Aircraft Fastener

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Malaysian Institute
AIRCRAFT HARDWARE
Of
- THREADED FASTENERS Aviation Technology
Revision No : 1
Issue No : 1
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Subject Code: ECS 3023

Date : 11/07/07
THREADED FASTENERS
Allow parts to be fastened together
Unlike rivet its may be disassembled &
Malaysian
Institute
reassembled an almost infinite
numbers
of times.
Include threaded hardware such as
Ofbolts, screw
and various type of nuts that secure them.
Aviation Technology
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SCREW THREADS
A male (external) screw thread is formed by cutting a helical groove into the surface of a round bar,
whilst a female (internal) thread is a helical groove cut in cylindrical hole.
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Male threads
Female threads
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SCREW THREADS cond

SCREW THREADS TERMINOLOGY
The principal terms used concerning screw threads are as follow:
1.
2.
3.
Pitch: The distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding

point on the next thread.
Crest: The prominent point of a thread. The crest diameter is the
diameter of the outer circumference of the thread.
Root : The bottom of the thread groove.
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SCREW THREADS cond

4.
5.
Flank : The straight edge which joins the crest and roots.
Thread Angle : The angle between the flank. This varies for different
type of screw system.
e.g. 55 deg. for BSW (British Standard Whitworth)
and BSF (British Standard Fine) , 47 deg. for BA
(British Association). 60 deg.for UNC (American
Standard Unified Coarse and UNF (American
Standard Unified Fine)
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6.
7.
8.
9.
Minor diameter The smallest diameter of the thread measured in a

plane normal to the axis.
Major diameter - The largest diameter of the thread measured in a
plane normal to the axis.
Effective (pitch) diameter Standard value for a given thread size
and is appox. Halfway between major and minor
diameter.
Lead The distance traveled for one revolution of the screw thread.
Lead equals pitch for a single start thread. For multi-start
thread lead = pitch x number of start.
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THREAD TYPE
Aircraft bolts, screws and nuts are threaded in either coarse thread or
fine thread.
Coarse thread when there are a few thread per inch and has strong
threads but a weak core diameter.
Fine thread when there are more thread per inch and has weak threads
but a strong core diameter.
Example; American National series (NF,NC) has more threads per inch
compare to the American Standard Unified Series (UNF,UNC)
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THREAD TYPE cond

Normally threads are designated by class of fit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Class 1 thread is a loose fit, allow you to turn the nut

all the way down using only fingers. Example wing nut
Class 2 is a free fit
Malaysian
Institute
Class 3 is a medium fit where screws are typically a
class 2 or 3 fit. Most common aircraft bolts are usually
Of
fine threaded with a class 3 fit
Class 4 is a close fit
Aviation
Class 5 is a tight fit where
requires Technology
a wrench to turn a
nut down from start to finish
wing nut
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DESIGNATION CODES
Like rivets, threaded fastener are given a part code

indicating a fastener diameter in 1/16 inch increment and its
length in 1/8 inch increment.
Example AN4-7 identifies a bolt that measures 4/16 or
inch in diameter and 7/8 inch in length
Malaysian Institute
AN4-7
Of
AIR
FORCE-NAVY
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DIA.4/16
LENGTH.
Technology
Or 1/4Aviation7/8
For bolt longer than 7/8 inch, the code changes. E.g 1 inch
bolt is identified by a -10 representing 1 inch and no
fraction. There are no -8 or -9. Dash numbers go from -7
to -10, from -17 to -20 and from -27 to -30.
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DESIGNATION CODES cond

Bolt that is 1 long is identifies by -14.
Bolt with the code AN5-22 identifies an Air Force-Navy bolt
that is 5/16 inch in diameter and 2 inches long.
AN5-22Malaysian
Institute
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Air
Force-Navy
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Aviation Technology
Diameter
5/16in
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Length -22 = 2in +

2/8 or in =
2 in

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BOLTS
STANDARD AIRCRAFT BOLT
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Hold two or more items together

