Chapter 3 Ground Handling and Safety (Compatibility Mode)

FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Aircraft
Ground Operations
&
Handling
Revision No :ORIGINAL
Issue No :01
Page No: 1
Subject Code: GAV1152

Date
: 9 August 2006
1.
INTRODUCTION
Safety
To accomplish the tasks without harming to

personnel, others, aircraft and equipments.
The emphasis on safety is most cases has to be
adhered since most people become complacent
and do not give safety as top priority or
attention after working at job for a period of
time. This is most common practice to human
beings.
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Step To Safety
Develop a safety concepts as a
professional.
Practice safety rules and precautions as
part of a professional safety.
Know safety rules and be aware of
precautions
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2.
SHOP AND FLIGHT LINE SAFETY

a.
Shop Safety
Electrical safety.
1.
Aware of safety procedures
- Avoid handling electrical equipment
on wet surface as a good path to
ground.
- Aware of shorted wire.
- ensure electrical equipment with 3 wire
extension cord of adequate capacity.
a. white/blue (earth ground)
b. black/brown (supply power)
c. green/yellow with three strip
(equipment ground)
- no frayed cords and replaced cracked plug
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THE BLACK INSULATED WIRE CARRIES THE

POWER,WHILE THE WHITE WIRE IS THE GROUND AND
IS CONNECTED TO THE EARTH GROUND WHERE THE
POWER ENTER THE BUILDING.THE GREEN WIRE IS THE
EQUIPMENT GROUND AND CONNECTS THE HOUSING OF
THE EQUIPMENT TO THE EARTH GROUND THROUGH
THE LONG,ROUND PIN IN MALE PLUG.
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a.
Shop Safety cond
Electrical safety
2.
Electrical fire safety
- No poor connections (higher the resistance, the
greater the heat)
- Never overload extension cord or wall outlet
- Electrical cord is in good conditions
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b.
Radiation hazard
large aircraft contain radioactive material

Radioactive materials
Balance weight flight control ( depleted uranium
238 )
Luminescent devices exit sign ( tritium )
Optical instrument electronic equipment ( thorium )
Smoke detector ( americium 241 )
Emit low-lever radiations
Dangerous to handle or disposed of improperly.
Inhale or swallowed accidentally could cause serious
health consequences.
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Hazard Communication Program OSHA

( Occupational Safety and Health Administration )
Require maintenance shop to develop

formal hazard communication program.
Make all personnel aware of shop
materials that considered hazardous or
potentially hazardous.
Train them the proper handling and
disposal of these materials.
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Program consists of
Formal written program starting
compliance and training procedure.
Inventory on all hazardous materials.
Material safety and data sheet for the
item listed on inventory.
Labeling all container and equipments.
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Material safety data sheets.

OSHA regulation require on employer to have copies of
relevant MSDS readily available to all shop personnel at
all times.
Meant for quick reference, when cases such as chemical
spill or injury.
MSDS carried along to emergency room to ensure
immediate medical attention.
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MSDS Consist
Product identification included trade name, address,

manufacturer / supplier emergency phone number.

The principal / main ingredients (%mixture by weight).
Physical data , substances appearance , odor, boiling
point, vapor pressure , solubility.
Fire and explosion hazard potential.
Reactivity data, stability and incompatibility with
other substance.
First aid and health hazard.
Ventilation , personnel protection- gloves, goggles,
respirator.
Storage and handling precautions.
Spill , leak and disposal procedures.
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Container Labeling
Typical Chemical hazard label have 4 color-coded diamonds.
Red, blue, yellow, white. (numbered zero-4)
colored red indicate materials flammability

0-Stable , do not burn unless heated.

4-Highly combustible gases, volatile liquid flash point below
73F.Boiling point below 100F( NFPA class 1A)
Colored blue indicate materials health hazard.
0-No significant risk.
Life threatening or permanent damage with single or repeated
exposures.
Colored yellow indicate materials reactivity.
0-Normally stable even under fire condition and do not react with
water.
4-Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at
normal temperature and pressures.
Colored white indicate personnel protection.
A-Minimum requirement including safety glasses or goggles.
K- Use of fully body suit, boot, and head mask with independent
oar supply.
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SAMPLE HAZARD LABEL

THE MATERIAL
DESCRUBED BY THIS
SAMPLE HAZARD LABEL
PRESENT A SERIOUS
FLAMMABILITY HAZARD
(RED) ,
A MODERATE HAZARD TO
HEALTH (BLUE) ,
AND A MINIMUM
STABILITY HAZARD
(YELLOW), USE OF
GOGGLES,GLOVES AND
RESPIRATOR (G)
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c.
SAFETY AROUND COMPRESSION

GASES
Compressed gases power to operate:
Pneumatic drill motor

Rivet gun
Paint spray gun
Cleaning gun
Compressed nitrogen are using for
- Inflate tires
- Shock struts
Compressed Acetylene
- Welding
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c.
SAFETY AROUND COMPRESSION

GASES cond
Concentrated stream of compressed air blown across a cut

in the skin, entering the bloodstream could cause severe

injury (blood poisoning )
Dusting gun-equipment equipped with a restrictor to
reduce the pressure to 30 PSI or less.
Not to blow dirt or chips into the face someone standing
nearby. Wear eye protection.
Keep air hoses fittings in good condition.
Inflating and deflating tires, placed wheel in safety cage.
Use calibrate tire gauge and regulator.
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Compressed gas safety measures

Handle cylinders of compressed gases as you would handle

high-energy source and therefore potential explosive.

Always use safety glasses when handling and using
compressed gas.
Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified.
When storing or moving a cylinder have the cap secured in
place to protect the valve stem.
When large cylinders, strap them to a properly designed
wheeled cart to ensure stability.
Use the appropriate regulator on each gas cylinder
Never ever direct high pressure gases at a person.
Do not use compressed gas or air to blow away dust or dirt
since the resultant flying particles are dangerous.
Release compressed gas slowly and also may build up static
charge which could ignite a combustibles gas.
Never contact petroleum product such as oil, grease to
oxygen gas especially when cleaning regulator with oil rags.
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Cap secured
in place to
protect the
valve stem.
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d.
Safety around machine tools.
Do not use unfamiliar machine tools.

Machine tools should have guards and safety covers to
protect the operator .

Ensure all cutting and drilling tools are properly
sharpened.
When cutting a large hole in thin sheet metal, the
material should be secured clamped to the drill press
table.
Use eye protection when drilling, grinding or sawing.
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X
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Guard and safety

cover
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e.
Welding safety
Welding should be performed only at designated areas.

