MECHANICAL SYSTEM DESIGN UTILIZING BUILDING

INFORMATION MODELING AS A TOOL

FOR EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented to
the Mechanical Engineering Department of
School of Engineering and Architecture
Ateneo de Davao University
E. Jacinto St., Davao City

In partial fulfillment for the Degree in

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Luigi Albert C. Floresca

Jacob Arn M. Suero
Jessmar A. Viola

October 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EQUATIONS
CHAPTER
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

2.6
2.7

2.8
2.9
2.10

i
v
vi
vii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction to Building Science
Stages of a Project

Contractor Sizes
Mechanical Systems of the
Project Design Phase
Working Principles of
Mechanical Systems
2.5.1 Heating, Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning System
2.5.2 Automatic Fire-Suppression System
2.5.3 Plumbing System
Theoretical Principles in Designing
Mechanical Systems
Tables, Graphs, and Standards in
Design
2.7.1 HVAC Tables
17
2.7.2 Automatic Fire Protection
2.7.3 Plumbing Tables
Project Cost Estimation
Construction Planning
Building Information Modeling
2.10.1 BIM Dimensions

1
3
3
4
4
5
5
7
8
8
8
12
13
14
16
16
18
19
19
20
21

2.10.2

BIM Software

22
2.11
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

3.11

Conceptual Framework
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Construction Management for
Government Projects in Philippines
Factors causing delays in project
implementation
Current Global Trends and Usage of
BIM
Comparison Between Traditional CAD
vs. BIM in the Design Phase
Benefits of BIM in MEP
Cost and Time Benefits of BIM
3.6.1 ROI of BIM
Benefits of BIM in Construction
and BIM Based Scheduling
How to Measure the
Benefits of BIM
Building Code Compliance Checking
Using BIM Technology
BIM-Based Scheduling of
Construction A Comparative
Analysis of Prevailing and
BIM-Based Scheduling Process
BIM Adoption Problems

4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.3
4.4
BIBLIOGRAPHY

METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Procedure
Design of Mechanical Systems
Construction Time and Cost Schedule
Data Gathering, Consolidation,
and Analysis
Design Consultation and Approval
Technical Workflow
Time Table

23

25
26
26
27
28
30
30
32
33
34

34
35

36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
41

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Stages of a Project Lifecycle

Figure 2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle Process Flow

10

Figure 2.3 A Package Air Conditioning Unit

11

Figure 2.4 Density Based Sprinkler Demand Graph

17

Figure 2.5 Workflow of BIM in all Phases of Construction

20

Figure 2.6 Survey on BIM Software Awareness

and Usage

22

Figure 2.7 Conceptual Framework with BIM

22

Figure 4.1 Technical Workflow

38

Figure 4.2 Working Schedule

39

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Psychrometric Processes

Table 2.2 Sprinkler System Types

12

Table 2.3 Load Values Assigned to Fixtures

18

LIST OF EQUATIONS
Page
Equation 2.1: General Heat Rate Formula

13

Equation 2.2: Steady Flow Energy Equation

14

Equation 2.3: Bernoullis Equation for Fluid Dynamics

14

Equation 2.4: Energy from Fluid Head

15

Equation 2.5: Flow Rate for Varying Cross Sectional Areas

15

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter defines Building Information Modeling and the
buildings mechanical system. It also shows the advantages of BIM over
the traditional designing and construction method, the information to be
extracted from BIM, and the present problems with the traditional method.
Furthermore, this chapter presents the objective, scope, and the
significance of this study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is defined as a digital
representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility and a
shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a
reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from
earliest conception to demolition [1]. BIM provides an integrated workflow,
as it is created on coordinated or reliable information about a project from
the design phase, going through construction and into operations. BIM, as
a

collaborative

process,

therefore

makes

designing

and

project

management practices faster and efficient by enabling the multidisciplinary

groups of building engineers such as civil engineers, mechanical

engineers, electrical engineers, and architects to visualize, simulate,
analyze and assess building performance in the design phase [2].
Furthermore, BIM has a database that contains necessary and
more accurate information about the building. The information is highly
accurate compared to the traditional method and 3D Computer Aided
Design (CAD). For instance, collision detection in BIM is based on
algorithms developed in gaming industry and computer graphics
procedures, which is unavailable in CAD and more efficient than the
traditional method which is based on overlapping designs. BIMs database
also contains several variables necessary for analysis and assessment,
such as environmental protection and energy consumption, time
scheduling, faster cost estimation, facility management application, etc.,
all of which are manually and separately done in traditional and CAD
methods [3]. BIM has become a revolutionary approach to the
development in the architecture, engineering and construction industries.
With BIM technology, a more efficient integrated design and construction
process can be facilitated, resulting to a better quality of buildings at lower
cost and reduced time duration of the project [4].
BIM has already reached Philippines. There are a few firms,
particularly large firms that outsource their projects to contractors that offer
BIM services [5]. However, only few firms are into BIM. Most firms still
utilize the traditional method. This research intends to study and
understand the functionalities of BIM in the design phase, and to create a
mechanical system design utilizing BIM to analyze its benefits and
efficiency in implementation.