Typically used for airframe structural
Have hex heads
Range from AN3 AN20
Made of cadmium-plated nickel steel, corrosion resistant steel and
2024 aluminum alloy
Corrosion resistant steel bolt is identified by the letter C inserted
between the diameter and length designations.
Whereas aluminum alloy bolt are identified by the letter DD
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BOLTS cond
Holes drilled at the end
of the shank
Letter A is used
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Institute
Appears immediately after
dash
number no hole at end of the
shank
Of
Absence of A indicates hole
exists in the shank
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E.g. AN6C 12A
Bolt is 3/8 Dia, corrosion
resistant steel, length 1
and undrilled shank.
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Malaysian Institute
Of
Propeller bolt
Drilled through head of Aviation

the bolt not
at the shank
Technology
Letter H is used appear after diameter number
E.g. AN6H34A
bolt is 3/8 Dia, nickel steel, drilled head, 3 long and

undrilled shank..
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DRILLED-HEAD ENGINE BOLTS
Range from AN73 AN81

Hex-headed
Have thicker head
Drilled with small hole in the center of the head
Made with either fine or course threads
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CLOSE TOLERANCE BOLTS
Designated AN173 AN186

Ground to a tolerance of +0.000 -0.0005 inch
Used in areas that pounding loads
Triangle mark on their heads
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CLEVIS BOLTS
Range from AN21 AN36

Loaded in shear only
Typically slotted or recessed to accept a screwdriver
Installed on forked end
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INTERNAL WRENCHING BOLTS
Range from MS20004 MS20024

High-strength steel bolts
Used primarily in areas that are subjected to high tensile loads
Six-sided hole is in the center of head to accept an Allen wrench
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BOLT SELECTION AND INSTALLATION

Joining two pieces of material
Washer must be added if the grip length is slightly longer than thickness
Check the installing drawing to be sure the correct hardware when installing the
bolt ,washer ,and nut combination
To help remember the proper direction for bolt installation is
IDA - stands for inboard, down , or aft.
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NUTS
Used in aircraft construction

to prevent them from loosening and falling off
2 types of nuts
Self-locking
- locks onto a blot on its own
Non self-locking --- relies on either a cotter pin ,check nut, or
lock washer to hold it in place
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AN 310 CASTLE NUT
Class 3 FIT
Made of cadmium-plated nickel steel
Corrosion resistant steel
2024 aluminum alloy
Used when the bolt is subjected to either shear or tensile loads
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AN 320 SHEAR CASTLE NUT

Same type as a AN 310
Thinner than standard
Used only for shear loads on clevis bolts
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AN 315 PLAIN NUT
No castellation
Fine thread have no locking provisions
A spring type lock washer used in combination with the nut
Corrosion resistant steel, 2024 aluminum alloy, made of cadmium-plated nickel steel
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AN316 CHECK NUT

Second nut tightened against the primary nut
Made of cadmium-plated nickel steel
Plain nut is locked in place using a check nut
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AN 340 MACHINE SCREW NUT
Have coarse threads

Available in carbon steel
Brass and 2024 aluminum alloy
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AN 345 MACHINE SCREW NUT
Have national- fine series threads

Made of cadmium-plated carbon steel
Commercial brass and 2024 aluminum alloy
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AN 355 SLOTTED ENGINE NUT
Use on aircraft engine

Made of heat-treated steel
Has national fine threads
Class 3 Fit
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AN 360 PLAIN ENGINE NUT

Use on engine only
Doesnt have cotter pin slots
Has a black rustproof finish
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AN 350 WING NUT
Class 2 Fit
Made of cadmium-plated steel or brass
Has national fine threads
Remove a part frequently without the use of tools
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SELF- LOCKING NUT

Design to keep them from coming loose
2 general type the fiber or nylon type / all metal type
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LOW- TEMPERATURE SELF LOCKING NUTS

AN365
Used on bolts and machine screw
Held in position by nylon insert above the threads
Class 3 Fit nut allows it to rundown on bolts threads easily until the bolt enters the
insert
Limited to operating temperature below 250 F
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METAL SELF-LOCKING NUT

Usuable to 250 F ( 121 C)
Made of corrosion resistant steel
Available in either NF or NC threads
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AN 364 SHEAR SELF-LOCKING NUT

Used in areas that are subject to high temperatures
Typically made to be used on clevis bolts that dont have drilled shanks
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ANCHOR NUT
Permanently mounted nut plates that enable inspection plates and access doors to
be easily removed and installed
Installed around inspection plate openings and installed in a channel that is riveted to
the structure
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TINNERMAN NUTS
Cost economical nuts
Commonly used on light aircraft
To mount instruments can be either be installed in an instrument panel or in the
instrument case itself
To reduce the chance of magnetic interference
To protect aircraft skin from damage by repeated insertion and removal of selftapping screws.
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U - Type
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TORQUE RECOMMENDATIONS
To ensure preloading is accomplished
Give recommended minimum and maximum torque values for the most commonly
used nut and bolt combinations
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SCREWS
Made of lower strength materials typically installed with a loose-fitting thread
The head shape are made to engage a screwdriver or wrench
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MACHINE SCREWS
Which are the most widely used
Fairing, inspection plates, fluid line clamps, light structural part

Fully threaded shank
Class 2 or free fit

National fine threads
Fillister-Head Machine Screw

-Class 3 fit
-(MS 35265) coarse thread
-(MS 35266) fine thread
Flat-Head Machine Screw
-Countersunk Screw
-Made of cadmium plated carbon steel
Round Head Machine
- Made of cadmium plated
-Available with either fine or coarse thread
Truss Head Machine screw
-large head that provide good holding ability on thin
pieces of metal
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STRUCTURAL SCREWS
Made of alloy steel, heat treated & can be used as structural bolt
Strength equal to bolt at the same size
NF standard thread
Fillister Head Screw

- the cross on its head indicating that it is made of
high strength steel
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- fine or coarse thread

Flat Head Screw
- made of heat treated carbon steel
- distinguished from 100 degree by the X marked on their
head to increase the screw holding ability
Of
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- Made of cadmium plated high-strength steel

Washer head screw
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Washer form onto their head

Increase screw holding ability
Used on thin area (thinner sheet metal plate)
Made of cadmium plated high strength steel
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SELF TAPPING SCREWS

TYPE A has a gimlet ( sharp ) point
TYPE B has a blunt print with threads
4 type of head
- Round Head
- Countersunk Oval Head
- Truss Head
- 100 degree Countersunk Head
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Countersunk
Countersunk
head
head
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Truss
Truss head
head
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PIN
ROLL PIN
- used to provide a pivot for joint where the pin is not likely to be
removed
CLEVIS PIN
- used for hinge pins in some aircraft control systems
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COTTER PIN
- used to safety castellated nut
Of
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TAPER PIN
- produce a tight fit in a reamed hole for applications in shear
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WASHER
Provide a bearing surface area for nut

Act as spacer or shims to obtain the proper grip length for a bolt
To prevent the nut from vibrating loose
3 most common types of used in airframe
- Plain Washer
- Lock Washer
- Special Washer
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Finishing washer
Keyed washer
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Locking Washer
Provide efficient locking action by spring tension
and biting action of tapered twisted teeth. Made
of 1050 spring steel and cadmium plated, Class
Malaysian
Institute
3. Available with internal
teeth (Type
A) or
external teeth (Type B)
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HOLE REPAIR HARDWARE

Threaded holes wear out after repeated insertion and extraction of fastener
Hole repair hardware allows to make a fast and inexpensive repair to worn or the
damage holes
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HELI- COILTM INSERT

Typically consist of a helix of stainless steel having a diamond cross section
Typically installed in soft casting when the component is manufactured
When are used in a repair, the repair must be approved by the component
manufacturer or by the FAA
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Acres Sleeve Hole Repair

Used to repair holes that have been worn
oversize or corroded
The hole is drilled oversize and the sleeve is
pressed or bonded in place
Then the original fastener is then installed
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TURNLOCK FASTENERS
Of
Turn lock fasteners
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Commonly used are the
- DZUS
- AIRLOC
- CAMLOC
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DZUS FASTENERS
Cowling and other inspection access doors that frequently open put this fastener.
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AIRLOC FASTENER
Similar to DZUS fastener
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CAMLOCK FASTENER
the stud assembly of a Camlock fastener consists of a housing containing a spring
and a stud with a steel pin
Held onto the removable portion of the cowling or access door with a metal grommet.
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CONTROL CABLE AND TERMINALS
Cables are the most widely used linkage in

primarily flight control systems
Multiple strand control cables are simple,
strong, reliable and light in weight
Aircraft control cables are fabricated from
carbon steel or stainless steel.
Used on engine control , emergency landing
gear extension control, and trim tab system
Advantages - It is strong and light in weight,
and its flexibility makes it easy to route
through the aircraft.
Disadvantage of a cable system for control
movement relates to thermal contraction. As
an A/C climbs to a high altitude, its
temperature drops and its structure
contracts.
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Typical Control Cable System
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Control cables construction
The construction of a cable is determined by the

number of strands it contains, and by the
number of individual wires in each strand.
Ex: a cable designatedMalaysian
7x19, consists
of 7
Institute
strands, each strand containing 19 wires.
Wires are wound round a king wire
Of in one or two
layers, and strands are generally wound round a
core strand in one layer,
the direction
of winding
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Technology
being stipulated in the relevant specification.
3 types of cable
Non flexible
Flexible
Extra flexible
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NONFLEXIBLE CABLE
1 x 7 or 1 x 19 configuration
In areas where a linkage does not pass over any pulley
nonflexible cable can be used
Malaysian
Available in galvanized carbon
steel and Institute
stainless steel
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FLEXIBLE CABLE
7 x 7 or seven strands of
seven wires and available in
1/16 and 3/32 inch sizes
manufactured each strand
formed into spiral shape Malaysian Institute
prevent from spreading out
when cut
Of
Available galvanized carbon
steel and stainless steel
This is a cable of medium Aviation Technology
flexibility and is used for trim
tab controls, engine controls,
and indicator controls.
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EXTRA FLEXIBLE CABLE

The most widely used cable,
7 x 19, is available in sizes
from 1/8 inch up. It is extra
flexible and is made of 133
individual wires wound in Malaysian Institute
seven strands, each strand
having 19 wires.
Of
Available in both galvanized
and stainless steel.
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This cable is used in primary
control systems and in other
places where operation over
pulleys is frequent
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ATTACHING CABLES
Most cables were attached to bell cranks,
control surfaces and flight controls with
woven splices.
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Types of woven splices
Of
- Army Navy five-tuck splice
- Roebling roll Aviation Technology
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SWAGED TERMINALS
Swaged cable terminal
- to install these
cable cut the cable
and insert it into the
end of a terminal
- replace woven
splices and are as
strong or stronger than
the cable itself
- A go / no-go gauge
ensures that a swaged
terminal was installed
properly
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Malaysian Institute
A go/no-go gauge
ensures that a
swaged terminal
was installed properly
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NICOPRESS OVAL SLEEVES

Squeezed onto control
cable to form terminal end
Made of the copper
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To install a nicopress
sleeve, slip a sleeve over
Of
the cable end loop the
cable back through theAviation Technology
sleeve.
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TURNBUCKLE
Type of cable fastener that allows cable tension to be
adjusted
A complete turnbuckle assembly consists of
two ends, one with right hand

thread and the
other having left Malaysian
Institute
hand thread and
a brass barrel joining them.
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Examine cable for broken wires by passing a cloth

along the length of the cable. This cleans the cable
as well as detects broken wires if the cloth snags
on the cable. When snags are found, closely
examine the cable to determine the full extent of
the damage.
The splice should be inspected for symmetry and
appearance. The wires should be close together,
and no light should show between the strands or
wires.
The resistance of the splice to bending should be
checked. A bad splice will not be resistant to
bending, and, when it is bent, the strands and
wires will slacken.
The tightness of the thimble in the loop should be
checked. The lay of the strands in the cables
should be maintained as far as the splice permits,
as disturbance in the lay of the cable adjacent to
the splice may result in considerable weakening of
Revisionthe
No : 1 cable.
CABLE INSPECTION
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Tensiometer
Tensiometer

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Digital Tensiometer
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SAFETYING METHODS
Safety wires
- to keep bolt from vibrating loose
- to prevent nuts from becoming loose on
stud
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Safety clips
- to safety turnbuckle if the barrel and
Of
terminal are notched to accept them
Many bolt heads must be safety wired to
keep them from vibrating loose.Aviation
As a general Technology
rule, no more than three bolts should be
safety wired together.
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Turnbuckles and swaged

cable studs must be safetied
to prevent them from
becoming loose. Of the
available methods,
Double wrapping is
preferred.
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Malaysian Institute
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Safety clips can be used in place of safety wire to safety

turnbuckles if the turnbuckle hardware is drilled to
accommodate this type of clip. The straight part of the
clip is inserted in a groove between the barrel and the
swaged cable end, and the U-shaped end is pushed into
the center hole of the turnbuckle.
Locking clips can be used Malaysian
to safety turnbuckles
if the
Institute
barrel and terminal are notched to accept them
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Malaysian Institute
Of
To
To prevent
prevent nuts
nuts from
from
becoming
becoming loose
loose on
on studs,
studs,
use
use castellated
castellated nuts
nuts and
and
safety
safety wire
wire them
them
as
as you
you would
would bolt
bolt heads.
heads.
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Wire Safety Installation

1
4
Malaysian
Institute
3
Of
5
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9
10
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METRIC FASTERNERS
Government specification ( i.e. MS, AN)
Industry standards ( i.e. SAE)
Fabricated with a variety of threads standard including
- American National Standard Institute ( ANSI )
- German Institute for Standardization ( DIN )
- International Standard Organization ( ISO )
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THREAD STANDARDS AND TOLERANCE

CLASSIFICATION
Utilize coarse pitch threads and spark plugs utilize constant pitch threads
The lower number , the smaller tolerance
3 classifications of tolerance quality
- fine
- medium
- coarse
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BOLT HEAD MARKINGS

Indicate the strength of the bolt.
Underline bolt markings on 8.8,9.8, and 10.9 strength bolt
Indicate the use of a different type of material in fabrication
4.6
Malaysian
10.9 Institute
Of
5.8
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THREAD IDENTIFICATION
MID
1.5
Indicated iso
metric thread
6g
Malaysian Institute
Diameter in mm
Of
Pitch in mm
Tolerance classTechnology
or fit
Aviation
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Aircraft Fastener

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Aircraft Fastener

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SCREW THREADS cond

Pitch: The distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SCREW THREADS cond

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Minor diameter The smallest diameter of the thread measured in a

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

THREAD TYPE cond

Class 1 thread is a loose fit, allow you to turn the nut

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Like rivets, threaded fastener are given a part code

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

DESIGNATION CODES cond

Length -22 = 2in +

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Hold two or more items together

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Drilled through head of Aviation

bolt is 3/8 Dia, nickel steel, drilled head, 3 long and

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

DRILLED-HEAD ENGINE BOLTS

Range from AN73 AN81

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

CLOSE TOLERANCE BOLTS

Designated AN173 AN186

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Range from AN21 AN36

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

INTERNAL WRENCHING BOLTS

Range from MS20004 MS20024

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

BOLT SELECTION AND INSTALLATION

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Used in aircraft construction

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

AN 310 CASTLE NUT

Subject Code: ECS 3023

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

AN 320 SHEAR CASTLE NUT