If part need to be welded, removed part and take to
welding area.
Welding area should be equipped with proper table,
ventilation, tool storage and fire extinguishers.
If welding should be done in the hangar, no aircraft
should be within 35 feet of the hangar. Roped off and
clearly marked.
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3.
FIRE SAFETY
Basic Fire safety
All combustible materials should be stored in proper

containers, where spontaneous combustion cannot

occur. Cool area, ventilated and outside the shop.
Spilled gasoline, dried paint overspray, sand dust should
never be swept with dry broom as static electricity can
cause spark and ignite.
Always flush the combustible products with water
before sweeping.
Beware of possibility of fire, provide exit for aircraft in
the hangar.
Ensure fire extinguishers are properly serviced and
available.
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Fire protection
Classification of fire.
Class A fires solid combustible material ( wood, paper
or cloth burn, cabin fire ).
Class B fires combustibles liquid ( gasoline, oil, turbine
fuel (AVTUR), paint thinner and solvent)
Class C fires energized electrical fire ( electrical motor,
generator )
Class D fires metal fire ( magnesium)
Requirement of fire
1Fuel.
2- Oxygen.
3. Heat ( raised to the kindling point, temperature at
which combustion occur)
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FACTORS
CAN
CAUSE
FIRE
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Basic fire Extinguisher system

Types of fire extinguishers
Principal of fire extinguishers
Cooling the fuel below kindling point.

Deprive / remove the oxygen
Water extinguisher class A fire because no electricity
involved. Modern water fire extinguisher contains water with
some anti-freeze material mixed.
Carbon Dioxide when release it expands to many times its
compressed volume. Temperature drops form blanket of white
snow and excludes the air containing oxygen from the fire.
Suited for engine intake and carburetor fire. Left no residue.
Halogenated hydrocarbon Used for cabin fire in modern
aircraft. Halon 1301 ( Freon 13 or Bromotrifluoromethane ) no
harm to human. Effective for used in engine compartment fires
both piston and turbine engine.
Dry powder Bicarbonate of soda, ammonium phosphate or
potassium bicarbonate. Effective with class B,C, and D fires.
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Water extinguisher
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CARBON
DIOXIDE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
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CARBON DIOXIDE
FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
FLIGHT LINE TYPE
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CONSTRUCTION
OF CARBON
FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
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Checking fire extinguisher

Most common used are carbon dioxide, nitrogen-
pressurized dry powder and halogenated.

Content of CO2 extinguisher is determined by its weight.
Content of nitrogen-pressurized / dry powder
extinguisher is indicated by pressure gauge. Red and
green arc on the dial. Green arc indicating sufficient.
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PESSURE GAUGE OF FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS
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Identifying fire extinguisher

Identifying by colour-c0ded marks
Green triangle with letter A Suitable for

class A fires.
Red square with letter B Suitable for class
B fires.
Blue circle with letter C Suitable for class C
fires.
Black star with letter D Suitable for class
D fires.
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TYPICAL EXTINGUISHERS MARKINGS
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SAFETY ON THE FLIGHT LINE

Hearing protection ( exposed to high noise of turbine
engine ) , shop, level of noise is high to wear hearing

protection, as to prevent the sound energy from damaging
the ear and impair the hearing
Foreign Object Damage (FOD) . Flight line must be kept
clean of any objects that can be sucked into the intake of a
jet engine or that can be blown by jet blast or the propeller
into the hangar or into another aircraft. The aviation
maintenance technicians must make the habit of picking
up all loose particles/ hardware rags find on the ramp.
Jet engine are dangerous from front and rear, when
engine are running it produces a low pressure area in
front of intake, can draw a person into the engine and
high velocity exhaust can cause severe damage to people
and equipment.
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DANGER AREA OF AIRCRAFT
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Safety around helicopter

Since helicopter often operated in terrain precautions
must be taken when approaching and depart from them.

Always stay in pilot view.
Refer to sheet on safety around helicopters.
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TIETIE-DOWN
AIRCRAFT
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Tie down procedure

1. Lightweight aircraft with airfoil-shaped wing and tail surface
or rotors makes it highly susceptible to damage from strong
wind.
2. Aircraft stored in an a storm-proof hangar or by tying it down
securely.
3. Preparation of the aircrafta.
Aircraft controls locked to prevent the surfaces
banging against the stops and causing structural
damaged.
i.
Used of internal control locks
Batten use to hold the surface in a
ii.
streamline position by clamping it against
the fixed surface.
1a.
Batten should be lined with one inch
rubber foam, painted red and have a
long red streamer attached.
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CONTROL BATTEN
TO SECURELY LOCK
AN AIRCRAFT
CONTROL SURFACE
IN PLACE.
RED STREAMER TO
PREVENT BEING
LEFT ON THE
AIRCRAFT WHEN IT
IS PREPARED FOR
FLIGHT
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Tie down procedure cond

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
If tail wheels are tie down facing the wind, the elevators
should be locked in a fully up position (wind force the tail
down).
If tie down facing away from the wind, the elevators
should be locked in down position.
Spoiler board may be lashed to the surface of the wing to
destroyed the lift in case of severe wind. Securing rope
do not pulled too tight.
The doors and the windows should be secured.
All engine opening should be covered.
Pitot head should be covered
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CROWD
RAMP
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Tie down procedure - Lands plane

-
Most airport have a tie down area with anchors

permanently embedded into the hard-surfaced ramp.
- Individual anchored
- Tie down
Aircraft should be secured so that it is headed as nearly
into the wind.
Between adjacent aircraft should have minimum clearance
on a crowd ramp.
Nose or tail wheel should be locked in straight ahead
position.
Tie down should be secured to each wing and to the tail
Tie down with rope or chain.
Nylon rope is the strongest, with Dacron and yellow
polypropylene also have sufficient strength.
Manila rope is disadvantage because has the tendency to
shrink when it gets wet and will mildew and rot when
exposed to weather.
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Tie down procedure - Lands plane cond

-
Rope attached to aircraft tie down rings with bowline knot

and should not be pulled tight enough to prevent aircraft
jerking.
If manila rope is used, a little extra slack must be allowed.
At many airports chains are used. They have much longer
life and easier to use but not as strong as proper size rope.
If chains are used, they must be secured to the aircraft by
passing the chain through the tie down rings.
Aircraft with nose wheel should be tie down with one rope
through the nose-gear tie down ring, one for each wing and
two ropes through the tail tie down ring.
Ensure that wheels are blocked with proper fitting chocks
in front and aft of the wheels.
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Tie down procedure -Seaplanes

- Secured by either towed into shallow
water or onto beach.