The mechanical system of a building consists of heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing, fire protection,
elevators, and escalators. However, in this study, only HVAC, plumbing,
and fire protection are covered. The mechanical system is one of the
largest energy consumer in buildings. Relatively small improvements in
design can mean large long-term savings in energy expenditures over the
life cycle of the system [5].
1.2 Statement of the Problem
BIM may not be new, however, BIM in the Philippines is still at its
early stages, with only large scale, particularly, AAA construction firms
using it, since clients require them. This implies that medium and smallscale construction firms have not yet adopted BIM, with those using them
mostly focusing only on 3D modelling [7]. Considering that only 6% of
contractors in the country are large contractors (AAA & AA), with the rest
being medium (37%) and small sized (57%) [8], the usage of BIM has not
yet fully penetrated the Philippine construction industry.
Small-scale construction firms are known to be conservative and
slow in adopting new innovations and technology [9] this includes the use
of the BIM System. They still use the traditional methods in handling
construction projects, especially in the design phase, which normally
causes implementation delays and late project completion [10].
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This research aims to provide the locality an efficient mean of
designing mechanical systems, particularly HVAC, fire protection and
plumbing systems through BIM. The proponents will establish a well-

prepared plan with more accurate and adequate information, which are
essential for an efficient implementation. Step-by-step instructions will be
established in order to understand the functionalities of BIM platforms for
the creation of building models.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research will equip enough knowledge and skills for
mechanical system development when BIM is utilized during design
phase. The established step-by-step instructions will provide a manual for
introduction of BIM to engineers and contractors of firms, as well as
universities willing to incorporate BIM in their methodology and curricula,
respectively. If the firms will be able to successfully incorporate BIM this
will result in increased efficiency in implementation of future projects in
building construction process by minimizing labor costs and time
consumption, and advocating global competence by transcending
traditional means.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The study will demonstrate the design phase for the majority of the
mechanical systems, particularly the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning system, fire protection system, and piping system, of a
commercial building with an existing architectural and structural plan. The
output of the study will contain a Building Information Model containing the
mechanical systems design using Autodesk Revit. This study will establish
sample instruction only up to a level 2 BIM where all parties involved in the
design procedure use a common file format for their own 3-D models and
share their design information among members for interrogative inquiry.
CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the different theories behind Building
Science, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, Fire Protection,
Plumbing, and Building Information Modeling.
2.1 Introduction to Building Science
Building science is the collection of knowledge and techniques in
the processes involving the construction of a building. This body of
knowledge defines different approaches applied and factors that affect the
completion of a project. It provides engineers and contractors the methods
to efficiently implement a building plan in terms of material cost and time
spent with accordance to different standards provided by different
regulatory bodies [11].
2.2 Stages of a Project Lifecycle
All buildings, regardless of size, type, or purpose will pass through
sequential stages commonly known as the project lifecycle. The stages
are

generally

referred

to

as

the

concept,

design,

tendering,

preconstruction, construction and commissioning. Time scale for the

different stages is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Stages of a project lifecycle

The concept phase defines the amount of work the

project

needs and the conceived end result. This phase is

crucial

in properly defining what the client needs and

wants.

This provides a basis for the design

phase

where

professionals,
engineers
schematic

depth

architects,

and

provide

the

plans

and

in

building
specifications.
Tendering

phase is done to form contracts with organizations willing to undertake the

work specified by the designers. The Pre-construction phase begins when
the main contract has been awarded to the selected contractor. This is the
time allotted for the contractor to organize and gather the necessary
resources

to

begin

construction.

Construction

begins

when

site

possession is given to the main contractor and ends when the project
reaches practical completion. Commissioning begins when principal is
given the liability for the facility. During this period the contractor is still
under the defects liability where remaining construction tasks is done,
defects found are dealt with, and service fixtures are properly inspected
[12].
2.3 Contractor Sizes
The Philippine Contractors Association Board released the
Categorization-Classification Table which classifies the contractors of
construction in terms size based on the stockholders equity [6].

Table 2.1 Categorization-Classification Table [dti caraga]

2.3 Mechanical Systems in the Project Design Phase
The project design phase is done by architects, engineers, and
other professionals to give the contractor the approved final necessary
building specifications so construction can begin. Schematic designing
follows when pre-designing or the conceptual phase is done. Proper
building layouts and floor plans are provided by architects and civil

engineers, then mechanical and electrical engineers provide the

mechanical, electrical and plumbing layouts. These schematics are then
subjected to further development and redesigning to suit building
standards and principal preferences during design development.
2.4 Working Principles of Mechanical Systems
The mechanical systems of an ordinary commercial building cover
the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, automatic
fire protection system, and the plumbing system [13].
2.4.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system
A buildings HVAC system is designed to provide conditioned air to
a control area. The system will change the air characteristics depending
on the requirement; from comfort conditioning to work process
applications. The characteristic of a well-designed HVAC system is that it
operates with a high reliability at the least possible energy consumption
[14]. An HVAC system allows the manipulation of the temperature,
pressure, air flow, moisture content, and purity of the air in a confined
space. The study of these properties is called Psychrometry. The
classifications of an HVAC system depend on the processes involved in
processing the air. These processes can be classified into eight types
shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.2 Psychrometric processes [7]
Process
Cooling
Heating
Dehumidification
Humidification
Cooling + Dehumidification

