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THEORY

A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates without requiring the application of any
external force or couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially
unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple,
counterbalancing weights must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The
wheel will not rotate itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will
not rotate smoothly as the centre of mass is to the side of the centre bearing. The spokes on a
bike wheel need to be tuned in order to stop this and keep the wheel operating as efficiently as
possible.
When an unbalanced system is rotating, periodic linear or torsional forces are generated
which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The periodic nature of these forces is commonly
experienced as vibration. These off-axis vibration forces may exceed the design limits of
individual machine elements, reducing the service life of these parts. For instance, a bearing may
be subjected to perpendicular torsion forces that would not occur in a nominally balanced
system, or the instantaneous linear forces may exceed the limits of the bearing. Such excessive
forces will cause failure in bearings in short time periods. Shafts with unbalanced masses can be
bent by the forces and experience fatigue failure.

RESULT AND CALCULATION


BALANCING IN A SINGLE PLANE OF REVOLUTION
m1,m2 & m3 mass at single
plane
r1,r2& r3 distance m1 from
centre of gravity and plane of

NO.

DATA

OUTPUT

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m1 x r1 = 30 x 60 = 1800 ( not zero)
a)

Imbalance
m1r

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm
m1r1 + m2r2 = ( 30 x 60) + (-30 x 60)
m2r

b)

Balance
m1r

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 60, r2 = 30mm
m1r1 + m2r2 = ( 30 x 60) + (-60 x 30) = (zero)
c)

m2r

m1r

Balance

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 30mm
m2 = 15, r2 = 60mm
m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 = ( 30 x 60) + (-30 x 30) +
(-15 x 60)
d)

m3r

Balance

m2r

m1r

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm
1 = 0 , 2 = 120 & 3 = 240
240

e1)

Balance

m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 =


0

120

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm
m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm
1 = 0 , 2 = 120 & 3 = 240
240

m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 =


e2)

m3r

m2r

120

Imbalance

m1r

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm
m2 = 40, r2 = 45mm
m2 = 60, r2 = 30mm
1 = 0 , 2 = 120 & 3 = 240
f

Balance
240

m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 =


0

120

BALANCING IN A SEPARATE PLANE OF REVOLUTION


m1, m2 & m3 mass at single
plane
r1, r2& r3 distance m1 from
centre of gravity and plane of

NO
a.

DATA

OUTPUT
Static Dynamic
State
State
balanc Imbalanc
e
e

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm on plane B


m2 = 40, r2 = 45mm on plane C
m3 = 60, r2 = 30mm on plane D
where position m3 is in opposite
of the radius m1 and m2
L1 = X, L2 = 2X and L3 = 3X
m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3
= (30 X 60) + (30 X 60) + (-60 X 60) = 0
Vector equation : (m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3)

m2r
m3r
m1r

m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3


= (30 x 60 x X) + (30 x 60 x 2X) + (-60 x 60 x 3X)
= - 5400 X ( not zero)
Vector equation : (m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3)
m2r2L2
m1r1L1

m3r3L3

b.

balance

m1 = 30, r1 = 60mm on plane B


m2 = 30, r2 = 60mm on plane C
m3 = 30, r2 = 60mm on plane D
m4 = 30, r2 = 60mm on plane A
where position m3 and m4 is in opposite of the radius m1
and m2

L1 = X, L2 = 2X, L3 = 3X and L4 = 0
m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 + m4r4
=(30 X 60) + (30 X 60) +(-30 X 60) + (-30 X 60)
=0
Vector equation : m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 + m4r4
m2r
m1r

balance

m3r
m4r

m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3 + m4r4L4


= (30 X 60 x X) + (30 X 60 x 2X) +(-30 X 60 x 3X) + 0
=0
Vector equation : m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3 + m4r4L4

m2r2L2
m3r3L3
m1r1L1

c.

balance

m1 = 60, r1 = 60mm on plane B


m2 = 60, r2 = 60mm on plane C
m2 = 20, r2 = 60mm on plane D
m2 = 20, r2 = 60mm on plane A
where position m3 and m4 is in opposite of the radius m1
and m2
L1 = X, L2 = 2X, L3 = 3X and L4 = 0
m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 + m4r4
=(60 X 60) + (-60 X 60) +(20 X 60) + (-20 X 60)
=0
Vector equation : m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3 + m4r4
m2r
m1r

m3r
m4r

m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3 + m4r4L4


=(60 X 60 x X) + (-60 X 60 x 2X) +(20 X 60 x 3X) + 0
= 0 (zero)
Vector equation : m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3 + m4r4L4

balance

m1r1L1
m2r2L2
m3r3L3

d.