- Shallow water float compartment
flooded with water to add weight.
- Beach secured to dock or tree.
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Skiplanes
- Snow in packed over around the skis
and water is poured over them so that

they will frozen into the ice to secure
them.
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Helicopter
-
Helicopter should be headed into the anticipated wind,

clear of any other helicopter, aircraft or buildings by at
least a rotor-span.
Wheel brake should be set and chocks placed in front and
aft of the wheel.
If helicopter is mounted on skids, should be secured tied
to the ground tie down facilities by attaching ropes to
point specified by the manufacturer.
Position the main and tail rotor blades as specified by
the manufacturer. ( maintenance manual ).
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HELICOPTER
Main rotor
blade
Tail rotor
blade
Tail boom
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Jacking
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JACKING
Intro
- Jacking is raised aircraft from
the hangar floor for weighing,
maintenance or repair
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For single wheel, brake or tire

service
-
Provision on the strut for placement of short hydraulic

jack.
Do not place the jack under the brake housing or any
location not specifically approved by the manufacturer.
It is not recommended to lift off both wheels at the same
times, when jacking from the landing gear struts
position.
Lower the jack and straighten it, if aircraft has the
tendency to move sideways when jacked from struts as
the aircraft weight is removed from the tire.
Wheels that are not jack should be securely chocked, to
prevent aircraft moving.
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AIRCRAFT
JACKING
JACKING
PAD
LOCKING
COLLAR
Jack
locking pin
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For retraction tests and landing

gear service
Generally aircraft is jacked from the jack pads located on the

main wing spar.
Nose-wheel ( tri-cycle ) type aircraft some have jack pad
located on the fuselage to raise the nose. Other require the tail
to be pulled down to raise the nose.
When lifting the aircraft off the ground for a retraction test,
ensure the all of the jacks are raised and lowered evenly to
presently aircraft tipping and falling off the jacking.
use the proper jacks and raise them evenly, so that the aircraft
will be lever and no tendency for it to slip off the jacks.
The safety collar on the jack should be used to prevent fluid
leakage causing the jack to inadvertently retract. The collar is
screwed down as the shaft should be locked using locked pin.
Make sure to remove all of the work stands and equipment
before lowering the aircraft.
Make sure the landing gear is down and locked and then lower
the jacks evenly.
Always use jacking methods by manufacturer.
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Jacking the aircraft
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Hoisting
- When hoisting be sure to follow the
manufacturers recommendations in
detail.
- Use hoist of sufficient capacity, and use
spreader bar between the cable to
prevent side loads on the attachment
point.
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AIRCRAFT
HOISTING
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Engine Starting
Procedure
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Reciprocating engine
- Starting an engine is specialized procedure
and varies with individual engine ( check

inside the flight manual)
Ensure the area front and rear of aircraft is
clear.
The aircraft should not be parked in a loose
gravel area.
Have fire extinguisher of adequate capacity.
Radial engine and inverted inline engine
should be turned by hand or with starter ( no
ignition to prevent hydraulic lock)
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Hydraulic lock
-
A condition that can exist in an inverted reciprocating

engine or lower cylinder of radial engine in which oil leaks
past the piston rings in the lower cylinder and fills the
combustion chamber. To overcome this the oil is drained by
removing the lower spark plug of the effecting cylinder.
When the radial engine has been shut down more than 30
minutes before starting, hydraulic lock check must be
carried out.
Hydraulic lock can cause severe damage to the major
structural of the reciprocating engine
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HYDRAULIC LOCK
OIL OR FUEL CAN SEEP PAST
THE PISTON RINGS ON THE
LOWER CYLINDER OF A
RADIAL ENGINE, CAUSING A
HYDRAULIC LOCK. PRESENCE
OF HYDRAULIC LOCK IS
IDENTIFIED BY ABNORMAL
AMOUNT OF EFFORT
REQUIRED TO ROTATE THE
PROPELLER. IF A START
ATTEMPTED UNDER THIS
CONDITION , SEVERE
ENGINE DAMAGE CAN RESULT.
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Hand propping
-
Hand propping should be done in through checked

procedure.
- Person in cockpit must be familiar with the aircraft.
Established clear communication between him and the
person doing the propping.
- Ensure aircraft brakes are actually holding by
attempting to move the aircraft.
- When actually pulling the propeller, do not stand on the
wet grass.
- Stand close enough to the propeller so that you will be
slightly overbalance away from engine.
- Grasp the propeller by lying the palm over the blade.
- Do not grip the finger around the trailing edge of the
blade.
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Starting Engine Equipped

with float type Carburetor
Check fuel and oil supply.
No obstruction in the inlet air ducts.
Cowling is securely in place.
Chocks the wheels and set parking brake.
Place the fuel selector valve for the desired
engine.
- Turn the master switch is OFF. The spike of the
induced voltage when the starter is cranked
will damage electronic equipment.
-
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- Placed the carburetor heat control in COLD

-
position.
Place mixture control in FULL RICH position.
Prime the engine to introduced raw gasoline into
the cylinder. Do not over prime.
Make sure the propeller is clear, by calling the
word CLEAR
Place the ignition switch in the both position an
engage the starter.
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- When engine starts, check the indication of oil
pressure. If no oil pressure within 30 seconds,

shut the engine down.
- If engine fails to start because of excessive fuel
(fuel flooded), place mixture control in CUTOFF
position, turn ignition OFF, open throttle and
crank the engine with starter until fuel charge
in the cylinder has been cleared.
- If induction system fire occur, keep the engine
running or keep cranking the starter to pull the
fire into cylinder. If fire exist use CO2 fire
extinguisher to put off the fire.
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CESSNA 152 COCKPIT
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Starting engine with fuel

injection system
Place mixture control FULL RICH, turn boost

pump ON until there is indication of flow on

the fuel flow meter.
Place mixture control to IDLE-CUTOFF
position.
Visually check propeller area is clear.
Place ignition switch in both position and
engaged the starter.
When engine starts the mixture control in
FULL RICH position.
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Turbine engine starting

Inlet duct and exhaust cover removed.
Check the FOD in the inlet duct.
Turn compressor by hand to ensure engine
rotates freely.
Ensure no loose articles or object on ground
ahead area and behind the engine is clear.
Ensure power source of proper capacity. Start
switch ON.
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Compressor turning until at proper speed.

Ignition energized.
Fuel sprayed in combustion chamber.
Proper start indicate by the indication of oil
pressure and increased in exhaust gas

temperature (EGT) within specific seconds.
HOT START If the EGT or turbine inlet
temperature TIT rises above allowable limit
engine experience HOT START.
Turn fuel OFF.
Ignition OFF.
Discontinue start.
Make investigation.
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Hot start usually caused by too rich fuel/air
mixture.
HANG START If false start where engine light
up but does not accelerate to speed that allow It
to operate without the help from starter.
Hang start is usually caused by
Insufficient power to starter.
Starter cutoff too soon before engine reach its
self- accelerating speed.
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Ground movement
of aircraft
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Taxiing
Ensure only qualified persons authorized to taxi the