Effect
decreases the air temperature
increases the air temperature
decreases the air moisture content
increases the air moisture content
decreases the air temperature and

10

Cooling + Humidification

air moisture content

decreases the air temperature and

Heating + Dehumidification

increases the air moisture content

increases the air temperature and

Heating + Humidification

decreases the air moisture content

increases the air temperature and
air moisture content

For tropical locations such as the Philippines, the most common

type of air conditioning is summer air-conditioning, where the room air is
cooled to lower temperatures. This can be achieved through evaporative
cooling, chilled water cooling, steam jet cooling, absorption refrigeration,
thermoelectric

refrigeration

and,

vapor

compression

refrigeration.

Evaporative cooling is limited to low humidity environments, cold-water

cooling is limited to place with a cold water reservoir is present, while
steam jet cooling is very complex in comparison with the other systems.
Absorption refrigeration is unusual since it uses heat rather than electricity
to produce low temperatures. Thermoelectric refrigeration is currently
limited to low capacity applications. The most common and most reliable
means of cooling is the Vapor compression cycle. It does not have the
disadvantages of the other systems. This method of refrigeration relies on
the Vapor compression cycle shown in Figure 3.1.

11

Figure 2.2 Vapor compression cycle process flow [8]

The compressor increases the pressure of the refrigerant by
applying work on it, increasing its temperature. This will be the driving
force that will determine operating costs. Then, a heat exchanger rejects
the heat to the outside heat sink. A flow control device or expansion valve
decreases its pressure decreasing its temperature. Another heat
exchanger absorbs the heat from the control space which will constitute
the refrigerating effect [8].
Centralized air-conditioning generates cooling in one location,
usually in the form of chillers, and distributes the working substance,
usually water, to the air handling units. An air handling unit circulates air
through a series of supply and return ducts to provide the cooling effect to
the controlled spaces. Some advantages of the use of centralized air
conditioning is that there is more flexibility when performance is
concerned, larger and fewer components tend to be more efficient, and a

12

centralized location provides service accessibility. The chiller unit

processes are shown in Figure 2.3 [9].

Figure 2.3 Chiller unit process flow [10]

2.4.2 Automatic Fire-suppression system
Fire protection systems are dedicated to preventing or mitigating
the effects of unwanted fires which can be dangerous to the people
occupying the building. There are key elements to fire protection which
can be generalized into particular categories. Fire prevention refers to the
precautions taken to prevent a fire from starting. Passive fire protection
refers to the structural design of the building to allow fire separation,
structural stability, and safe means of escape. Detection and notification
refers to shortening of response times of the occupants and the firefighters
to minimize the fires effect on life and property. Fire suppression systems
emphasize on controlling the fire size and duration to minimize and

13

extinguish its destructive power [11]. Fire hazards are classified into
different levels of occupancies which engineers use as basis of
determining the fire protection needed. Occupancy levels arranged from
low to high level of danger are Light Hazard, Ordinary Hazard 1, Ordinary
Hazard 2, Extra Hazard 1, and Extra Hazard 2. The standard automatic
sprinkler system types and their main characteristics are shown in Table
3.2.

Table 2.3 Sprinkler system types [12]

Type
Wet pipe

Dry pipe
Deluge
Preactio
n
Antifreeze

Characteristics
Has water under pressure at all times in the whole sprinkler
system. Usually used when freezing and special parameters are
not present.
Does not contain water in its sprinkler system. Used when freezing
is possible and activation delay is not a grave concern.
Delivers water to the entire protected area in the least amount of
time possible, usually used on extra hazards.
Similar to the dry pipe but with more conditions to activate to
prevent accidental activation due to sensitivity of property
protected.
Similar to the wet pipe but has an anti-freeze solution to prevent
freezing in the system. Usually used as a subsystem of a wet pipe
protecting an area exposed to freezing temperatures.

A sprinkler system is mainly comprised of the sprinklers, piping

branches, various fittings, storage tank, the hangers and alarms. Water is
pumped to the storage tank to ensure sufficient pressurized water is

14

available at all times. In the event of a fire, water travels through the piping
and fittings and is discharged from the sprinklers in a spray pattern to
properly envelop the flames. Alarms detect the water flow through the
system which notifies the occupants of the existing threat [13].
2.4.3 Plumbing system
A plumbing system of a building conveys fluids for various
applications such as, make up water for heating and cooling, waste
removal from various fixtures, and source of potable water [14]. The
plumbing system comprises mainly of pipes and fittings to convey waste
and supply water. Fittings regulate or redirect the direction of flow of water.
Vents are pipes for regulation of air pressure. For high rise buildings
pumps might be necessary to reach the higher elevations. A sewer system
conveys the waste water to proper disposal areas or treatment plants. If a
sewer system is unavailable, a septic system will be required [15].
2.5 Theoretical Principles in Designing Mechanical Systems
Thermodynamics deals with the study of heat and temperatures
and their relation to energy and work. Heat is the transfer of energy.
There are three classifications of heat transfer; conduction, convection
and radiation. Calculating for the heat flux is given by the following
equation:
q=dTU
Where: q = heat rate (kW/m2)
dT = Temperature gradient (K)
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
(kW/m2K)

Equation 2.1

15

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient will depend on the

dimensions of the transfer medium, mode of heat transfer, and type of
medium material. These values usually are tabulated by experimentation
[16].