balance
m1 = 60, r1 = 60mm on plane B
m2 = 20, r2 = 60mm on plane D
m3 = 40, r2 = 60mm on plane C

where position m2 and m3 is in opposite of the radius m1


L1 = X, L2 = 3X and L3 = 0
m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3
= (60 X 60) + (-20 X 60) +(- 40 X 60)
=0
Vector equation : m1r1 + m2r2 + m3r3
m2r
m1r
m3r

balance

m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3


= (60 X 60 x X) + (-20 X 60 x 3X) 0
=0
Vector equation : m1r1L1 + m2r2L2 + m3r3L3 + m4r4L4

m1r

m2r

OBSERVATION
Based on the experiment we have done for balancing of rotating masses, we should study
about the different balancing of the body at single plane and multi-plane and body at static and
dynamic state for the multiple plane. This experiment is to prove the basic principle of balancing.
For this experiment, we use dynamic balancing apparatus and several load for studying the basic
principle of balancing. We were giving the activities to each of our members before we start an
experiment, there will be one of us hanging the loads, another two will observe, the other one
will care at switch for safety. The safety could be take note is when one of us hanging the loads,
we should switch off the apparatus to avoid an accident.

Picture 1

There were several methods we set-up for prove if it is balance or imbalance. First
experiment we use a single plane of revolution where in first method we put a load with mass
30g at distance 60mm from centre. Load was tied to the plate with screw. Then we switch on the
motor of apparatus to oscillate the plate. We observe that first method is imbalance. This
imbalance because there is only one load was tied to the plate. For the method B, we put 2 loads
with mass 1, 30g at distance 60mm and mass 2, 30g at distance 60mm from centre of plate. The
loads was tied opposite to each others. The result show that it was balance while oscillate
because there is 2 loads with same distance from centre that make the plate oscillate in balance.
In method C, the plate was tied with 2 loads with different masses, mass 1, 30g and mass 2, 60g.
But the distance of each load also different where mass 1 was tied 60mm from the centre of plate
while mass 2 at distance 30mm from centre in opposite direction 180. This methods result

show it was balance on oscillation because there is mass 2 is more weight than mass 1 with
suitable distance to make it balance.
In method D, the loads was set-up as in method C but there is additional load that is mass
3, 15g. Mass 3 is tied 60mm from the centre parallel to mass 2. After we switch on the
apparatus, the result show that it was more balance while oscillate than in method C. The
additional load help the plate to oscillate in proper balance. For method E, there is different from
method before this where the load were tied in different angle at the plate. Mass 1, mass 2 and
mass 3 with same weight, 30g and distance from centre, 60mm is tied with different angle. Mass
1 is tied with angle 0 while mass 2 in angle 120 and mass 3 in angle 240. The result show that
the plate oscillate with an balance rotation. Its balance because there is 3 load weight at the end
of plate with same distance from each others that make it balance on rotating. In method F, with
the same angle as in method E but change the masses of load and the distance from centre where
mass 1, 30g with distance 60m, mass 2, 40g with distance 45mm and mass 3, 60g at distance
30mm from the centre of plate. When the plate oscillate, the result show that it is balance but not
proper balance than in method E.
Second experiment we use separate plane of revolution where we put load to the both
side of plate of apparatus and prove the balancing during the static and dynamic state. First
experiment, we use 3 load which is 1 at left side where mass 1, 30g at distance 60mm from
centre and 2 at right side where mass 2, 30g with distance 60mm and mass 3, 60g with distance
60mm. After done set up the loads, the apparatus show balance with the 3 loads tied at plate.
Then we switch on the apparatus to oscillate and the result for first experiment show that the
apparatus is imbalance. This is because both side of apparatus has not same load that make it
imbalance while rotating. Then we proceed to method B where we use 4 loads. 2 loads at each
side with same mass, 30g and same distance from centre, 60mm. The load was tied in opposite
direction. Mass 1 opposite to mass 2 and mass 3 opposite to mass 4. After done set up, the
apparatus show that it is balance when in static state. Then we proceed to dynamic state where it
in oscillation, the result show that it is perfect balance because both side of apparatus use same
loads with same position. While in method C we change the masses of load from 30g to 60g and
20g which is at mass 1 and mass 2 we tied load mass, 60g and at mass 3 and mass 4, 20g. The
distance are same as in method B, 60mm. The apparatus show it is balance in static state but