aircraft are at the controls.
Before starting the engine, be sure that the area both
front and area is clear of people and equipment that
could be damaged the aircraft.
To ensure that the sufficient clearance between wing,
rotor and any other aircraft, station signalmen where
they can watch the wings or rotor of any obstruction.
When towing tail wheeled aircraft the operator must
alternately turn the nose from side to side ( S-turn) to
avoid object.
Use standard signal between a ground signalman and
the pilot.
Whatever signal are used, ensure that there can be no
misunderstanding at a crucial time.
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SIGNALMANS DIRECT TOWING
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STANDARD AIRCRAFT
HAND SIGNALS
FLAGMAN
DIRECTS
PILOT TO
SIGNALMAN
IF TRAFFIC
CONDITIONS
REQUIRE
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START
ENGINES
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ALL CLEAR
(O.K)
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PULL CHOCKS
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INSERT
CHOCKS
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COME AHEAD
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LEFT TURN
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RIGHT TURN
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EMERGENCY
STOP
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STOP
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CUT ENGINE
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NIGHT
OPERATION
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SLOW DOWN
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ENGAGE
ROTOR
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STOP ROTOR
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MOVE
FORWARD
MOVE BACK
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MOVE LEFT
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MOVE RIGHT
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GO DOWN
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GO UP
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TAKEOFF
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SWING TAIL
TO LEFT
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SWING TAIL TO
RIGHT
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Taxiing cond
The signalman has the responsibility of remaining in a
position so he will be visible from the cockpit and to
assure he can be seen at all times.
Busy airports usually use radio contact between the
aircraft and the control tower. In the case of lack of
radio contact highly directional light guns direct at
high intensity beam of light to aircraft. The light code
used
1- Flashing green light- clear to taxi
2- Steady red light- stop
3- Flashing red light- Taxi clear of runaway
4- Flashing white light- Return to starting point on
airport.
5- Alternating red and green light- use extreme
cautions.
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DIRECT LIGHTS BEAM FROM

CONTROL TOWER
Issue No :01
Page No: 87

Date
: 9 August 2006
Towing cond
Large aircraft are towed with a tractor or special towing
vehicle and connected with a special tow bar.

Extreme care must be used not to move the aircraft too
fast and there is always sufficient clearance between the
wing and any obstructions( Recommended walking pace
speed)
Only a qualified person should be in the cockpit to operate
the aircraft brakes when required .
The nose gear of most aircraft has a very definite limit to
the amount it can be turned. Care must be taken not to
exceed the limit.
Issue No :01
Page No: 88

Date
: 9 August 2006
TOWING A LIGHT AIRCRAFT
Issue No :01
Page No: 89

Date
: 9 August 2006
Some aircraft have a method of disconnecting the torque

links so the nose wheel can be swiveled to facilitate

maneuvering.
Small aircraft can be moved by hand, ensure proper
procedure carried out to prevent damage.
Do not move aircraft by pulling the propeller.
Use tow bar attached to nose wheel to apply the force for
both moving and steering the aircraft.
When pushing aircraft , be sure to push only at points
specified by manufacturer. Do not push on the control
surfaces.
Issue No :01
Page No: 90

Date
: 9 August 2006
TOWING BAR
Issue No :01
Page No: 91

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 92

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 93

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 94

Date
: 9 August 2006
LIMIT TURN INDICATOR
Issue No :01
Page No: 95

Date
: 9 August 2006
Ground servicing
equipment
Issue No :01
Page No: 96

Date
: 9 August 2006
Electrical auxiliary power

units
Large aircraft require more power for starting than
their batteries can supply. ( Turbojet transport
category aircraft)
Auxiliary power unit (APU), small turbine engine
supply compressed air force to starting , cabin airconditioning as well power for operating electrical
equipment when engine is not running and for
supplying high current demands for starting. 115 volt400 Hertz AC. If APU is not working ground power
units is used.
Issue No :01
Page No: 97

Date
: 9 August 2006

The batteries for small aircraft have limited current

capacity for cold starting which demand for more
power.
Most airport equipped with battery cart cables that
can be used to assist aircraft battery for starting.
When installing battery on the cart the polarity be
correctly attached to the cable so it will be the same
as that the battery in the aircraft. Reverse polarity
can damage the alternator diode as well as the
battery.
Issue No :01
Page No: 98

Date
: 9 August 2006
Hydraulic power
units/Mules
Used for testing hydraulically retracted landing gear
operation
Power supply into the hydraulic system at the engine
driven pumps by use of quick of disconnect fittings
Ensure all of the line are clean so no dirt and
contamination can get into the aircraft system.
Ensure the power unit used the same type of fluid with
the aircraft system. Should the system operated with
the wrong type of fluid, all components have to be clean
,flush and possible disassembles for seal replacement.
Issue No :01
Page No: 99

Date
: 9 August 2006
Oxygen servicing equipment

Modern aircraft fly at high altitude need emergency
oxygen supply as support in the event of the aircraft
pressurization system failed.
Aircraft carries high pressure gaseous oxygen in steel
cylinders or bottles under pressure around 1800 to
2000 psi painted green.
The system serve from the oxygen charts usually of
six bottles of oxygen and one bottle of nitrogen.
The nitrogen bottle used for filling hydraulic
accumulator and oleo shocks struts.
To prevent mistaking , the bottle of nitrogen is facing
of the opposite way of oxygen bottles.
The oxygen cylinders are manifolded together and
connect to the aircraft service pots.
Charging by cylinder of the lowest and last with the
cylinder of the highest pressure.
Issue No :01
Page No: 100

Date
: 9 August 2006
Aircraft Fueling
Issue No :01
Page No: 101

Date
: 9 August 2006
Characteristics of aviation fuel( high

heat value, high volatility)
100LL aviation gasoline has 18720 Btu heat energy
per pound.
Jet A turbine fuel has 18401 Btu heat energy per
pound.
Since jet A weighs 6.7 lbs/ gallon , while 100LL weighs
6 lbs/ gallon, therefore jet A is more dense and has
more heat energy 123,287 Btu per gallon. Where 100LL
has 112,320 Btu per gallon.
Issue No :01
Page No: 102

Date
: 9 August 2006
Volatility
The measure of a fuels ability to change from liquid to
vapor under given conditions.( liquid to vapor). Fuel
must vaporized readily in order to burn evenly in the
cylinder. Fuel that partially atomized leads to hard
starting and rough running.
Fuel that vaporized too readily in the fuel lines lead
to vapor lock. ( vaporization of gasoline in fuel lines
in result in a reduced supply of fuel to the engine
and may stop the engine.)
Ideal aviation fuel has a high volatility that is not
excessive to a point of causing vapor lock.
Issue No :01
Page No: 103

Date
: 9 August 2006
Reid vapor pressure

Pressure above the liquid to prevent it releasing
vapor at a given temperature . Low vapor pressure

reduces tendency to vapor lock.
100LL aviation gasoline has approximately 7
psi at 100F.
Jet A has vapor pressure less than 0.1 psi at
100F
Jet B has vapor pressure between 2 and 3 psi at
100F
Issue No :01
Page No: 104

Date
: 9 August 2006
Aromatic fuel
Contain aromatic hydrocarbons,
added to increase the rich mixture
performance rating, also contain
solvents which smell or eat rubber not
designed for it.
Issue No :01
Page No: 105

Date
: 9 August 2006
Detonation
Uncontrolled burning of fuel air charged, occurs
when fuel burns unevenly or explosively because of
excessive cylinder temperature and pressure in the
cylinder.
Detonation slam against the cylinder walls and
piston.
The pressure wave hit the piston like hammering
and could damage the piston, connecting rod and
bearings.
Issue No :01
Page No: 106

Date
: 9 August 2006
Detonation also cause high cylinder head
temperature , loss of power.