The

steady

flow

energy

equation

provides

convenient

mathematical equation showing the properties of fluids to and from a

component shown in equation 2.2 [17].
q1-2 w1-2 =h2 h1 + (c22 /2) (c12/2)
Where: q1-2 = net heat (kW)
W1-2= net work (kW)
h = enthalpy (kJ/kg)
c = velocity of flow(m/s)

Equation 2.2

Following the conservation of energy, decreasing the kinetic energy

will result in an increase in potential energy. Fluids also follow this rule
when studying their behavior at varying velocities; this is referred to as
Bernoullis Principle. This is useful when predicting the pressure of fluids
following changes in elevation and velocity. Due to friction losses and
pump energy inputs energy loss and gain will be considered for actual
systems. Equation 2.3 demonstrates this concept mathematically. [17].

16
2

c /2 g+ z + P/ g=h

Equation 2.3

Where: c = velocity (m/s)

g = gravitational constant (m/s2)
z = elevation (m)
P = pressure of the fluid(Pa)
= density of the fluid(kg/m 3)
h = head of the fluid(m)
The energy of the fluid can be calculated from the head of the fluid
shown in equation 2.4 [17].
E= V g h

Equation 2.4

Where : V = volume(m 3)
h = head(m)
Flow rate through different cross-sectional areas are constant
therefore a decrease in cross sectional area results in an increase in
velocity. This relationship can be expressed by equation 2.5 [18].
Q = A1 c1 = A2 c2 = constant
Where: Q = volume flow rate(m3/s)
A = cross sectional area of passage(m2)
c = velocity of fluid(m/s)

Equation 2.5

Strength of materials deal with the behavior of materials subjected

to different stresses and strain. Engineers use the theories to create
standards for bracing and selecting pipe dimensions during production.
Designers may also verify the given dimensions if it passes safety
standards [19].
2.6 Tables, Graphs, and Standards in Design

17

Standards are provided by different building codes to provide

engineers

set

of

recommended

guidelines

for

design

and

implementation. These tend to be regulatory to ensure that the systems

are reliable, safe, sustainable, affordable, and resilient.
2.6.1 HVAC Tables
Psychrometry integrates enthalpy, moisture content, specific
volume, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and
dew point into a graph to provide ease of determination air characteristics.
Also, ducts sizers are made by companies to eliminate the need for
tedious calculations [9].
2.6.2 Automatic Fire Protection
Automatic Fire Protection Tables determine the amount of water
required by a workplace to provide the needed level of fire suppression, a
graph is provided by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
where the total floor area, and hazard level are considered. The graph is
shown in Fig. 2.4. The NFPA requires a minimum of 7psi at the most
remote sprinkler to ensure a proper spray umbrella develops. Automatic
sprinklers are classified into different temperature ratings which are
selected based on the combustibles present. [13]

18

Figure 2.4 Density Based Sprinkler Demand Graph [13]

2.6.3 Plumbing Tables
Flow rate through pipes during appliance use is determined by
fixture units which plumbing codes have standardized as shown in Table
2.3. The resulting flow rate will be the basis for the designer to determine
pipe diameters according to standards [15].
Table 2.4 Load Values Assigned to fixtures [15]

Fixture

Occupancy

Water Supply

Bathtub
Bidet
Combination fixture
Dishwashing

Private/Public
Private
Private
Private

Fixture Unit (wsfu)

1.4/4.0
2.0
3.0
1.4

machine
Drinking Fountain
Kitchen sink
Lavatory
Service Sink
Shower Head

Offices, Etc.
Private/Hotel, restaurant
Private/Public
Offices, Etc.
Private/Public

0.25
1.4/4.0
0.7/2.0
3.0
1.4/10.0

19

Urinal
Water Closet

Public
Private/Public

3.0
2.2/5.0

2.7 Project Cost Estimation

In early stages of design phase, project costs are already estimated
based on the parameters used for construction. These parameters, such
as areas, volumes, dimensions, number of materials and labor are
adequate to generate a parametric cost estimate [1]. Once the parameters
are determined, the cost of materials, labor, equipment and the like are to
be determined. Material cost is usually based on its market unit price.
Labor and equipment cost depends on factors such as hours of work and
operation, fringe benefits, and the like. The unit price will then be
multiplied to the parameters for total cost [20]. Cost estimators do the cost
estimation. As they prepare for cost estimates, they digitize the designers
drawings and import them into a cost estimating package, or do manual
estimates. This introduces possibility of human error [21].
2.8 Construction Planning
Construction planning refers to the time scheduling and sequencing
of a construction project. This considers time as the 4 th dimension in
scheduling. There are methods to do construction planning. However, the
Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most common method [22]. In this
method, the project is divided into individual activities. Each activity is
linked to previous activities which are required for completion before the
linked activity starts. The sequences of events must be undertaken to help

