01 - Introduction To PL SQL

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)
Advanced Computing for Human Advancement
Introduction to PL/SQL
- Jayendra Khatod
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Objectives
Introduction
About PL/SQL
PL/SQL Environment
Benefits of PL/SQL
Write PL/SQL Block
Declare PL/SQL variables
Execute a PL/SQL block
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About PL/SQL
PL/SQL is Oracle Corporations procedural
language extension to SQL, the standard data
access language for relational databases.
PL/SQL offers modern software engineering
features such as data encapsulation,
exception handling, information hiding, and
therefore brings state-of-the-art programming
capability.
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About PL/SQL
PL/SQL incorporates many of the advanced
features in programming languages
With PL/SQL, you can use SQL statements to
retrieve Oracle data and PL/SQL control
statements to process the data.
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PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL engine
PL/SQL
BLOCK
PL/SQL
BLOCK
PL/SQL
SQL
Procedural
statement
executor
SQL statement executor
Oracle server
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Benefits of PL/SQL
You can reuse programs
You can declare variables
You can program with procedural language
control structures
PL/SQL can handle errors
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PL/SQL Block Structure

DECLARE
v_variable
BEGIN
SELECT
INTO
FROM
VARCHAR2(5);
column_name
v_variable
table_name;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
...
END;
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PL/SQL Block Types

Subprograms (Named Blocks)
Anonymous Block
Procedure
[DECLARE]
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
[EXCEPTION]
END;
PROCEDURE name
IS
Function
[EXCEPTION]
FUNCTION name
RETURN datatype
IS
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
RETURN value;
[EXCEPTION]
END;
END;
BEGIN
--statements
-statements
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Use of Variables
Variables are used for:
Temporary storage of data
Manipulation of stored values
Reusability
Ease of maintenance
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Handling Variables in PL/SQL

Declare and initialize variables in the
declaration section.
Assign new values to variables in the
executable section.
Pass values into PL/SQL blocks through
parameters.
View results through output variables.
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Declaring PL/SQL Variables

Syntax
identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT
NULL]
[:= | DEFAULT expr];
Examples
Declare
v_hiredate
v_deptno
v_location
c_comm
DATE;
NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 10;
VARCHAR2(13) := 'Atlanta';
CONSTANT NUMBER := 1400;
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11

Declaring PL/SQL Variables

The Guidelines
Follow naming conventions.
Initialize variables designated as NOT
NULL and CONSTANT.
Initialize identifiers by using the
assignment operator (:=) or the
DEFAULT reserved word.
Declare at most one identifier per line.
Two variables can have the same name,
provided they are in different blocks.
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Assigning Values to Variables

Syntax
identifier := expr;
Examples
Set a predefined hiredate for new employees.
v_hiredate := '01-JAN-04';
Set the employee name to Paul.
v_ename := 'Paul';
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Variable Initialization and Keywords

Using:
Assignment operator (:=)
DEFAULT keyword
NOT NULL constraint
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Scalar Variable Declarations

Examples
v_job
v_count
v_total_sal
v_orderdate
c_tax_rate
v_valid
VARCHAR2(9) DEFAULT 'ADMIN';

BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
NUMBER(9,2) := 0;
DATE := SYSDATE + 7;
CONSTANT NUMBER(3,2) := 8.25;
BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE;
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The %TYPE Attribute

Declare a variable according to:
A database column definition
Another previously declared
variable
Prefix %TYPE with:
The database table and column
The previously declared variable
name
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Declaring Variables with the %TYPE Attribute

Examples
...
v_ename
v_balance
v_min_balance
...
emp.ename%TYPE;
NUMBER(7,2);
v_balance%TYPE := 10;
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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
Example
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DEFINE p_annual_sal = 60000
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER(9,2) := &p_annual_sal;
BEGIN
v_sal := v_sal/12;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The monthly salary is ' ||
TO_CHAR(v_sal));
END;
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Commenting Code
Prefix single-line comments with two dashes (--).
Place multi-line comments between the symbols
/* and */.
Example
...
v_sal NUMBER (9,2);
BEGIN
/* Compute the annual salary based on the
monthly salary input from the user */
v_sal := &p_monthly_sal * 12;
END;
-- This is the end of the block
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SQL Functions in PL/SQL

Available in procedural statements:
Single-row number
Single-row character
Datatype conversion
Same as in SQL
Date, General
Not available in procedural statements:

DECODE
Group functions
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Summary
PL/SQL blocks are composed of the following
sections:
Declarative (optional)
Executable (required)
Exception handling (optional)
A PL/SQL block can be an anonymous block, a
procedure, or a function.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
SQL Functions in PL/SQL
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21

Thank You !
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22

01 - Introduction To PL SQL

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Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing for Human Advancement

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

SQL statement executor

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

PL/SQL Block Structure

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

PL/SQL Block Types

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Handling Variables in PL/SQL

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Declaring PL/SQL Variables

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Declaring PL/SQL Variables

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Assigning Values to Variables

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Variable Initialization and Keywords

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Scalar Variable Declarations

VARCHAR2(9) DEFAULT 'ADMIN';

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

The %TYPE Attribute

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Declaring Variables with the %TYPE Attribute

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

SQL Functions in PL/SQL

Not available in procedural statements:

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS)

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