Detonation can happen any time an engine overheat
or used of improper fuel grade ( lower than
recommended) .
When detonation occurs, the first portion of the
charge burns in the normal manner , but the last
portion burns almost instantaneously , creating and
excessive momentary pressure unbalance in the
cylinder .Explosion.
Issue No :01
Page No: 107

Date
: 9 August 2006
PrePre- ignition
1. Fuel air mixture ignites too soon
2. cause by residual hot spots in the cylinder. Small carbon
deposit on spark plug, overheating plug or a crack ceramic

spark plug insulator, or feathered- edges on valves.
3. Will result in a loss of power, engine roughness and may
lead to detonation.
4. The engine may be self sustaining with the ignition switch
off. (continue to run with switch off position).
Issue No :01
Page No: 108

Date
: 9 August 2006
Performance numbers
Fuel are numerically graded according to their
ability to resist detonation.
The higher the number the more resistant the fuel to
detonate or knocking.
Octane rating is the most common grading system.
The octane number assigned to a fuel compares the
anti- knock properties of the fuel to a mixture of isooctane and normal heptanes.
Grade 80 fuel has anti- knock properties as a mixture
of 80% isooctane and 20% heptanes.
Performance number of 100/130 means the first
number is the lean mixture rating and the second
number is fuels rich mixture rating.
Aviation gasoline is graded by lean mixture
performance identifies as AVGAS 80, 100, and 100LL
(low leaded)
Issue No :01
Page No: 109

Date
: 9 August 2006
Performance numbers cond

Tetraethyl lead mixture with gasoline to prevent
detonation but disadvantage of forming corrosive
compounds in the combustion chamber.
Additional mixture of ethylene bromide. The bromides
combine with lead oxide allow the oxides to be
discharged from the cylinder during engine operation.
Issue No :01
Page No: 110

Date
: 9 August 2006
Aviation gasoline color coding

Old grade of aviation gasoline
80/87
red
91/96
blue
100/130 - red
115/ 145 purple
Current grade of aviation gasoline
80
- red
100 - green
100LL - blue
Issue No :01
Page No: 111

Date
: 9 August 2006
Turbine engine can operate on aviation gasoline for a
limited of time. If prolong used, the leaded avgas forms

tetraethyl lead deposits on turbine blade and decreases
engine efficiency. Manufacturer instruction must be
followed when using gasoline for turbine engine.
Reciprocating engine do not operate on turbine fuel.
Issue No :01
Page No: 112

Date
: 9 August 2006
Type of fuel
Gasoline
( AVGAS ) reciprocating engine aircraft used highoctane aviation gasoline.

Turbine fuel
Used by jet engine ( AVTUR )
Jet A, Jet A 1 Kerosene type.
Jet B Blended of kerosene and gasoline.
Jet A freezing point -40C.
Jet a freezing point -47C.
Jet B ( JP-4 ) freezing point -50C.
Jet fuel designation number does not describes any
performance characteristics.
Turbine fuel color code colorless or light straw color
( light yellow )
Issue No :01
Page No: 113

Date
: 9 August 2006
Additional marking
Beside coloring fuels, marking and coding system has

been adopted.
Aviation gasoline are identified by name, using
white letter on red background.
Turbine fuel are identified by white letter on black
background.
Valves, loading and unloading connections and other
control equipments are color to the grade or type of
fuel dispense.
Fuel trucks and hydrant carts are marked with large
fuel identification decals on each side of the tank.
Issue No :01
Page No: 114

Date
: 9 August 2006
Fire hazard
Flammable nature of fuel vapors, no fueling and

defiling should be done in a hangar or enclosed area.

Spilled fuel must be wiped and washer away with
water as soon as possible.
Never sweep spilled fuel with dry broom. Static
electricity generated by the broom will ignite the fuel
vapor.
Aviation fuel should be stored in an approved
container, stored in cool and isolated area approved
for fuel storage.
Any fuel-handling operations are exposed to air and
vapor to support combustion. Therefore sources of
ignition should be eliminated in the vicinity of any
fuel-handling operation.
Issue No :01
Page No: 115

Date
: 9 August 2006
Eliminate static electricity charges by bonding and
grounding all components of the fueling system

together with static wire allowing time for the charge
to dissipate.
Handling aviation fuel
Connect ground cable ( static wire ) from truck or
hydrant cart to ground.
Connect static wire from fuel truck, hydrant cart,
pit or cabinet to the aircraft.
When over wing fueling, connect the fuel nozzle
static wire to the aircraft before tank cover is
opened.
Issue No :01
Page No: 116

Date
: 9 August 2006
Contamination control
Common forms of aviation fuel contaminations,
include solids, water, surfactant, micro-organism and

intermixing of grade or type of fuel.
Turbine fuel tent to retain contamination suspension
more then gasoline because it has more viscosity.
Turbine powered aircraft operate at high altitude,
temperature to condense / precipitate out of the fuel
and freeze, produced ice crystal.
Water is the major contamination problem of
aviation fuel. It condense out of the air ( moisture in
air ) in storage tank, fuel trucks or aircraft fuel
tanks.
Issue No :01
Page No: 117

Date
: 9 August 2006
Water exists in aviation fuel as 1. Dissolved 2. Free.

Entrained water is often visible in turbine fuel as water
haze. Entrain water is water which suspended in tiny

droplets.
Large slugs of free water can cause engine failure. Ice from
slugs and entrained water can severely restrict fuel flow
by plugging aircraft filter and other mechanism. Water
slug a relative large amount of water appearing in one
layer.
Fuel system that are subject to ice crystals are protected
by filter heating device.
Water collected in the tank truck will settle at the bottom
of the truck, collects in the sump. Periodically drained out
should be carried out by the operator.
Issue No :01
Page No: 118

Date
: 9 August 2006
If suspicious of water present, use crystal in a small sample

of fuel. If water level is high than is allowed, gray crystal

change to pink. Fuel must be circulated through water
entrapment filter.
Tank truck equipped with filter and sight gages to ensure
fuel delivered to aircraft is clear and bright with no trace
of water.
Water can be traced by applying water finding paste to
the end of a gauge stick placing in the storage tank,
allowing at least 30 seconds for the paste to react.
A sample can be drawn into a container and the free
water is observed.
All fuel nozzles must be protected with fittings dust cap
when not in use.
Solid contaminants like iron rust and scale, sand and dirt
are also introduced into fuel at every stage from the
refinery to the aircraft.
Issue No :01
Page No: 119