20

decision makers identify the best sequence for time schedule estimate
[23].
2.9 Building Information Modeling
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of a
facility, attributed with physical and functional characteristics. It also
includes information of the facility necessary for the basis of decisionmaking during the life-cycle [4]. It might be confused from a regular 3D
representation of a facility, however the two are entirely different. Regular
3D representations do not contain smart information, but merely itself.
Moreover, BIM is referred to as a process, rather than a tool, of utilizing
the model and information of the facility, called the Building Information
Model, for simulation and critical evaluation necessary for the project [1].
BIM allows accurate and efficient collaboration of project teams, including
contractors, owners, engineers and architects. Through the model project
teams can share knowledge and communicate with each other. Each team
member can provide their expertise to the project team [22]. As the model
is being created, the project team members can modify, and update their
portion of work in the model depending on the design changes of the
project for constant refinement and accuracy of the model before it is
approved [24].
BIM as an approach is utilized in all phases of construction. Figure
2.5 shows the construction phases throughout the life cycle of a project
with BIM [2].

21

Figure 2.5 Workflow of BIM in all phases of construction [2]

2.9.1 BIM Dimensions
As BIM developed over time, BIM concept of dimensions has also
been developed. Such BIM dimensions are being classified according to
the information and function each holds [38]. 3D BIM involves a 3D virtual
parametric model, integrating all systems design (MEP, Structural and
Architectural) and systems analyses plus Building Performance Analysis
(BPA). Clash detection can be easily identified, avoiding future on-site
clash detection [25]. 4D BIM involves 3D BIM plus time schedule, which
visualize the entire construction progress and duration throughout the
projects life cycle. Autodesk Navisworks is the platform used to create 4D
BIM. 5D BIM involves 3D BIM plus cost scheduling, which provides cost
estimation of the project and materials take-off. The cost schedule is
already integrated in Autodesk Revit [3].

22

2.9.2 BIM Software

There are many softwares that can be used for BIM. Among these
softwares, Autodesk Revit is the most widely used. 67% of the
respondents are using Autodesk Revit. For time schedule, 71% use
Autodesk Navisworks. Autodesk, as one of the leading BIM solutions, has
strengths that balance out the criteria for BIM [39].

Figure 2.6 Survey on BIM Software Awareness and Usage [39]

Autodesk Revit includes tools and features for architecture,
structural engineering and MEP engineering. For commercial licenses, this
software costs depending on the time subscription. For 1-year
subscription, its price would be between $2000-$2265. Navisworks costs
$2070-$2230 [26]. However, the student licensed version is free for
educational purposes [27].
Revit is an interoperable software. It supports several file formats
generated from different software. Therefore, a model can be created from
different software and then be smoothly imported to Revit. The file format
it supports are: DWG, DXF, DGN, SAT; DWF/DWFx; ADSK; Image; IFC;
ODBC; nwf [28]. The IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) file format is an

23

object-oriented, neutral file format developed by the International Alliance

for Interoperability (IAI) so that the interoperability in the building industry
will be eased and thereby move towards the concept of BIM. In instances
when information needs to be shared between the project team but their
respectively internal software prevents a traditional export/import, the
procedure of transferring information can be handled by the IFC file format
[29].
2.10 Conceptual Framework

Figure 2.7 Conceptual Framework with BIM

In the design phase, the input would consist of a finished
architectural and structural plan for the commercial building containing
complete building dimensions, and space allotment for different building
activities. The mechanical system to be designed will depend on the
standards and laws that the local building code requires. The clients
preferences regarding budget and time limits will be taken into
consideration.

24

Once the necessary building and constructions requirements are

approved, and the mechanical systems plans are finished, Building
Information Modeling Process will then be utilized. With the aid of
Autodesk Revit Software, the virtual 3D structural and architectural design
of the plan will be created. The creation of 3D HVAC, plumbing and fire
Protection designs will then follow. During the creation progress of the 3D
designs, properties such as construction time and Cost Scheduling will be
created. These designs and properties will be integrated in the software.
Clashes may occur, so necessary modification of the integrated design will
be done. The Building Information Model will automatically update itself for
the changes made. Once finished, the output would consist of data
generated from the model and simulation, such as the Analysis Data, Bill
of Materials, Construction Time Schedule as well as drawing sheets of the
schematic designs.

24

CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses the significant studies and papers regarding
construction projects and Building Information Modeling. This covers
mainly the problems faced in construction, utilization and benefits of
Building Information Modeling in construction.
3.1

Construction

Management

for

Government

Projects

in

Philippines
The construction processes in the Philippines were described and
analyzed based from the Asian Development Bank project, a government
project owned by Department of Public Works and Highways. The
construction

processes

included

project

organization,

procedures, project planning and financing, and

contracting

information technology.