when we switch on the apparatus it also show balance while rotating. Lastly, we proceed to
method D where we use 3 load where at the right side of apparatus 2 loads while at the left side 1
load. At the right side, we tied mass 1, 60g and mass 3, 40g with the same distance,60mm from
the centre of plate and mass 1 and 2 are tied in opposite direction. Then at the left side, we tied
mass 2, 20g with distance 60mm from the centre of plate. The apparatus show balance in static
state. When it rotates, the apparatus show it is imbalance because there is no same weight hang at
the both plate.

DISCUSSION

a)

Provide the comments regarding to the results obtained from the balancing of
rotating masses for single plane.

Based on the results we obtain from the experiment, we discovered that mass, positioning
of the mass and the angle of the mass are the factor that is considered for balancing of the
system.
For this experiment we have five situations. The first one, both theoretical and
experimental condition on experiment A is imbalance. This is because only one mass added at
the plane. Meanwhile, for experiment B, two same type of mass with same position were added
to the plane resulting it to become balance. To obtain the balance condition, the product of m1r1
and m2r2 must be equal to each other. For experiment C, D, E and F, both theoretical and
experimental condition is balance since it meet the requirement for balancing, mass1 x radius1 =
mass2 x radius2.

b)

Provide the comments regarding to the results obtained from the balancing of
rotating masses for multiple plane.

Based on the result we obtained from the experiment, both theoretical results and
experimental results were the same. In this experiment, we must consider two types of balancing,
static and dynamic balancing.
For this experiment, we also have five situations. From this five situation, only dynamic
balancing for experiment A is imbalance. This is because the resultant turning moment along the
axis of the plane is not equal to zero. However, for experiment B, C, D, E and F, both the static

and dynamic balancing are balance. This applied to both of the theoretical and experimental
results. The requirements are mass1 x radius1 x distance1 = mass2 x radius2 x distance2. The
distance is for the distance between the plane. It is one of the factor that must be considered in
order to achieve balancing.

c)

Give two examples on the application of balancing of rotating masses in real


time world.

The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial


machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as
well as noise and discomfort. These are a few example for the application of balancing of
rotating masses in our world.
Tire balance, also referred to as tire unbalance or imbalance, describes the distribution of
mass within an automobile tire or the entire wheel (including the rim) to which it is attached.
When the wheel rotates, asymmetries of mass may cause it to hop or wobble, which can cause
ride disturbances, usually vertical and lateral vibrations. It can also result in a wobbling of
the steering wheel or of the entire vehicle. The ride disturbance, due to unbalance, usually
increases with speed.
In electricity

generation,

a generator is

device

that

converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may
vary widely from a hand crank to an internal combustion engine. Generators provide nearly all of
the power for electric power grids.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we can conclude that balancing of rotating masses is important to
avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators,
vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. So, it is important for
the industries to balance the machine by moving the center gravity to the center of rotation.

We also had achieved our objective to study about two different of balancing. Firstly,
body at single plane and multiple plane. Then we studied about body at static and dynamic state
for multiple plane. Static balance occurs when the center of the gravity of an object is on the axis
of rotation. But, the rotating mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple.

After we follow all the procedures of this experiment, we have understood the concept of
balancing for single and multiple plane. Then we record the data and analyze it within the group
members. It is important for us to know the situation that will contribute to the balance observe
no oscillations or situation that will contribute to the imbalance observe oscillations. By doing
this experiment together, we had improved our understanding in the basic principle of balancing.

At the end of the experiment, we felt so happy because we have completely understand
all the principle of balancing. Then we do the technical report for this experiment and submit the
report to the lecturer sharp on time.

REFERENCE
1. Owen, David. http://getfit.jillianmichaels.com/balance-bicycle-wheel-1054.html
2. Theory of Machines by S.S.Rattan, Third Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited.

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