Date
: 9 August 2006
Fueling Procedure
From fuel tank. Fueling can be done overwing or from
single point.
Ensure fuel truck sump have been drained and the sight
gages show fuel is bright and clear.
Fully charged fire extinguisher must be available in
place.
Approach the aircraft with the fuel truck parallel to
the wing and stop the truck in front of the aircraft.
Set parking brake on the truck and connect the static
bonding wire between the truck and the aircraft.
Put the rubber mat over the wing , so that the fuel hose
will not scratch the aircraft finish.
Connect the static bonding wire between the nozzle and
the aircraft.
Remove the fuel tank cover, remove the cap from the
nozzle tank cap and insert nozzle into the tank.
Ensure the end of the nozzle does not contact the bottom
of the tank.
Issue No :01
Page No: 120

Date
: 9 August 2006
From underground storage system
Most large aircraft that service transport aircraft with

great amount of fuel have underground storage tank.
Fueling is done wing fueling ( single point
pressurized).
Service truck having filter, water separator and a
pump driven to aircraft and inlet hose connect to the
underground hydrant valve.
Discharge hose from the truck attach to the fueling part
of the aircraft.
A qualified maintenance person in the aircraft to
monitor fuel control.
Fueling safety
When using single point pressure fueling under the
wing ensure the pressure used and delivery rate are
those specified by manufacture of aircraft.
Issue No :01
Page No: 121

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 122

Date
: 9 August 2006
PRESSURE
FUELLING
PANEL (Single
Point
Refuelling)
Issue No :01
Page No: 123

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 124

Date
: 9 August 2006
Defuel Procedure
Carried out in much the same as fueling manner,
Never defuel aircraft inside a hanger or in any area

not adequately ventilated.
Neutralized any static electricity charge by using
bonding wire.
Defueled fuel from aircraft must be carefully checked
for any contamination before pumping to storage tank.
Issue No :01
Page No: 125

Date
: 9 August 2006
Microbial Growth
Turbine fuel is more viscous and is possible to trap water
in suspended or entrained form that will not settle.

Microbes ( bacteria, fungus, and yeast) can live in the
water and feed on the hydrocarbon fuel. It can forms scum
which can hold water against structure of fuel tank and
cause corrosion.
Microbial growth in aircraft turbine fuel is overcome by
the use of additives PRIST ( PFA 55MB ) in fuel serve as
two purpose:
Lower the freezing temperature of water.
Acts as biocidal agent that kills any of the microbial
growth.
Issue No :01
Page No: 126

Date
: 9 August 2006
AIRCRAFT TOILETS AND

WATER SYSTEMS
Issue No :01
Page No: 127

Date
: 9 August 2006
AIRCRAFT TOILETS
Introduction
The number and type of toilets fitted in an aircraft cabin varies
according to the size and type of aircraft
Toilet compartment may be constructed as modules so that
they may be easily removed from the aircraft. They are usually
made from glass fibre honeycomb having a decorative finish.
The toilet is illuminated by lights located in the ceiling. The
lights are on whenever the aircraft power is on. A dimming switch is
installed in each toilet door jamb. The lights automatically dim when
the door is open, and come on bright when the door is closed and
locked.
The door lock switches also actuate the toilet signs in the
cabin. When all the toilets in that group are occupied the appropriate
cabin sign is illuminated.
Issue No :01
Page No: 128

Date
: 9 August 2006
A handle permit opening and closing of the door from either

side. The door is locked from the inside by
Smoking is not permitted in the toilet compartment. A No
Smoking placard and an ash tray must be fitted on the outside of
the toilet door.
Issue No :01
Page No: 129

Date
: 9 August 2006
REMOVEABLE TOILETS
Removable or portable toilet is the simplest type of aircraft toilet,

usually fitted in the smaller types of aircraft. Often called an Elsan
toilet
Consist of bin containing a quantity of disinfectant and deodorant,
seat is fitted to the top of the bin and installed to the aircraft covered
with a decorative laminate .
End of the flight the toilet is removed from the aircraft and emptied,
toilet of this type are normally secured by a quick release method of
attachment such as pip pins.
Issue No :01
Page No: 130

Date
: 9 August 2006
LIQUID FLUSH TOILETS

Flush toilets are the most common type of toilet found in passenger aircraft
Each toilet is completely self contained, its waste collection tank being
mounted directly below the toilet bowl.
Toilet unit is installed above the toilet compartment floor level
It consist of seat, cover and surround, toilet bowl, tank top and flushing
system and waste tank and outlet bowl.
Toilet is an electrically powered flushing unit (three phase 115 Volt a.c. flush
motor) , It collect waste material in the toilet waste tank where it is
disinfected, deodorized, dyed and the liquids separated from the waste.
These liquids are then used for flushing purposes.
Toilet waste tank is made of stainless steel and has a capacity of 17 gallons.
The units are initially charged with a minimum of 5 gallons of concentrated
solution containing disinfectant and dye. This will last for approximately one
hundred usages, after which the toilet should be emptied, cleaned and
recharged.
Issue No :01
Page No: 131

Date
: 9 August 2006
LIQUID FLUSH TOILETS cond

Electric toilet flush motors must be fitted with a suitable thermal
protection device (fuse or circuit breaker) to prevent them
overheating.
Overheating could caused by failure of the control circuit, control
circuit components, the motor or pump.
Issue No :01
Page No: 132

Date
: 9 August 2006
TOILET SYSTEMS SERVICE PANEL

Each toilet system has its own external service panel situated on the
lower surface of the aircraft.
From these service panels the system is drained and flushed. If a
waste line rubber bung is fitted, it must be withdrawn using a Y
coupling.
After the toilet drain coupling is removed, a leak check is carried out
on the toilet drain outlet. Leakage from this point can result in the
formation of ice which might damage the aircraft.
Any water spilled on the toilet floor is drained via a small diameter
drain line, into the toilet waste tank drain line.
The toilet waste drain fitting is heated electrically to prevent the
freezing of any liquid in the drain line.
Issue No :01
Page No: 133

Date
: 9 August 2006
VACUUM TOILETS

Liquid flush toilet create a risk of corrosion and it takes some time to
drain and replenish each toilet.
Vacuum toilets overcome these problems by having dry toilet
assemblies located at convenient points in the passenger cabin,
connected to a centralized storage tank by pipelines.
The vacuum toilet uses an evacuated waste container.
When the remote toilet bowl is flushed, a valve opens and the waste
is sucked along the pipeline into the storage tank. Clean water from
the drinking water tank is used to rinse the bowl. After use, this
water also goes to the waste tank.
Issue No :01
Page No: 134

Date
: 9 August 2006
VACUUM TOILETS cond

OPERATION
When the flush button is operated the cycle is started.
1. If the aircraft is below 16,000 feet, the vacuum blowers are
switched on.
2. One second later, a water valve is opened and pumps 6 to
8 ounces of water to the rinse ring to clean the toilet bowl.
3. A flush valve opens for four seconds to allow the waste to
be sucked into the waste tank.
4. After the cycle is completed the vacuum blowers are
switched off and the timer prepares for the next cycle.
Issue No :01
Page No: 135