In addition, problems encountered during the design phase were also

stressed out. One problem was the altering of design specifications during
implementation of project. This was mainly due to unprepared designs and
insufficient data. This had caused delays in project completion and a
problem in price negotiation between the government and the contractor.
Another problem stressed out was the errors in design drawings prepared
by consultants. This was mainly due to the tight budget which limited
funds for consultation, as well as low incentives for local consultants, thus
sacrificing the work quality. To improve the construction management,
factors for the improvement were discussed in order to address the
construction cycle problems in the Philippines. It was stressed out that it
is important to improve the planning and design strategy in construction
processes in the Philippine setting [30] . However, only the factors were
plainly discussed. Concrete and specific methods to achieve these factors

25

were unexplained. The factors were considered only as guidelines for

future projects to avoid the problems encountered in construction.
3.2 Case Study: Factors causing delays in project implementation

According to the findings, one factor is that contractors lack

management and organization of construction projects. Reasons for this
include lack of organizing training programs and seminars for Construction
Management, and conflicts among different building engineers that would
take time to be resolved. The lack of methodologies of construction prior
to or during the construction phase, lack of technical skills for effective
planning, scheduling and cost estimation of the project, and outdated
methods of construction were main problems that further aggravated the
delays [31].

3.3 Current Global Trends and Usage of BIM

BIM is not new worldwide. Many countries have already adapted

BIM as their methods of construction. According to survey, US & Canada
dominated the other countries by 86% in terms of BIM maturity of 3 years
and above. Japan and South Korea followed with 75% BIM maturity.
Whereas UK, France and Germany as one had 53% BIM maturity [32].

26
3.4 Comparison Between Traditional CAD vs. BIM in the Design

Phase
Traditional CAD and BIM are two entirely different methods. They
cover several differences particularly in the design phase. For instance,
CAD can be a 2D or 3D representation of a model, however, it does not
contain intelligent information. In traditional CAD, particularly 2D, many
separate, independent documents are used to explain a building. Whereas
in BIM, all information such as schedules, quantity take-offs and analysis
are assembled in one database, thus it contains intelligent information
[33]. In terms of visualization, section, plan, elevation, and 3D views are
each manually created in Traditional CAD. However, in BIM, a created 2D
plan can already generate different views [22]. Table 3.1 shows more
differences of the two methods.

Table 3.1 Difference between Traditional CAD and BIM [33]

27

A clear distinction of the two methods in terms of information flow

process better realizes the benefits of BIM for a lean design phase. For
instance, in traditional CAD design, project team members have to wait for
each others design completion before exchanging information. However,
in BIM, the integrated designs allow earlier and more timely exchange of
information between members, which is necessary for design adjustments
and modifications. Apart from that, BIM minimizes idle times and
unwanted delays of waiting for designs, unlike in CAD where complete
information is still waited. Reworks are very normal in design phase. When
this occurs in traditional CAD, any adjustment of a certain concept or a
drawing perspective, has to be reflected in all other trades/disciplines and
views. However, in BIM, one modification in a view automatically modifies
other views, which saves time and prevents cost overruns [34].
3.5 Benefits of BIM in MEP
One case study discussed the experience of Buro Happold Ltd., a
multidisciplinary company, of the beneficial use of BIM in MEP in a highperforming advanced learning center project in England. On previous
projects, Buro Happold had only used Revit MEP for detailed design and
downstream stages. On this ALC project, the firm explored the use of
Revit MEP for schematic design. Early stage modeling during the
schematic design phase helped the firm gain confidence in its emerging
design and helped improve its internal processes. Traditionally, during
schematic design the firm used 2D software to create hatched plans of the
building(s) to convey design intent for the project. With Revit MEP, Buro
Happold used the softwares automatic space and filter tool to more
quickly create hatched zoning deliverables for all MEP systems; helping to

28

increase productivity during schematic design by an estimated 30 percent.

In addition, the use of bi-directionally linked area schedules allowed the
hatch areas to be more quickly changed using simple engineering
equations that calculated heat output and lux levels. Another is, Buro
Happold took advantage of the automatic scheduling tools within Revit
MEP for its HVAC design, unlike in traditional methods wherein scheduling
is created separately at other softwares. This dynamic interoperability
between the design model, drawings, and schedules helped increase
team confidence concerning changes made during the design process
and improved overall design efficiency. One of the largest advantages that
Buro Happold gained from the use of Revit software on this project was
the improved coordination of all the design disciplines. Throughout the
project, the extended design and construction team placed a strong
emphasis on the use of a common Revit design platform for crossdiscipline project collaboration and coordination. By sharing disciplinespecific design models, the overall project design was more naturally
coordinated. In addition, the main contractor used Autodesk Navisworks
manage to aggregate cross-discipline design models and to help perform
clash detection in preparation for project design reviews. This helped the
team to make quick, on-the-spot decisions and resolve design
interferencesminimizing field delays and costly change orders [35].

