the correct answer, we have to try all of the reactants. We have to calculate how much of a product we can get from
each of the reactants to determine which reactant is the limiting one.

Be sure to pick a product! You cant compare to see which is greater and which is lower unless the product is the same!
Limiting Reactant: Example

Theoretical and Percent Yield

Theoretical yield the predicted amount of product
Percentage Yield =

Suppose you have 38 grams of BaSO4 and 5 grams of carbon. What is the theoretical yield? If the reaction actually
produced 15.32 grams of BaS, what is the percentage yield?
Practice

____Actual Yield___ x100

Aluminum and chlorine react with each other to form aluminum chloride according to the following equation:

Theoretical Yield
Sample Problem
Barium sulfide,BaS, which is used as a white pigment in paints, is prepared through the following reaction:
BaSO4

+ 4C BaS

+ 4CO

2Al

3Cl2

2AlCl3

Suppose you had 20.0 grams Al and 30.0 grams Cl 2. What would be the theoretical yield? If the actual yield is
31.8 grams AlCl3, what is the percentage yield?