Date
: 9 August 2006
TOILET EQUIPMENT
The toilet equipment is usually of three types
a. Miscellaneous Equipment this include floor covering, mirror,
coat hook, assist handle, electric razor socket, accessory shelf and
ash tray
b. Dispenser Equipment this includes towels, sanitary napkins,
toilet paper, cleansing tissue, paper toilet seat covers, sickness
bags, paper cup and soap.
c. Disposal Equipment this include the means of disposing of
towels, razor blade, sick bags and sanitary napkins.
Issue No :01
Page No: 136

Date
: 9 August 2006
GALLEY AND TOILET VENTILATION

SYSTEM
The galleys and toilets are ventilated by allowing pressurized cabin air to
escape to atmosphere. The galley are ventilated through vent inlets in
the ceiling panel. The toilet compartment are vented by air flowing
through a gap between the toilet shroud and the toilet bowl flange, and
into the vent duct located beneath the toilet shroud,
The ventilation system consists of the following components.
1. Venturi This limits the outflow of cabin air when aircraft is
pressurized.
2. Check Valve This prevents back flow through the ventilation
system.
3. Muffler This deadens duct noise in the galley ventilation system.
4. Galley vent Inlet Provides the means picking up galley odours
5. Restrictors These balance the airflow between galley units and
toilet compartment.
Issue No :01
Page No: 137

Date
: 9 August 2006
FIRE PRECAUTIONS TOILETS IN AIRCRAFT

OVER 5700 kg MTWA
Airworthiness Notice No.83 requires that all toilet waste containers,
provided for flammable materials must be inspected every 72 hours
elapsed time. The inspection must ensure that all entry flaps or
doors operate, seal and latch correctly. Any defects found, must be
corrected.
Containers for used towels, papers and waste, are made from
materials resistant to fire.
Smoking is not permitted in toilet compartment. No smoking placard
and ash trays must be provided both inside and outside these
compartment.
Issue No :01
Page No: 138

Date
: 9 August 2006
CABIN AND TOILET FIRE PROTECTION

AIRCRAFT OVER 5700 kg MTWA
Airworthiness Notice no. 60 requires a smoke detector in each toilet
compartment.
The smoke detector must operate a warning light and or aural
warning in the passenger cabin. It may be also operate a warning
light on the flight deck.
It is recommended that built in the fire extinguishers be fitted in each
toilet waste container. It is also recommended that fire access points
be built into toilet waste containers. This is to ensure efficient
distribution of extinguishant from hand held fire extinguishers. ( BCF
type )
Issue No :01
Page No: 139

Date
: 9 August 2006
PASSENGER WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The purpose of the water system is to supply water for drinking to
the galleys and hot and cold water to the wash basins in the toilets
for use by passengers and the crew.
One or more water systems are usually provided. Each system
supplies water to the galleys and toilet compartments and allows
drainage from these areas, either to atmosphere or to the toilet
waste tank.
Water tank are made from fiberglass reinforced plastic.
Some older aircraft use stainless steel water tanks.
During flight, warm air from the air conditioning system flows into the
area of the water tank to prevent the water freezing. Alternatively the
water tank maybe fitted with an electric heater blanket.
The water tank is usually situated below the cabin floor. Its capacity
will vary with aircraft type. Each water tank is filled from it own
external passenger water service panel.
Issue No :01
Page No: 140

Date
: 9 August 2006
Water pressure control

The water tank is pressurized to force the water up to the
distribution line.
Normally supplied by the engine bleed air pneumatic system.
Some aircraft also use an electrically driven compressor which will
automatically start when the pneumatic pressure falls below a
predetermined value.
Included in the pressurizing system is a paper element filter, a
pressure regulator to reduce the air pressure to about 30 lbs/sq.in
and a pressure relief valve.
These components are located close to the water tank. Where
a compressor is used a riser loop is provided to prevent water
entering the compressor. The top of the loop is higher than the
distribution ducting, therefore water will always go to the distribution
lines first.
A pressure switch will start and stop the compressor as
required. If a compressor is not fitted, a Schradar valve maybe
located on the portable water service panel to allow the tank to be
pressurized if the bleed air pneumatic system is not operating.
Issue No :01
Page No: 141

Date
: 9 August 2006
WATER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION

A main water distribution line runs from the tank into the space
above the cabin ceiling. From there individual supply lines go to the
galleys and toilets.
The distribution line are usually of reinforced plastic tubing
enclosed in an aluminum shroud. The outer shroud prevents
leaking water dripping on to the ceiling. The shroud conveys any
leaking water to the lower fuselage area via drain tubes. The water
then drains out of the fuselage via the drains.
A quick disconnect fitting is located above each toilet and
galley to allow the water supply line to be disconnected when the
toilet or galley is to be removed.
Issue No :01
Page No: 142

Date
: 9 August 2006
WATER HEATING
A water heater with a capacity of about 1.7 litres is installed under
each toilet sink in the supply plumbing to the hot water tank.
Heater contains electrical elements inserted on the bottom of the
tank.
The heater can be isolated from the portable water system if it
should require replacement.
Issue No :01
Page No: 143

Date
: 9 August 2006
AIRCRAFT GALLEYS
INTRODUCTION
Galleys are the kitchen area of the aircraft.
Used to prepare food and drink for consumption during flight.
Galleys range from simple food dispensers which can store
cold meals, to the fully fitted galleys on large aircraft which
incorporate ovens and refrigerators.
Galley location depend on the type and size of the aircraft.
The number of galleys and other positions will depend on the
aircraft type and passenger capacity.
Galley carts are used to deliver meals from the galleys to the
passengers and to take away the waste and empty food trays after
meals .
electrical power for the galley is supplied from the aircrafts
electrical system. The galleys take a high percentage of the total
electrical system power requirement.
Issue No :01
Page No: 144

Date
: 9 August 2006
Galley master switch is provided in the control cabin to allow the pilot to
switch off the galleys should an electrical power failure occur.
Each part of the galley is supplied from the different electrical power
source to ensure that not all galley services will not lost following a power
failure.
Galley waste is stored in a disposable bag stored under a hinged cover on
the work surface of the galley. A new empty bag is fitted at the end of each
flight. The waste bag container must be capable of containing a fire.
All the control switches, excepts the galley master switch, are located on
the galley. These include the thermal circuit breakers incorporated in the hot cup
and oven protection circuits.
Special precaution are taken to prevent corrosion occurring under the
galley area. Many galleys are mounted in the seat rails with specially sealed
attachment devices.
Galley floors are sealed and may have gutters around their periphery. The
gutters are drained lines leading to the outboard lines. The galley are braced
using tie rods incorporating moisture collectors.
Issue No :01
Page No: 145

Date
: 9 August 2006
REFRIGERATORS
- Refrigerators used in the galleys are known as galley chillers. They
supply a continuous flow of cool air to the galley.
GALLEY SERVICE DOORS
- The galley service doors are similar to the main entry doors but smaller.
They are normally plug type doors and permit service access to the
galleys. They may also be used as emergency exits.
CATERING TROLLEY
- Catering trolley or galley cart is used to carry pre-heated meals on
trays, to the passenger.
- There are three types of trolley, meal trolley with trays , waste
collection trolley with flap lids and in flight sales trolley.
- All the trolleys are similar in construction , differing only in their internal
fittings and excess doors.
- box is made from aluminum honeycomb and is supported on a chassis
fitted with small castering rubber tyre wheels.
Issue No :01
Page No: 146

Date
: 9 August 2006
MAINTENANCE OF GALLEY TROLLEY

Before each flight, the galley trolleys are inspected as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Issue No :01
Ensure that the door locks work properly.