29

3.6 Cost and Time Benefits of BIM

BIM was found to be very beneficial in terms of cost savings and

time schedule. In one case study, after data were gathered from 32
projects, the benefits of BIM were reported. Up to 40% of the costs were
eliminated from unbudgeted change orders; 10% from contract value was
saved through clash detection; and up to 7% of the project time was
reduced. Aside from that, two case studies presented the two projects of
Holder Construction Company, a midsized company. The cost and time
savings were realized upon utilizing BIM. One project, the $46 million
Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn project, saved over $200,000 attributed to
elimination of design clashes, and saved 1143 hours (48 days) in project
time, upon implementing $90 000 worth of BIM. Another project, the $12
million Savannah State University, saved $1,995,000 upon implementing
$5000 worth of BIM [24].

3.6.1 ROI of BIM

The Return of Investments of BIM of the four projects of the
midsized general contractor labeled Company X (for confidentiality) were
estimated. Projects A and B were commercial warehouses were
comparable in terms of size, scope, contract value, delivery method, and
construction type. Projects C and D were condominiums which were also
comparable. The estimated ROIs for Projects A and C were based on the
BIM-preventable time overrun issues, mainly design conflicts, with
associated direct and indirect costs. For Projects B and D, ROIs were
based on indirect costs saved from early completion and delays. Table

30

showed the summary of the project details with their corresponding ROI. It
was concluded that great ROI was achieved on larger projects, however,
savings were still realized regardless of the project size. The usage of BIM
also completed the project schedule on or ahead of time [36].

Table 3.2 Project Details [36]

As BIM had been expanding globally, many countries had reported

positive ROI on their investment on BIM. Figure showed the percentage of
contractors from the 10 BIM-adopting countries who reported positive ROI
for BIM. It clearly showed that Japan, France and Germany report top ROI
on BIM investments, while South Korea, UK and US trailed [32].

31

97%

97%

97%

87%

Japan Germany France Canada

85%

Brazil

78%

Aus/NZ

74%

US

59%

48%

UK South Korea

Figure 3.1 Reports of Positive BIM ROI per country [32]

3.7 Benefits of BIM in Construction and BIM Based Scheduling
Since the early 1960s, the construction industry faced a steady
decline in its labor efficiency. This is due to the fragmented nature of the
traditional construction method, and use of 2D CAD. This deters the
collaborative participation of project actors. Additionally, it required
additional work hours per contract amount. To further study and
understand BIM in detail, a 3D model of a house was developed under
Revit Architecture 2010 and its time schedule under MS Project in order to
import the 3D files to Synchros 4D BIM tool, where the final product was a
video file of the schedule activities. Furthermore, MIT Koch Center project
was also used to study the application of BIM for 3D coordination,
construction planning, prefabrication, visualization, and record model. In
conclusion, the visualization is the simplest use of BIM. The 3D
coordination was used for clash and conflict detection. Better construction
planning has resulted from BIM based time scheduling which helped in
understanding of the construction mechanisms and scheduling [22].
3.8 How to Measure the Benefits of BIM
BIM is under inquiry of many AEC professionals examining its
potential benefits on their works or projects. An applicable calculation
methodology and standard to properly assess BIMs benefits is yet to be

32

established, thus there are varied perspectives and conclusion of the

benefits of BIM. More comprehensive methodology to analyze the benefits
of BIM and apply past projects to this methodology to quantify outcomes is
to be established to result in a more holistic framework of BIM and its
impacts on designing efficiency. To properly assess BIMs benefit, a case
study is made on a semiconductor manufacturer, Company 1, which is
pursuing to increase efficiency in design, construction, operations and
updating facilities though the utilization of BIM. It concludes that the proper
execution of BIM on a project greatly depends on many factors including
the size of the project, team members competence, and interaction
between project teams. Despite the positive outlook for BIM, its projected
benefits that is supposed to be measured by quantified results and metrics
were not consistently applied. Hence, it concludes that BIMs positive
benefits, measured under a value-based framework, are yet to be proven
[37].

3.9 Building Code Compliance Checking Using BIM Technology

Building code compliance checking in the Traditional Method of
designing and construction is greatly based on graphical representation of
conventional 2D CAD and involves great human interpretation and
intervention. Thus, creating an outline for a BIM-based project strategy
where all project actors are capable to keep track of the status of code
compliance of their respective designs and in seeking alternative building
code-based designs throughout the process is beneficial. A proposed
outline or framework for building design utilizes a standard process and

33

information model, namely the Integrated Definition for Function Model

(IDEF0). The controls of this framework include guidelines, standards, and
criteria, while the outputs are the status of the code compliance. Although
the system is automated when checking for code compliance, preparing
the system requires additional technical knowledge. Further refining this
automated system could provide the method for checking less time and
skills required than it does [38].

3.10 BIM-Based Scheduling of Construction A Comparative

Analysis of Prevailing and BIM-Based Scheduling Processes
The Critical Path Method (CPM) has turned out to be an effective
means for scheduling, planning, controlling projects, especially for nonrepetitive complex work. It has been part of the prevailing planning and
scheduling technique of construction projects. However, its inability to
manage and apply in the actuality of construction, the resource limitations,
raised criticisms. On the other hand, resources, such as labor, equipment,
and building materials, are, despite the evident requirement of work and
resource coordination in construction works are occasionally allotted to the
scheduled activities. On the other hand, BIM enhances trade coordination
as it turns architectural and engineering design and management
disciplines of cost and time scheduling into parallel and integrated
processes. However, the application of BIM for the management of
construction work, e.g. scheduling, is still about to emerge in the industry.
Scheduling on the detailed level follows a stipulated approach to
scheduling, i.e. the Last Planner System (LPS), which is defined by
involvement of all actors in the construction phase. In conclusion, most

34

challenges with scheduling is in the early phases of building construction.

Furthermore, involving subcontractors and manufacturers in the earliest
phase of the project in order to construct project specific information for
the overall schedule is much needed [39].

3.11 BIM Adoption Problems

Current AEC industry process as being fragmented and the paper
based communication is considered to be the primary reason behind this.
Additionally, the study discloses that the application of BIM on a project
level requires comprehensive planning by facility owners and project
participants to provide successful transition from a traditional approach to
integrate this recent technology into the project workflow. This factor is
vital when attempting to adapt BIM because it cannot operate if building
data is limited to paper and digital copies are unavailable. This might be a
reason for the slow adaptation of BIM [40].
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the systematic methods to utilize Building

Information Modeling as an approach to design the mechanical systems of
a certain building. The research design, procedure and workflow, and the
timeline are discussed.
4.1 Research Design

35

This study will use the qualitative research approach with the aim to
gain an in-depth understanding of the functionalities of BIM to be utilized
as a tool in designing mechanical systems to establish an organized
design plan containing more accurate and adequate information, which is
essential for efficient implementation.
To achieve this, mechanical systems will be designed using BIM
approach. Once the design is finished, necessary data will be extracted
and thoroughly analyzed in terms of its benefits. The related study reviews
will

represent

the

base

for

analysis

of

the

benefits

of

BIM.

Finally, this study will come up with a recommended mechanical

systems design based from BIM, to be consulted, signed and sealed by
professional mechanical engineers as mandated by the Philippine
Mechanical Engineering Law (RA 8495).

BIM Design
of
Mechanical
Systems

Data
Gathering

Data
Consolidati
on and
Analysis

Design
Consultatio
n and
Approval

Fig. 4.1 Research Design Workflow

4.2 Research Procedure

This will discuss the procedures upon utilizing BIM as an approach
to mechanical systems design.

36

4.2.1 Design of Mechanical Systems

A building will be taken as the sample basis to design the
mechanical systems. Initially, the building parameters will be identified.
Then, the architectural and structural designs of the building will be
acquired and transported to Autodesk Revit, which will be the 3D design
platform. Then, there will be a preliminary design of the mechanical
systems, particularly HVAC, plumbing and fire protection systems.
Schematic designs and calculations for the systems will be created, in
accordance to the design codes and standards. Next, the schematic
designs will be created in detail in Autodesk Revit. After the mechanical
systems are designed, they will be integrated into unified design to check
for clashes. Necessary modifications then can be made possible. Finally,
the design will be finalized and rendered into a 3D building information
model.

4.2.2 Construction Time and Cost Schedule

Once the 3D building model is rendered, cost estimation will be
created in Autodesk Revit by determining the unit cost of the materials to
be used, and link it with the building parameters (area, number of
materials and the like). Calculations will automatically be created and the
data would be easily generated for Bill of Materials. Once finished, the
building information model containing cost schedule will be exported to
Autodesk Navisworks for construction time schedule. Using the Critical
Path Analysis method, construction time schedule will be created and
linked to the model. Further refinements will be done when necessary.

37

4.2.3 Data Gathering, Consolidation and Analysis

It is noted that during the design phase, there are some data that
are already observable. On the other hand, there are data that can be
acquired after design completion. Once the design is complete, the data
will be acquired in terms of analyses reports and drawing sheets in
portable document file (PDF) format. The analyses reports would consist
of HVAC, plumbing, fire protect and building performance analyses. Bill of
Materials and a graph of construction time schedule are also extracted. An
animation in real time will be rendered to show the construction sequence.
The animation will then finally be exported to video file format. The data
gathered will be consolidated and will be used for thorough analysis of
BIM in terms of its advantages.

4.2.4 Design Consultation and Approval

The

BIM-based

mechanical

systems

design

will

undergo

consultation and inquiry from professional mechanical engineers. Once

the design is eventually approved, it will be signed and sealed, which will
indicate an agreement of compliance to the advantages of utilizing BIM as
a

tool

in

designing

mechanical

systems

design

for

efficient

implementation. Further analysis of the gathered data will take place.

4.3 Technical Workflow

38

Figure 4.2 Technical Workflow

4.4 Time Table of Activities
The Gantt Chart shows estimated duration of tasks necessary for
designing mechanical systems using the BIM approach. The study is

39

estimated to complete in 93 days.

Fig. 4.3 Gantt Chart

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