Check that the brakes can be applied and released properly.
Inspect for signs of damage.
Ensure castors function properly.
Check restraining cable for security of attachment, the spring
tension and the serviceability of the hook (if fitted).
Ensure the trolley is secured in the storage area.
Ensure trolley waste container is capable to contain fire.
Page No: 147

Date
: 9 August 2006
GALLEY LIFTS
- A galley lift system is used in some of the larger passenger transport
aircraft where the galley is situated beneath the passenger cabin
floor.
- May consist of two lifts used to transport cabin staff and food trolleys
in separate compartment from the galley area to the passenger
cabin.
- The drive system consists of two electric motors, powered from the
aircraft electrical system.
- Lift travel is controlled by microswitches. These remove the power
from the motors when the lift compartment reaches the limit of its
travel.
Issue No :01
Page No: 148

Date
: 9 August 2006
HEALTH PROTECTION and MAINTENANCE OF

GALLEYS
-
Cleanliness is essential in the galley area.

Galleys should be cleaned with approved cleaning agents. Any
brushes used should be made from nylon or bristle.
Ensure that the galley area are clean and any spillages cleaned up.
At intervals specified in the maintenance schedule, through checks
must be carried out in the galley area for signs of corrosion and
damage.
The lids of hot liquid (over 45C) containers must lift securely
Ensure the serviceability of all door hinges, catches and restraints.
Ensure galley and trolley placards are clear and readable.
Ensure waste containers close properly so that they can contain any
possible fire. This includes the waste containers on catering trolleys
Ensure catering trolley restraints are serviceable. See also checks
catering trolleys.
Issue No :01
Page No: 149

Date
: 9 August 2006
CARGO
CARGO CANTAINERS
- Aircraft cargo containers are boxes shaped to the contour of the
aircraft fuselage. They maximize the capacity of the cargo bays and
facilitate the mechanical handling of cargo.
- Made from fiberglass reinforced plastic or honeycomb sandwich
material. The containers are loaded through a metal door or have
one side made of a vinyl curtain which can be buckled down with
straps after loading.
- The containers are loaded through a metal door or have one side
made of a vinyl curtain which can be buckled down with straps after
loading.
- Most containers are sized by code. LD2, LD3, LD4 etc are
containers designed for the Lower Deck of the aircraft, vary in size.
Issue No :01
Page No: 150

Date
: 9 August 2006
The container code and maximum weight is shown on the side of

the container.
Container must have sufficient strength to the restrain the cargo
during the flight and ground conditions
CARGO PALLETS
-
Flat trays of various sizes, normally made from solid aluminum alloy
or aluminum alloy laminated to a core of honeycomb material. The
core can also be made of balsawood or rigid vinyl foam.
Pallets are used to load packages and other loose cargo.
To restrain the load on the pallet, cargo nets and lashing ropes are
used. One method of attaching the nets or ropes is to fit seat track
around the pallet.
A locking pawl on the floor of the cargo compartment, holds the
pallet in its final position.
Issue No :01
Page No: 151

Date
: 9 August 2006
RESTRAINT AND SECURING

-
When a containerized cargo system is not available, loads such as

baggage has to be carried loose.
Loose cargo may be carried in a cargo bay beneath the passenger
floor, or in a baggage area on the main deck of a passenger carrying
aircraft.
Cargo nets are provided to restrain the cargo and prevent it falling
against the door. The net is clipped to tie down fittings on the floor of
the cargo area.
Issue No :01
Page No: 152

Date
: 9 August 2006
DANGEROUS GOODS
-
Dangerous goods are commodities which posses potentially

hazardous characteristics when carried by aircraft.
These characteristics will not prohibit the carriage of the goods by
air provided that suitable precautions are taken.
Dangerous goods include corrosive material or liquid, flammable
material or liquid, compressed gases, explosives, infectious
substances, poisonous or radioactive materials and magnetic
materials.
Aircraft equipment, parts and supplies carried by an aircraft operator
are exempt from the Dangerous Goods Regulations, these include
items such as fire extinguishers , oxygen cylinders and first aid kits.
In general it is required that written permission be obtained from the
CAA when dangerous goods are to be carried by air.
Issue No :01
Page No: 153

Date
: 9 August 2006
If dangerous goods are to be carried, the shipper must supply with

the goods, a transport document to the operator of the aircraft. This
document will:1.
Describe the goods
2.
State that the goods are correctly marked, labelled and
packaged.
3.
Ensure that the goods are in a proper condition for
carriage by air.
A copy of the transport document must be handed to the
commander of the aircraft prior to flight. A copy of the document
must be kept for a period of at least six months after the flight.
Operation Manual will give detail of how dangerous goods must be
labeled . the way in which they must be loaded on the aircraft and
the responsibilities of crew members in respect of dangerous goods.
Issue No :01
Page No: 154

Date
: 9 August 2006
Passenger are warned about dangerous goods by displays at the

departure point. Some goods which could be classed as dangerous
goods are allowed in certain circumstances.
Passenger are warned that carrying dangerous goods is a criminal
offence.
Aircraft commander has no authority to accept dangerous goods,
unless the strict guideline given in the Air Navigation Regulations
are comply with.
Spillage from a container in an aircraft cargo compartment could
result in the rapid corrosion of floors and adjacent structure.
Careful inspection and rectification is essential following any spillage
of corrosive material.
Any accident or incident involving dangerous goods must be
reported to the CAA using the Mandatory Reporting Scheme (MOR)
Issue No :01
Page No: 155

Date
: 9 August 2006
Issue No :01
Page No: 156

Date
: 9 August 2006

Chapter 3 Ground Handling and Safety (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 3 Ground Handling and Safety (Compatibility Mode)

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: GAV1152

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

To accomplish the tasks without harming to

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SHOP AND FLIGHT LINE SAFETY

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

THE BLACK INSULATED WIRE CARRIES THE

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Shop Safety cond

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

large aircraft contain radioactive material

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Hazard Communication Program OSHA

Require maintenance shop to develop

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code: GAV1152

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Material safety data sheets.

Subject Code: GAV1152

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

manufacturer / supplier emergency phone number.

Subject Code: GAV1152

FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

0-Stable , do not burn unless heated.

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SAMPLE HAZARD LABEL

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SAFETY AROUND COMPRESSION

Pneumatic drill motor

Compressed nitrogen are using for

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

SAFETY AROUND COMPRESSION

Concentrated stream of compressed air blown across a cut

in the skin, entering the bloodstream could cause severe

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY