SAMPLING AGGREGATES

(AASHTO T 2-91)
(ASTM D 75-03)
Significance and Use
Sampling is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler shall
use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and
condition of the materials which they represent.
Note 2:

The Preliminary investigation and sampling of potential aggregate

sources and types occupies a very importance in determining the
availability and suitability of the largest single constituent entering
into the construction. It influences the type of construction from the
standpoint of economics and governs the necessary material control
to ensure durability of the resulting structure, from the aggregate
standpoint. This investigation should be done only by a responsible
trained and experienced should be done only by a responsibilities
trained and experienced person.

Securing Samples
1. General -Where practicable, samples to be tested for quality shall be
obtained from the finished product. Samples from the finished product to
be tested for abrasion loss shall not be subject to further crushing or
manual reduction in particle size in preparation for the abrasion test unless
the size of the finished product is such that it requires further reduction for
testing purposes.
2. Inspection The material shall be inspected to determine discernible
variations. The seller shall provide suitable equipment needed for proper
inspection and sampling.
3. Procedure :
3.1

Sampling from a Flowing Aggregate Stream (Bins or Belt Discharge)

Select units to be sampled by a random method from the production.
Obtain at least three approximately equal increments, selected at
random from the unit being sampled, and combine to form a field
sample where mass equals or exceeds the minimum recommended in
Section 4.2. Take each increment from the entire cross section of the
material as it is being discharged. It is usually necessary to have a
special device constructed for use oat each particular plant. This
device consists of a pan of sufficient size to intercept the entire cross
section of the discharge stream and hold the required quantity of
materials without overflowing. A set of rails may be necessary to
support the pan as it is passed under the discharge stream. Insofar as
is possible, keep bins continuously full or nearly full to reduce
segregation.

3.2

Sampling from the Conveyor Belt Select units to be sampled by a

random method from the production.
Obtain at least three
approximately equal increments, selected at random, from the unit
being sampled and combine to form a field sample where mass equals
or exceeds the minimumrecommended in Section 4.2. Stop conveyor
belt while the sample increments are being obtained. Insert two
1

templates, the shape of which conforms to the shape of the belt in the
aggregate stream on the belt, and space them such that the material
contained between them will yield an increment of the required
weight. Carefully scoop all material between the templates into a
suitable container and collect the fines on the belt with a brush and
dust pan and add to the container.
3.3

Sampling from Stockpiles or Transportation Units Avoid sampling

coarse aggregate or mixed coarse and fine aggregate from the
stockpiles or transportation units whenever possible, particularly when
the sampling is done for the purpose of determining aggregate
properties that may be dependent upon the grading of the sample. If
circumstances make it necessary to obtain samples from the stockpile
of coarse and fine aggregate, design a sampling plan for the specific
case under consideration. This approach will allow the sampling
agency to use a sampling plan that will give a confidence in results
obtained there from that is agreed upon by all parties concerned to be
acceptable for the particular situation. The sampling plan shall define
the number of samples necessary to represent lots and sublots of
specific sizes. General principles for sampling from stockpiles are
applicable to sampling from trucks, rail cars, barges, or other
transportation units.

3.4

Sampling from Roadway (Bases and Subbases) - sample units selected

by a random method from the construction. Obtain at least three
approximately equal increments, selected at random form the unit
being samples, and combine to form a field sample whose mass
equals or exceeds the minimum recommended in Section 4.2. Take all
increments form the roadway for the full depth of the material.
Clearly mark the specific areas from which each increment is to be
removed; a metal template placed over the area is a definite aid in
securing approximately equal increment weights.

4. Number and Masses of Field Samples :

4.1

The number of field samples (obtained by one of the methods

described in Section 3) required depends on the criticality of, and
variation in, the properties to be measured. Designates each unit
from which a field sample is to be obtained prior to sampling. The
number of field samples from the production should be sufficient to
give the desired confidence in test results.

4.2

The field sample masses cited are tentative. The masses must be
predicted on the type and number of tests to which the material is to
be subjected and sufficient material obtained to provide for the proper
execution of these tests. Standard acceptance and control tests are
covered by AASHTO/ASTM standards and specify the portion of the
field sample required for each specific test. Generally speaking, the
amounts specified in Table I will provide adequate material for routine
grading and quality analysis. Extract test portions form the field
sample according to Reducing Field Samples of Aggregates to Testing
Size or as required by other applicable test methods.

Shipping Samples
2

1. Transport aggregates in bags or other containers so constructed as to

preclude loss or contamination of any part of the sample, or damage to the
contents from mishandling during shipment.
2. Shipping containers for aggregate sample shall have suitable individual
identification attached and enclosed so that field reporting, laboratory
logging, and test reporting may be facilitated.

TABLE I Size of Samples

Maximum Nominal Size
of Aggregates A

Approximate Minimum Mass of

Field Samples, lb (kg)B
Fine Aggregate

No. 8 (2.36 mm)

No. 4 (4.75 mm)

25 (10)
25 (10)
Coarse Aggregate

3/8 in. (9.5 mm)

25 (10)
1/2 in. (12.5 mm)
35 (15)
3/4 in. (19.0 mm)
55 (25)
1 in.
(25.0 mm)
110 (50)
165 (75)
1 in. (37.5 mm)
220 (100)
2 in.
(50 mm)
275 (125)
2 in (63 mm)
330 (150)
3 in.
(75 mm)
385 (175)
3 in. (90 mm)
A
For processed aggregate the maximum nominal size of particles is the
largest sieve size listed in the applicable specification, upon which any
material is permitted to be retained.
B

For combined coarse and fine aggregates (for example, base or sub-base)
minimum weight shall be coarse aggregate minimum plus 25 lb (10 kg).

PREPARATION OF DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES FOR TEST

(AASHTO T-87-86)
(ASTM D 421)
Significance
This method describes the preparation of disturbed soil and soil
aggregate samples as received from the field for subsequent tests by reducing
aggregations of particles into sizes which will pass certain sieves.
Apparatus
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g, conforms to M 231
2. Oven with temperature control, or drying apparatus not exceeding
60

3. Standard sieves, 19 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.425 mm

4. Mortar and rubber-covered pestle
5. Sample Splitter
Initial Preparation of Test Samples
1. The soil sample as received from the field shall be dried thoroughly in air or
in drying apparatus at a temperature not exceeding 60 oC.
2. Obtain the required quantity of sample for each test by the method of
quartering or by a sample splitter. The aggregation of soil particle shall be
broken up by pulverizing apparatus.
Care should be taken so that
individual particles are not broken.
Note: Samples dried in an oven or other drying apparatus at temperature
not exceeding 60oC are considered to be air-dried.
Test Samples
Mechanical Analysis and Specific Gravity (T 88)
The fraction retained on the 2.00 mm sieve shall be set aside for use in
sieve analysis of the coarse material. The material required to obtain a
representative gradation and depending on the maximum particle size shall
not be less than the amount shown in the following table.
1. Largest Particles Size
9.5 mm
25.0 mm
50.0 mm
75.0 mm

Minimum Mass
-

0.5 kg
2.0 kg
4.0 kg
5.0 kg

2. The fraction passing the 2.0 mmm sieve shall be thoroughly mixed and by
the use of splitting or quartering, representative portions having
approximate weights as follows shall be obtained.
-

for the hydrometer analysis and sieve analysis of the fraction passing
the 2.0 mm sieve,
110 g for sandy soil
60 g for silty or clayey soils

for specific gravity (T 100)

25 g when the volumetric flask is used and
10 g when the stoppered bottle is used

Physical Test
1. Separate the remaining portion of the sample passing the 2.00 mm sieve
into two portions with a 0.425 mm sieve. Ground the portion retained in a
mortar with a rubber-covered pestle to further reduce the size of
aggregations. Separate the ground soil with the 0.425 mm sieve. Repeat
the pulverizing and sieving operation, if necessary, to obtain a sufficient
quantity of sample passing the 0.425 mm sieve for the limit tests.
2. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the 0.425 mm sieve in step (1), and
set aide for the limits test.
Test and AASHTO Designation
Liquid Limit (T 89)
Plastic Limit (T90)
Shrinkage Factors (T92)
Field Moisture Equivalent (T 93)
Check and Referee Test

Approximate Mass, g
100
20
30
50
100

Moisture Density Relations

1. Separate the sample for compaction test with either a 4.75 mm or 19.0
mm sieve whichever is required. Ground the portion retained in a mortar
with a rubber-covered pestle to break up particle aggregations. Separate
the ground soil with the required sieve to obtain the sample needed for the
compaction test.
2. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the required sieve in step (1) and set
aside for the compaction test or moisture density test.

THIN-WALLED TUBE SAMPLING OF SOILS

(ASTM D 1587 94)
Scope
This method covers a procedure for using a thin-walled metal tube to
recover relatively undisturbed soil samples suitable for laboratory tests of
structural properties.
Apparatus
1. Drilling Equipment any drilling equipment may be used that provides a
reasonably clean hole; that does not disturb the soil to be sampled; and
that does not hinder the penetration of the thin-walled sampler. Open
borehole diameter and the inside diameter of driven casing or hollow stem
auger shall not exceed 3.5 times the outside diameter of the thin-walled
tube.
2. Sampler Insertion Equipment - shall be adequate to provide a relatively
rapid continuous penetration force.
For hard formations it may be
necessary, although not recommended, to drive the thin-walled tube
samples.
3. Thin-Walled Tube - they should have an outside diameter of 2 to 5 in, and
be made of metal having adequate strength for use in the soil and
formation intended.
Tubes shall be clean and free of all surface
irregularities including projecting weld seams.
3.1

Length of Rubes See Table 1.

Table 1 Suitable Thin-Walled Street Sample Tubes
Outside diameter:
in.
mm.
Wall thickness:
Bwg
in.
mm.
Tube length:
in.
m.
Clearance, ratio, %

2
50.8

3
76.2

5
127

18
0.049
1.24

16
0.065
1.65

11
0.120
3.05

36
0.91

36
0.91

54
1.45

The three diameters recommended in Table 1 are indicated for

purposes of standardization, and are not intended to indicate that
sampling tubes of intermediate or larger diameters are not
acceptable. Lengths of tubes shown are illustrative. Proper lengths to
be determined as suited to field conditions.

Table 2 Dimensional Tolerances for Thin-Walled Tubes

Nominal Tube Diameters from Table 1A Tolerances, in.
Size Outside Diameter
Outside diameter
Inside diameter
Wall thickness
Ovality
Straightness

+0.007
- 0.000
+0.000
-0.007
0.007
0.015
0.030/ft.

+0.010
-0.000
+0.000
-0.010
0.010
0.020
0.030/ft.

+0.015
-0.000
+0.000
-0.015
0.015
0.030
0.030/ft.

Intermediate or larger diameters should be proportional. Tolerances

shown are essentially standard commercial manufacturing tolerances
for seamless steel mechanical tubing. Specify only two of the first three
tolerances: that is, O.D. and I.D., or O.D. and Wall, or I.D. and Wall.
3.2

Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table 2.

3.3

Inside Clearance Ratio should be 1% or as specified by the engineer or

geologist for the soil and formation to be sampled. Generally, the
inside clearance ratio used should increase with the increase in
plasticity of the soil being sampled.

3.4

Corrosion Protection Corrosion, whether from galvanic or chemical

reaction, can damage or destroy both the tin-walled tube and the
sample.
Severity of damage is a function of time as well as
interaction between the sample and the tube. Thin-walled tubes
should have some form of protective coating. Tubes which will contain
samples for more than 72 h shall be coated. The type of coating to be
used may vary depending upon the material to be sampled. Coatings
may include a light coat of lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, Teflon, and
others. Type of coating must be specified by the engineer or geologist
if storage will exceed 72 h. Plating of the tubes or alternate base
metals may be specified by the engineer or geologist.

4. Sampler Head serves to couple the thin-walled tube to the insertion

equipment and, together with the thin-walled tube, comprises the thinwalled tube sampler. The sampler head shall contain a suitable check
valve and a venting area to the outside equal to or greater than the area
through the check valve. Attachment of the head to the tube shall be
concentric and coaxial to assure uniform application of force to the tube by
the sampler insertion equipment.
Procedure
1. Clean out the borehole to sampling elevation using whatever method is
preferred that will ensure to material to be sampled is not disturbed. If
7

groundwater is encountered, maintain the liquid level in the borehole at or

above groundwater level during the sampling operation.
2. Bottom discharge bits are not permitted. Side discharge bits may be used,
with caution. Jetting through an open-tube sampler to clean out the
borehole to sampling elevation is not permitted. Remove loose material
form the center of a casing or hollow stem auger as carefully as possible to
avoid disturbance of the material to be sampled.
3. Place the sample tube so that its bottom rests on the bottom of the hole.
Advance the sampler without rotation by a continuous relatively rapid
motion.
4. Determine the length of advance by the resistance and condition of the
formation, but the length shall never exceed 5 to 10 diameters of the tube
in sands and 10 to 15 diameters of the tube in clays.
5. When the formation is too hard for push-type insertion, the tube may be
driven. Other methods, as directed by the engineer or geologist, may be
used. If driving methods are used, the data regarding weight and fall of
the hammer and penetration achieved must be shown in the report.
Additionally, that tube must be prominently labeled a drive sample.
6. In no case shall a length of advance be greater than the sample tube
length minus an allowance for the sample head and a minimum of 3 in. for
sludge end cuttings.
7. Withdraw the sampler from the formation as carefully as possible in order
to minimize disturbance of the sample.
Preparation for Shipment
1. Upon removal of the tube, measure the length of sample in the tube.
Remove the disturbed material in the upper end of the tube and measure
the length again. Seal the upper end of the tube. Remove at least 1 in. of
material form the lower end of the tube. Use this material for soil
description. Measure the overall sample length. Seal the lower end of the
tube. Alternatively, after measurement, the tube may be sealed without
removal of soil from the ends of the tube if so directed by the engineer or
geologist.
Note 1 - Tubes sealed over the ends a supposed to those sealed with
expanding packers should contain end padding in end voids in order to
prevent drainage or movement of the sample within the tube.
2. Prepare and immediately affix labels or apply markings as necessary to
identify the sample. Assure that the markings or labels are adequate to
survive transportation and storage.
Report
1. The appropriate information required as follow:
1.1

Name and location of the project

8

1.2

Boring number and precise location of project,

1.3

Surface elevation or reference to a datum,

1.4

Date and time of boring-start and finish

1.5

Depth to top of sample and number of sample,

1.6

Description of sampler; size, type of metal, type of coating,

1.7

Method of sampler insertion; push or drive,

1.8

Method of drilling, size of hole, casing, and drilling fluid used,

1.9

Depth to ground water level; date and time measured,

1.10

Any possible current or tidal effect on water level,

1.11

Soil description

1.12

Length of sampler advance and

1.13

Recovery length of sample obtained.

PREPARATION OF UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES FOR TEST

Significance
This method describes the preparation of undisturbed soil samples
necessary to obtain a reliable result. Undisturbed soil samples necessary to
obtain a reliable result. Undisturbed samples are those obtained from the field
with minimum disturbance by using any drilling equipment that provided clean
hole before insertion of thin walled tubes that is, both the natural density and
moisture content are preserved as much as practicable. Such samples are
necessary for density, permeability, consolidation and other various shear
tests.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Soil lathe
Wire saw, with one fine wire for final trimming
Sharp knife
Miter box
Extruder for tube samples

Procedure
Preparation of samples should be done in a humid room to minimize
moisture loss. The samples should be extruded carefully and in the same
direction, as when obtained.
1. Remove protective coating by cutting with a sharp knife.
2. Cut from the field sample a test specimen which is slightly larger than the
standard size required in the test. Use either a wire saw or sharp knife
whichever is more appropriate for least disturbance.
3. Trim the specimen to the standard circular cross section with the soil lathe
and a finer wire saw.
4. Place specimen, in the miter box, and cut to standard height. Both ends
should be perpendicular to the sides of specimen.
5. Save the trimmings for moisture content determination.
6. Measure the exact dimensions of test specimen using a caliper.

10

REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE

(AASHTO T 248-02)
(ASTM C 702-98)
Introduction
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to the appropriate
size for testing employing techniques that are intended to minimize variations
in measured characteristics between the test samples so selected and the
field sample.
Significance and Use
1. Specifications for aggregates require sampling portions of the material for
testing. Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more
representative of the total supply. These methods provide for reducing the
large sample obtained in the field to a convenient size for conduction a
number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in a
manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the
field sample, and thus of the total supply. The individual test methods
provide for minimum weights of material to be tested.
2. Under certain circumstances, reduction in size of the field sample prior to
testing is not recommended. Substantial differences between the selected
sample sometimes cannot be avoided, as for example, in the case of an
aggregate having relatively few large size particles in the field sample. The
laws of chance dictate that these few particles may be unequally
distributed among the reduced size test samples. Similarly, if the test
sample is being examined for certain contaminants occurring as a few
discrete fragments in only sample percentages, caution should be used in
interpreting results from the reduced size test sample. Chance inclusion or
exclusion of only one or two particles in the selected sample may
importantly influence interpretation of the characteristics of the field
sample. In these cases, the entire field sample should be tested.
Selection of Method
1. Fine Aggregate - field samples of fine aggregate that are drier than the
saturated-surface-dry condition (Note 1) shall be reduced in size by a
mechanical splitter according to Method A. Field samples having free
moisture on the particle surfaces may be reduced in size by quartering
according to Method B, or by treating as a miniature stockpile as described
in Method C.
1.1

If the use of Method B or Method C is desired, and the field sample

does not have free moisture on the particle surfaces, the sample may
be moistened to achieve this condition, thoroughly mixed, and then the
sample reduction performed.

Note 1 - The method of determining the saturated-surface-dry condition is

described in AASHTO T 84. As a quick approximation, if the fine aggregate
will retain its shape when molded in the hand, it may be considered to be
wetter than saturated-surface-dry.

11

1.2

If use of Method A is desired and the field sample has free moisture on
the particle surfaces, the entire field sample may be dried to at least
the surface-dry condition, using temperatures that do not exceed those
specified for any of the tests contemplated, and then the sample
reduction performed. Alternatively, if the moist field sample is very
large, a preliminary split may be made using a mechanical splitter
having wide chute openings 38 mm (1-1/2 in) or more to reduce the
sample to not less than 5000 g. The portion so obtained is then dried,
and reduction to test sample size is completed using Method A.

2. Coarse Aggregates and Mixtures of Coarse and Fine Aggregates reduce

the sample using a mechanical splitter in accordance with Method A
(preferred method) or by quartering in accordance with Method B. The
miniature stockpile Method C is not permitted for coarse aggregates or
mixtures of coarse and fine aggregates.
Sampling
1. The field sample of aggregate shall be taken in accordance with Sampling
Aggregates is usually adequate.
When additional tests are to be
conducted, the user shall satisfy himself that the initial size of eh field
sample is adequate to accomplish all intended tests. Similar procedures
shall be used for aggregate produced in the laboratory.
Method A MECHANICAL SPLITTER
Apparatus
1. Sample Splitter Sample splitters shall have an even number of equal
width chutes, but not less than a total of eight for coarse aggregate, or
twelve for fine aggregate, which discharge alternatively to each side of the
splitter.
The minimum width of the individual chutes shall be
approximately 50 percent larger than the largest particles in the sample to
be split (Note 2). The splitter shall be equipped with two receptacles to
hold the two halves of the sample following splitting. It shall also be
equipped with a hopper or straightedge pan which has a width equal to or
slightly less than the over-all width of the assembly of chutes, by which the
sample may be fed at a controlled rate to the chutes. The splitter and
accessory equipment shall be so designed that the sample will flow
smoothly without restriction or loss of materials (Fig. 1).
Note 2: Mechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for
coarse aggregate having the largest particle not over 37.5 m (1-1/2 in.).
For fine aggregate, a splitter having chutes 13 mm (1/2 in.) wide will be
satisfactory when the entire sample will pass a 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve.
Procedure
1. Place the field sample in the hopper or pan and uniformly distribute it from
edge to edge, so that when it is introduced into the chutes, approximately
equal amounts will flow through each chute. The rate at which the sample
is introduced shall be such as to allow free flowing through the chutes into
the receptacles below. Reintroduce the portion of the sample in one of the
receptacle into the splitter as many times as necessary to reduce the
sample to the size specified for the intended test. The portion of the
12

material collected in the other receptacle may be reserved for reduction in

size for other tests.

Method B QUARTERING
Apparatus
1. Apparatus shall consist of a straightedge scoop, shovel, or trowel; a broom
or brush; and a canvas blanket approximately 2 by 2.5 m (6 by 8 ft.).
Procedure
1. Use either the procedure described in Method B Quartering Procedure 1.1
or 1.2 or a combination of both.
1.1

Place the field sample on a hard clean, level surface where there will
be neither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign
material. Mix the material thoroughly by turning, shovel the entire
sample over three times. With the last turning, shovel the entire
sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful on top of the
preceding one. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness
and diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel so that each
quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in
it. The diameter should be approximately four to eight times the
thickness. Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a
shovel or trowel and remove two diagonally opposite quarters,
including all fine material, and brush the cleared spaces clean.
Successively mix and quarter the remaining materials unit the sample
is reduced to the desired size (Fig. 2).

1.2

As an alternative to the procedure described in Method B Quartering

Procedure 1.1 when the floor surface is uneven, the field sample may
be placed on a canvass blanket and mixed with a shovel as described
in Method B Quartering Procedure 1.1 or by alternatively lifting each
corner of the canvas and pulling it over the sample toward the
diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be rolled. Flatten
the pile as described in Method B - Quartering Procedure 1.1. Or if the
surface beneath the blanket and under the center of the pile, then left
both ends of the stick, dividing the sample into two equal parts.
Remove the stick leaving a fold of the blanket between the divided
portions. Insert the stick under the center of the pile at right angles to
the first division and again lift both ends of the stick, dividing the
sample into four equal parts.
Remove two diagonally opposite
quarters, being careful to clean the fines form the blanket.
Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample
is reduced to the desired size (Fig 3).

Method C MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING (Damp Fine Aggregate

Only)
13

Apparatus
1. Apparatus shall consist of a straight edged scoop, shovel, or trowel for
mixing the aggregate, and either a small sampling thief, small scoop, or
spoon for sampling.
Procedure
1. Place the field sample of damp fine aggregate on a hard clean, level
surface where there will be neither loss of material nor the accidental
addition of foreign material. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the
entire sample over three times. With the last turning, shovel the entire
sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful on top of the
preceding one. If desired, the conical pile may be flattened to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel so that
each quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material originally
in it. Obtain a sample for each test by selecting at least five increments of
material at random locations form the miniature stockpile, using any of the
sampling devices described in Section Method C Apparatus.
Precision and Accuracy
1. Since this method produces no numerical test results, determination of
precision is not possible. However, failure to carefully follow the
procedures described herein could result in providing a biased sample
to be used in subsequent testing.

14

15

16

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

(AASHTO T-265)
(ASTM D 2216)
Significance
The behavior of a soil is markedly influence by the amount of moisture
it contains. Moisture content, therefore, is an important characteristic. By
definition, moisture content, MC, is the ratio of the weight/mass of water
constant weight/mass at temperature of 110 5oC.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.

Container, with cover

Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g
Oven with temperature control
Dessicator

Size of sample : Ranges from 25 1000 g

The minimum weight of the sample, which depends on the maximum
grain size, shall be as follows :
Weight,
min
Passing
Passing
Passing
Passing
Passing
Passing

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

0.425 mm material
2.00 mm material
4.75 mm material
12.5 mm material
25.0 mm material
50.0 mm material

25 g
50 g
100 g
300 g
500 g
1000 g

Procedure
1. Weigh the container with cover, and record as W C.
2. Take a representative sample of the soil, place in the container and cover
immediately. Weigh and record as W1.
3. Open the container and dry in the oven to constant weight at a
temperature of 110 5oC. The drying time will depend on the kind of soil
and size of sample. A 25 g sandy material can be dried in about 2 hours,
while the same weight/mass of a plastic, fine-grained soil will require at
least 4 hours to dry to constant weight/mass.
4. Remove the container from the oven and cool to room temperature.
Weight and record as W2.
17

A sample may be cooled at room humidity if it is weighed within an hour

after it has been removed from the oven. If it cannot be weighed within this
period, it should be placed in a dessicator to cool to room temperature. This is
especially significant if the soil is very plastic and the room humidity is high.
Weighing hot containers is not advisable as it affects the accuracy of results.

Calculation
Moisture Content, MC %
=

W1 - W 2
W2 - WC

where:
W1
W2
WC

= weight/mass of container plus wet soil

= weight/mass of container plus dry soil
= Weight of container

18

10
0

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS

(AASHTO T 88-00)
(ASTM D 422)
Significance
Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size distribution in
soils by sieve, hydrometer, or a combined analysis. The method which should
be used depends on the size of the soil grains.
Grain size distribution is widely used in the classification and
identification of soils. It is an important criteria in the classification of highway
subgrade materials. It is also related to permeability and capillarity of
cohesion less soils.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g, conforms to the requirements of M231

Mechanical stirring apparatus with a metal and dispersion cup
Hydrometer as shown in Fig. 4
Thermometer accurate to 0.5oC
Set of standard sieves; 75.0 mm., 50.0 mm, 25.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75
mm, 2.0 mm, 0.425 mm, 0.075 mm
6. Graduated cylinder, 1 liter capacity
7. Complete set of water bath
8. Oven with temperature control
9. Beaker, 250 ml capacity and not greater than 500 ml
10.Timer
Samples
The minimum amount required of material retained on the 4.75 mm
sieve, the 2.00 mm sieve or 0.425 mm depends on the maximum particle size
but shall not be less than the amount as shown in the following table:
Nominal Size of Max.
Standard Particle, mm

Approximate
Minimum
Weight, g

9.5
25.0
50.0
75.0

0.5
2
4
5

The size of the portion passing 2.0 mm or 0.425 mm (#40) sieve shall
be:
a. Hydrometer Test - approx. 100 g for sandy soil
19

b. Hygroscopic Moisture Determination at least 10 g

Procedure
The test sample for mechanical analysis shall be prepared in
accordance with the preparation of disturbed soil samples for test.
1. Sieve analysis of fraction retained on 2.00 mm
1.1

Pass the sample through a series of standard sieves, 4.75 mm and

bigger openings. Use of mechanical shaker is preferred.

1.2

Sieving operation shall be conducted by means of lateral and vertical

motion of the sieve accompanied by jarring action to keep the sample
moving continuously on the surface of the sieve. Sieving shall be
continued until not more that 1% by weight of the residue passes any
sieve within 1 minute.

1.3

Weigh and record the quantity retained one ach sieve.

1.4

Compute for the % passing for each sieve.

2. Hydrometer & Sieve Analysis of fraction Passing 2.00 m sieve

2.1

Hygroscopic moisture. Weigh about 10 g of the air-dried sample

passing No. 2.00 mm sieve, dry to constant weight/mass in an oven at
105 to 100oC, cool to room temperature, weigh the oven-dried
material, and record results.

2.2

Dispersion of sample. Weigh 50 g of the air-dried sample (100 g for

sandy soils), place in a beaker, fill with distilled water to about half the
depth and allow to soak for at least 18 hours. After soaking, add 20 ml
of (sodium silicate, calgon, polyphosphate) deflocculating agent, then
washed the contents into the dispersion cup. Add distilled water until
it is about 50.8 mm from the brim and disperse the contents for 1
minute in the mechanical stirring apparatus.

2.3

Transfer the mixture to the graduated cylinder and add distilled water
to bring the water level to the 1000 ml mark. Place the cylinder in the
constant temperature bath. Stir the suspension frequently to avoid
settlement of particles.

2.4

Remove the cylinder from the water bath as soon as the temperature
of suspension and the water bath are the same. Shake thoroughly the
mixture for 1 minute by turning the cylinder upside down and back,
using the palm of the hand as stopper. The soil should not stick to the
bottom of the cylinder when upside down.

2.5

Replace the cylinder in the water bath, insert carefully the hydrometer
in the suspension and start the time.

2.6

Take hydrometer reading after , 1 and 2 minutes without removing

the hydrometer from the suspension. Read the hydrometer at the top
of the meniscus formed around its stem. Repeat the shaking and
reading procedure until a consistent set of readings are obtained.
20

2.7

Re-start the test but this time take reading after 2,5, 15, 30, 60, 250
and 1440 minutes. Insert carefully the hydrometer about 15 to 20
seconds before each of these reading. Dry the stem before insertion.
It should be removed carefully and placed in a cylinder of distilled
water after each reading.
Take the temperature of the suspension immediately following each
hydrometer reading and record. Between hydrometer readings, the
top of the cylinder should be covered to minimize evaporation and
prevent collection of dust or dirt from the air.

2.8

After the final reading, wash the suspension on a 0.075 mm sieve. Dry
the fractions retained and perform the sieve analysis using the 0.425
mm, 0.250 mm and 0.075 mm.

Calculation

Hygroscopic Moisture
(%)

Wt./mass
Wt./mass of
oven-dried
of
air-dried
soil
soil
Wt./mass of oven-dried soil

10
0

To correct the mass of the air-dried sample for hygroscopic moisture, the
given value shall be multiplied by the expression:
100
100 + % Hygroscopic Moisture

The percentage of coarse material shall be calculated from the weights of

fractions retained on 2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 mm
sieve. The difference is assume to equal the mass of the air-dried fraction
passing the 2.00 mm sieve. The mass fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve
shall be corrected from hygroscopic moisture. The calculations shall be
made as follows:
From the total mass of sample, subtract the mass of the fraction retained
on 2.00 mm sieve. The difference is assumed to equal the mass of the airdried fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve. The mass fraction passing the
2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 mm sieve.
The total test sample corrected for hygroscopic moisture is the corrected
mass passing 2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 m sieve.

The percentages passing the different sieves are calculated on the basis of
total dry mass of sample.
Percentage of Soil in Suspension, P

Hydrometer readings made at temperature other than the calibration

temperature are corrected by appropriate correction factors. A typical
correction factor curve for Hydrometer A. Temperature correction curves of
this type should be prepared foe each hydrometer used.
21

The percentage of soil in suspension is represented by the different

corrected hydrometer readings, and is calculated as follows :
For Hydrometer A (152 H)

Ra
Ws

10
0

For Hydrometer B (151 H)

1616 (-1) a
Ws

100

where:
P
R
Ws
a

= Percentage of soil in suspension based on dry weight/mass of

soil dispersed.
= Corrected hydrometer reading
= Dry weight/mass of soil dispersed
= A constant depending on the density of the suspension. It
varies with the specific gravity, Gs, of the suspended particles.

In routine tests, it will be sufficiently accurate to use the constant

opposite the nearest specific gravity, from the following table:

Gs

Constant, a

2.95
2.85
2.75
2.65
2.55
2.45
2.35

0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.08

To convert percent of soil in suspension, P, intro percent of total sample,

multiply by the percentage passing 2.00 mm sieve.
Diameter of particle in Suspension, D

The maximum diameter, D, of the particle in suspension, corresponding to

each hydrometer reading, is calculated from Stokes equation.

30 n L
980 (Gs Gm) T

where:
22

100

D
n
L

T
Gm
Gs

= maximum particle diameter, mm

= Coefficient of viscosity of suspending medium, poise
It varies with temperature of medium, See Table
= Distance from surface of suspension to center of volume of the
hydrometer, cm. For convenience draw a hydrometer
calibration curve to get the value of L for every hydrometer
reading. See Figure 5
= period of sedimentation, minutes
= specific gravity of suspending medium at time of test
= Specific gravity of soil particles

23

24

25

AMOUNT OF MATERIALS FINER THAN 0.075 MM SIEVE

(AASHTO T11-05)
(ASTM C117-03)
Significance
Material finer than the 75 um (No. 200) sieve can be separated from
larger particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than
through the use of dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of
material finer than 75 um in fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test
method is used on the sample prior to dry sieving in accordance the AASHTO T
27. The results of this test method are included in the calculation in AASHTO T
27, and the total amount of material finer than 75 um by washing, plus that
obtained by dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency
of the washing operation should be checked. It could, also, be an indication of
degradation of the aggregate.
Apparatus
1. Sieve 1.18 mm (No. 16) to 2.36 (No. 8) and 0.075 mm (No. 200)
2. Pan
3. Oven with sufficient size capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 110 5oC (230 9oF)
4. Balance and weights (sensitive to 0.1 percent and conforms to the
requirements of M231)
Procedure
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight/mass at a temperature of about
110 5oC. Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1% of the mass of the
test sample.
2. Place sample in a container large enough to permit vigorous agitation
without spilling when water is added.
3. Add water and agitate.
4. Put wash water over the nested sieves, 1.18 mm over 0.075 mm sieve,
avoiding decantation of coarse particles. Repeat operation until wash
water is clear. Return all materials retained on the nested sieves to the
washed sample.
5. Dry washed sample to constant mass and determine the mass to the
nearest 0.1% of the original mass of the sample.
Calculation

% Materials passing
0.075 mm sieve by
washing

Original
dry
- Dry weight/mass
weight/ma
after washing
ss
Original dry weight/mass
26

10
0

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT

(AASHTO T-89)
(ASTM D 4318)
Significance
The liquid limit is defined as the lowest moisture content at which the
soil will flow upon the application of a very small shearing force. The liquid
limit gives a certain measure of the shearing resistance of a soil when mixed
with water. It is a measure of the potential cohesion which in turn depends
upon the total size of the contact areas, or the fineness and shape of the
grains. The finer and flatter the grains, the greater will be the total contact
area between the grains, and the higher the amount of water that could be
taken into coat the grains.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Evaporating dish
Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width
Liquid limit device
Grooving tool
Containers
Oven with temperature control
Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g

Procedure
1. A sample weighing about 100 g shall be taken from thoroughly mixed
material passing the 0.425 mm sieve which has been obtained in
accordance with standard procedures in Preparation of Disturbed Soil
Sample for Test. Mix the sample with 15 to 20 ml of distilled water. Mix it
thoroughly by alternately stirring and kneading with spatula. Further
addition of water shall be made by 1 to 3 ml increments.
2. Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup of the liquid limit device, level
off the surface with a spatula to a maximum depth of 10 mm and divide
the soil pat into two segments by means of the standard grooving tool.
3. Mount the bras cup to the carriage such that it can be raised and allowed
to drop sharply on the base through a height of 10 mm by rotating the
crank at an approximate rate of two rotations per second until the closure
of the groove about 13 mm from the bottom. The closure should be by
flow of the soil and not by slippage on the cup.
4. Take a slice of approximately the width of the spatula extending from edge
to edge of the soil cake at right angles to the groove. Place the sample in a
drying can for moisture content determination.
5. Repeat steps (2) to (4) with different moisture contents of the soil in the
range of 15 to 35 blows. A total of 4 determinations should be made.
27

6. Plot moisture content against log number of blows and draw the flow curve.

Calculation
1.

Calculate the percentage moisture to the nearest whole percent.

%
Moisture

W1 - W 2
W2

100

Where:
W1
W2

=
=

weight/mass of wet sample

Weight/mass of oven-dried sample

2. Plot the percent moisture as ordinate on an arithmetic scale against the

number of blows as abscissa on a logarithmic scale. Draw a straight line
connecting these points. The plot is called the flow curve.
3. The liquid limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to 25
blows.

28

DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX

(AASHTO T 90-00)
(ASTM D 4318)
Significance
The plastic limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which
the soil can be readily molded without breaking or crumbling. Plasticity index
indicates compressibility; high P.I. means high degree of compressibility of a
soil. It is also related to permeability; the higher the P.I. the lower the
permeability; and vice-versa. Plasticity index is also the range in water
content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven- dried soil, within
which the material is in a plastic state.
The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to control the
characteristics of soil which are to be incorporated in roadways.
Apparatus
1. Evaporating dish
2. Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width
3. A ground glass plate or piece of smooth, unglazed paper on which to
roll the sample
4. Containers, resistant tocorrosion, and not subject to change in mass
or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Prevents moisture
loss.
5. Oven the temperature control, conforms to M231
6. Balance sensitive to 0.1 g
Sample
1. If the plastic limit , from passing the material to 0.425 mm sieve( No. 40)
only is required, mix thoroughly about 20 g of sample obtained in
accordance with standard procedure in accordance with Standard
Procedure in Preparation of Disturbed Soil Sample for Test with distilled
water until the mass is plastic enough to be shaped into a ball. Take a
portion of the ball weighing about 8 g for test sample.
2. If both liquid and plastic limit is required, take a specimen sample weighing
about 8 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the soil prepared in
accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Liquid Limit of Soils.
Procedure
Hand Rolling method
1. Squeeze and form, the 8 g sample into ball.(T89)
2. Roll the ball of soil between the fingers and the glass plate with just
sufficient pressure into thread of uniform diameter throughout its length
(ellipsoidal shape).

29

3. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm within two (2) minutes,
break the tread into 6 or 8 pieces.
4. Squeeze the pieces together between the thumbs and fingers into a
uniform mass and reroll. Continue the alternate rolling to a thread of 3.2
mm until the tread crumbles and the soil can no longer be rolled into a
thread.
5. Take some of the crumbled soil and place in a drying can. Weigh the
container and thread and record the mass. Oven dry the soil to constant
mass at 110o 5 at constant weight. Record the loss in mass as the mass
of water.
Calculation
1. The plastic limit is expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the
oven-dried weight/mass of the crumbled soils thread.

Plastic
Limit

Wa - W b
Wb

100

Where:
Wa
Wb

=
=

weight of crumbled soil tread

Weight of oven-dried crumbled soil thread

2. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic
limit.
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit Plastic Limit

30

DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOIL

(AASHTO T 92-97)
(ASTM D 427)
Significance
The shrinkage limit is between the semi-solid and solid states and is
defined as the highest moisture content of which the mass attains its
minimum volume but continues to lose weight/mass. That means that it is the
maximum calculated water content at which a reduction in water content will
not cause a decrease in the volume of the soil mass.These are used as
important criteria in highway classification systems and in semi-empirical
methods of design in highway and airport construction. They are also widely
used in highway and airport specifications to control the quality of fill, base
course, and granular surface course materials.
Apparatus
1. Shrinkage mold(Milk Dish) 45 mm diameter and 12.7 mm deep
2. Glass cup, about 50 mm diameter by 25 mm high
3. Mercury supply
4. Medicine dropper
5. Evaporating dish, about 115 mm diameter
6. Glass plate
7. Spatula, with a flexible blade about 76 mm long and about 20 mm wide
8. Oven with temperature control 110 5oC
9. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g, conforms to M231
10.Glass Graduate, Capacity of 25 ml and graduated to 0.2ml.
Procedure
1. Grease the inside of the shrinkage mold with a thin film of petroleum jelly.
Weigh mold and record.
2. Place about 30 g of sample obtained in accordance with standard
procedures in Preparation of Disturbed Soil Samples for test in an
evaporating dish and mix thoroughly with sufficient water to completely fill
the voids to a consistency to as much as ten percent in excess of the liquid.
3. Place a portion of the wet soil in the mold (about 1/3 the volume of mold)
and tap the bottom on a firm surface. Add approximately the same
amount of soil and tap bottom of mold until thoroughly compacted and
entrapped air is driven off. Add more soil and continue tapping until the
mold is overflowing. Strike off the excess sample with a straightedge, and
weight immediately. Record as the weight/mass of mold and wet soil.
4. Air-dry the soil until its color turns from dark to light; then oven-dry to
constant weight/mass at 110 5 oC. Record as the weight/mass of the dish
and dry soil.
31

5. Determine the volume of the wet soil by filling the mold with mercury to
overflowing. Remove the excess by pressing a glass plate firmly over
the top. Measure in a graduated cylinder the volume of mercury filling
the mold. This is also the volume
wet soil pat.
6. Determine the volume of the dry soil par by the following procedure:
a. Remove the dry soil part from the mold.
b. Fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury and remove excess by
pressing the glass plate with prongs firmly over the top of the cup.
c. Place the cup with mercury in the evaporating dish and place the soil
pat on the surface of the mercury.
d. Carefully force the soil pat under the mercury with the prolonged glass
plate and press firmly over the top of the cup.
e. Measure in a graduated cylinder the volume of displaced mercury. This
is also the volume of the dry soil pat.
Calculation

S.L

V - Vo
Wo

100

Where:
S.L.
w

=
=
=

V
Vo
Wo

=
=
=

shrinkage limit
Moisture content
wt./mass wet soil - wt./mass dry soil
wt./mass dry soil
volume of wet soil pat
volume of oven-dried soil pat
wt./mass of oven-dried soil pat

32

100

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL

(AASHTO T 100-06)
(ASTM D 854-00)
Significance
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight/mass in air of a
given volume of a material to the weight/mass in air of an equal volume of
water at a stated temperature. It is used in connection with gravimetricvolumetric relationship in soils and various laboratory tests.
Scope
This method covers determination of the specific gravity of soils by
means of a pycnometer. When the soil is composed of particle larger than the
4.75 mm, the method for Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate shall be followed. When the soil is composed of particles both
larger and smaller than 4.75 mm, the sample shall be separated on the 4.75
mm sieve and the appropriate test method used on each portion. The specific
gravity value for soil shall be the weighted average of the two values such as:
Gavg

=
R1
100
G1

1
+

P1
100 G2

Gavg

Weighted average specific gravity of soils composed of

particles large and smaller than 4.75 mm

R1

percent of soil particles retained on 4.74 mm sieve

P1

Percent of soil particles passing the 4,75 mm sieve

G1

Specific gravity of soil particles retained on. 4.75 mm

sieve

G2

Specific gravity of soil particles passing 4.75 mm sieve

Apparatus
1. Pycnometer either a volumetric flask with a capacity of at least
100 ml or stoppered bottle having a capacity of at least 50 ml.
2. Balance either sensitive to 0.01 g for use in volumetric flask, or a
balance sensitive to 0.001 f for use with the stoppered bottle.
3. Thermometer covering the range of 0-50oC, readable or accurate
to 1oC
4. Oven with temperature control
33

5. Dessicator
Calibration of Pycnometer
1. The pycnometer shall be cleaned, dried, weighed and the mass recorded.
2. Fill the pcynometer with distilled water at room temperature.
3. The mass of pcynometer and water W a shall be determined and recorded.
A thermometer shall be inserted in the water and its temperature T 1
determined to the nearest whole degree.
4. From the mass Wa determined at the observed temperature T 1, a table of
values of mass Wa shall be prepared for a series of temperatures that are
likely to prevail when masses Wbare determined later.
Sample
1. The soil to be used in specific gravity test may contain its natural moisture
or to be oven dried. The mass of the test sample on an oven dry basis
shall be at least 25 g when the volumetric flask is to be used and at least
10 g when stopper bottle is to be used.
2. When the sample contain its natural moisture, the mass of the soil (W s) on
an oven-dry basis shall be determined at the end of the test by evaporating
the water in an oven maintained at 1105oC.
3. When an oven-dried sample is to be used, the sample shall be dried for at
least 12 hrs. or to constant mass, in an oven maintained at 1105 oC,
cooled to room temperature, then weighed and transferred to pcynometer
then weighed. Distilled water shall be added into pycnometer in an
amount that will provide complete sample coverage. Sample shall be
soaked for at least 12 hrs.
Procedure
1. The sample as prepared shall have distilled water added to fill the
volumetric flask about three fourth full or the stopped bottled about half
full.
2. Remove entrapped air by boiling slowly for 10 mins. Roll occasionally the
pycnometer to assist in the removal of air.
3. Cool the sample to room temperature.
4. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water to the calibrated capacity.
5. Clean and dry the outside of the pcynometer with dry cloth.
6. Weigh the pycnometer with water and soil (W b) and record the temperature
Tx.
Calculation
Gs

WsGTx
34

Ws+ (Wa Wb)

Gs

= specific gravity of soil

Ws

= mass of sample of oven-dried soil in grams

Wa

= mass of pcynometer filled with water at temperature T1 grams

(from Table Calibration Curve)

Wb

= mass of pcynometer filled with water and soil at temperature T x in

grams

Tx

= temperature of the contents of the pcynometer when mass W b was

taken (Temperature after boiling at room temperature in oC)

GTx

= density of distilled water at Tx

Table Specific Gravity of Distilled Water
Temperature, oC
20
0.9982
21
0.9980
22
0.9978
23
0.9976
24
0.9973
25
0.9971
26
0.9968
27
0.9965
28
0.9963
29
0.9960

Temperature,
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

35

C
0.9957
0.9954
0.9951
0.9947
0.9944
0.9941
0.9937
0.9934
0.9930
0.9926
0.9922

COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION TEST OF SOIL

(AASHTO T-99/ T-180)
(ASTM D 698/ D 1557)
Significance
Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition
of water as lubricant. It results in reduction of pore spaces and increase of
density by rearrangement of particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes more
stable and impermeable, which are desirable characteristic of foundations.
The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of most
significance. A properly compacted fill will not settle very much even after the
loads are imposed. Therefore, the detrimental effects of settlement on the
structures built on a stable fill are both safe and economical. Compaction also
makes the fill impervious; thus, it reduces the detrimental effects of infiltrating
surface water.
Apparatus
1. Molds - The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with
dimensions & capabilities. It shall have be so constructed so that is can be
fastened firmly to a detachable base plate.
A 4 in. mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943
0.000008 m3) with an internal diameter of 4.000 0.016 in. (101.6
0.406 mm) and a height of 4.584 0.005 in. (116.43 0.005 in. (116.43
0.13 mm)
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.7500) 0.00075 cu.ft.
(0.002124 0.000021 m3 ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 0.026 in.
(152.4 0.6604 mm) and a height of 4.584 in. 0.005 in.
Using T-99 a 5.5 lb (2.5 kkg) Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
These methods of test are intended for determining the moisture
density relation of soil using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg). Rammer and a 12 in. (305
mm) Drop
Four (4) Alternate Procedures are provided as follows:
Vol. of
Mold
(m3)
0.000943

No. of
Layers

Size of
Mold
(Inches)
4

25

0.002125

56

C
D

4
6

0.000943
0.002125

3
3

25
56

Metho
d

36

Blow/Laye
r

Size of
Materials
Passing No.
4
Passing No.
4
Passing
Passing

Method
A
B
C
D

Size of
Mold
4
6
4
6

Vol. of Mold
(m3)
0.000943
0.002125
0.000943
0.002125

No. of
Layers
3
3
3
3

2. Rammer
2.1

Manually Operated - metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00

0.005 in. (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in.
(0.13 mm) and weighing 5.50 0.02 lb. (2.495 0.009 kg). The
rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide- sleeve to control the
height of drop to free fall of 12.00 0.06 (or 1/16) in. (304.8 1.524
mm) above the elevation of the soil. The guide- sleeve shall have at
least 43 vent holes, no smaller thane 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter spaced
approximately 90 deg. (1.57 rad.) apart and approximately in. (19.0
mm) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free
fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted.

2.2

Mechanically Operated a metal rammer which is equipped with a

device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00 0.06 (or
1/16) in. (304.8 1.524 mm) above the elevation of the soil and
uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface. The rammer shall
have a flat circular face 2.00 0.005 in. (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter,
a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a manufactured mass of
5.50 0.02 lb. (2.495 0.009 kg.)

3. Sample Extruder a jack, lever, frame or other device adopted for the
purpose of extruding compacted specimens for mold.
4. Balances and Scales a balance or scale conforming to the requirements of
AASHTO M 231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements
of AASHTO N. 231, Class G 2.
5. Drying Oven a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of
maintaining a temperature of 110 5 oC (230 9oF) for drying moisture
samples.
6. Straightedge a hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in
length. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal
surface (used for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 on.
(0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for trimming the soil.
7. Sieves 50, 19.0 and 4.57 mm sieves.
8. Mixing Tools miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel,
spatula, etc. or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the
sample of soil with increments of water.
9. Containers containers for moisture content samples, made of metal or
other suitable material, with close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture
prior to or during weighing.
37

Method C
Sample:
1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until
becomes friable under a trowel. Drying maybe in air or by using drying
apparatus such that the temperature foes not exceed 60 oC. Then
thoroughly break up the aggregates in such a manner as to avoid
reducing the natural size of individual particles.
2. Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over
the 19.0 mm sieve. Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the
19.0 mm sieve (Note 1).
Note 1: If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse
material (passing a 50 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) in
the moisture-density sample as in the original field sample, the material
retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be replaced as follows: Sieve an
adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 50 mm
and 19.0 mm sieve. Weigh the material passing the 50 mm sieve and
retained on the 19.0 mm and replace it with as equal mass of material
passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Take
the material for replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3. Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 5 kg or
more, of the soil prepared as described on Sample 1 and 2
Procedure
1. Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately 4 percentage points below optimum moisture content.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. (102 mm)
mold (with collar attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a
total compacted depth of about 5 in. (127 mm). Compact each layer by
25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 12 in. (305 mm) above the elevation of the soil when a stationary
mounted type hammer is used. During compaction, the mold shall rest
firmly on a dense, uniform,. Rigid and stable foundation.
2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the
compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of the
straightedge. Holes developed in the surface by removal of coarse
material. Weight the mold and moist soil in pounds or in kilograms and
divide the mass of the compacted specimen, mold minus the mass of
the mold by 0.000943 and record the results as were density W 1 in
kg/m3.
3. Remove the material form the mold and slice vertically through the center.
Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces,
weight immediately, and dry in an oven at 110 5 oC for at least 12 h, or to
constant mass, to determine the moisture content. The moisture content
sample shall weight not less than 500 g.
4. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a 19.0
mm sieve and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
Add water in sufficient amounts to increase content of the soil sample by
one or two percentage points, and repeat the above procedure for each
38

increment of water added. Continue this series of determinations until

there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, W 1 per cubic foot
or cubic meter of compacted soil.
Calculation
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as
compacted for each trial:

AB
B-C

100

And
W1
w + 100

100

Where:
w
A
B
C
W
W1

= percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry mass

of the soil
= mass of container and wet soil
= mass of container and dry soil
= mass of container
= dry mass of compacted soil
= wet mass of compacted soil

Determine the moisture content and corresponding dry density of the

compacted soil for each determination and plot as ordinate the dry density
and as abscissa the corresponding moisture contents. Connect the blotted
points with a smooth line. Generally, the curve is parabolic in form.
The moisture content corresponding to the vertex of the curve is the
optimum moisture content and the dry density of optimum moisture content is
the maximum dry density of the soil.
Using T-180 a 10.0lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and a 18-in. (457 mm) Drop
These methods of test is intended for determining the relationship
between the moisture content and density of soils when compacted in a
given mold with a 20 lb. (4.54 kg) rammer dropped from a height of 18 in.
(45 mm).
Four (4) Alternate Procedures are provided as follows:
Vol. of
Mold
(m3)
0.000943

No. of
Layers

Size of
Mold
(Inches)
4

25

0.002125

56

0.000943

25

Metho
d

39

Blow/Laye
r

Size of
Materials
Passing No.
4
Passing No.
4
Passing

0.002125

56

Passing

Apparatus
1

Molds - The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with

dimensions & capabilities. It shall have be so constructed so that is can be
fastened firmly to a detachable base plate.
A 4 in. mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943
0.000008 m3) with an internal diameter of 4.000 0.016 in. (101.6
0.406 mm) and a height of 4.584 0.005 in. (116.43 0.005 in. (116.43
0.13 mm)
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.7500) 0.00075 cu.ft.
(0.002124 0.000021 m3 ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 0.026 in.
(152.4 0.6604 mm) and a height of 4.584 in. 0.005 in.

Rammer

Manually Operated - metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00

0.005 in. (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in.
(0.13 mm) and weighing 10m 0.02 lb. (4.536 0.009 kg). The
rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide- sleeve to control the
height of drop to free fall of 18.00 0.06 (or 1/16) in. (457 2 mm)
above the elevation of the soil. The guide- sleeve shall have at least
43 vent holes, no smaller thane 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter spaced
approximately 90 deg. (1.57 rad.) apart and approximately in. (19.0
mm) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free
fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted.

Mechanically Operated a metal rammer which is equipped with a

device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 18.00 0.06 (or
1/16) in. (457 2 mm) above the elevation of the soil and uniformly
distributes such drops to the soil surface. The rammer shall have a
flat circular face 2.00 0.005 in. (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear
tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a manufactured mass of 5.50
0.02 lb. (2.495 0.009 kg.)

Sample Extruder a jack, lever, frame or other device adopted for the
purpose of extruding compacted specimens for mold.

Balances and Scales a balance or scale conforming to the requirements of

AASHTO M 231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements
of AASHTO N. 231, Class G 2.

Drying Oven a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of

maintaining a temperature of 110 5 oC (230 9oF) for drying moisture
samples.

Straightedge a hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in

length. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal
surface (used for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 on.
(0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for trimming the soil.

Sieves 50, 19.0 and 4.57 mm sieves.

40

Mixing Tools miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel,

spatula, etc. or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the
sample of soil with increments of water.

Containers containers for moisture content samples made of metal or

other suitable material, with close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture
prior to or during weighing.

Sample:
1

If the soil sample is damp when received from

becomes friable under a trowel. Drying maybe in
apparatus such that the temperature foes not
thoroughly break up the aggregates in such a
reducing the natural size of individual particles.

the field, dry it until

air or by using drying
exceed 60 oC. Then,
manner as to avoid

Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over

the 19.0 mm sieve. Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the
19.0 mm sieve (Note 1).

Note 2: If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse

material (passing a 50 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) in
the moisture-density sample as in the original field sample, the material
retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be replaced as follows: Sieve an
adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 50 mm
and 19.0 mm sieve. Weigh the material passing the 50 mm sieve and
retained on the 19.0 mm and replace it with as equal mass of material
passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Take
the material for replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3

Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 5 kg or

more, of the soil prepared as described on Sample 1 and 2/

Procedure
1

Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to

approximately 4 percentage points below optimum moisture content.

Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. (102 mm)
mold (with collar attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a
total compacted depth of about 5 in. (127 mm). Compact each layer by
25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 12 in. (305 mm) above the elevation of the soil when a stationary
mounted type hammer is used. During compaction, the mold shall rest
firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid and stable foundation.
2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the
compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of the
straightedge. Holes developed in the surface by removal of coarse
material. Weight the mold and moist soil in pounds or in kilograms and
divide the mass of the compacted specimen, mold minus the mass of
the mold by 0.000943 and record the results as were density W 1 in
kg/m3.

Remove the material form the mold and slice vertically through the center.
Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces,
41

weight immediately, and dry in an oven at 110 5 oC for at least 12 h, or to

constant mass, to determine the moisture content. The moisture content
sample shall weight not less than 500 g.
4

Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a 19.0
mm sieve and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
Add water in sufficient amounts to increase content of the soil sample by
one or two percentage points, and repeat the above procedure for each
increment of water added. Continue this series of determinations until
there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, W 1 per cubic foot
or cubic meter of compacted soil.

Calculation
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as
compacted for each trial:
w

AB
B-C

100

And
W1
w + 100

100

Where:
w
A
B
C
W
W1

= percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry

mass of the soil
= mass of container and wet soil
= mass of container and dry soil
= mass of container
= dry density of compacted soil in lb/ft3 or kg/m3
= wet density of compacted soil in lb/ft3 or kg/m3

The moisture content corresponding dry density of the compacted soil

for each determination should be calculated. Plot the dry density as ordinate
and the corresponding moisture content as abscissa. Connect the plotted
points with a smooth line. Generally, the curve is parabolic in form.

42

43

44

DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE BY THE SAND-CONE

METHOD
(AASHTO T 191-02)
(ASTM 1064)
Significance
Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit volume. It is a
very significant engineering property of soils as strength is dependent upon
density.
The field density test is widely used as a control test in embankment
construction to ensure adequate compaction. Highway specifications usually
require that embankment should be compacted to not less than 95% of a
maximum density. Another application of the test in highway work is in
connection with the determination of pay quantity of borrow materials, when
the borrow pit is not amenable to direct volumetric measurements.
Apparatus
1. Density Apparatus shall consist of 4 liters capacity (1 gal.) jar and a
detachable cone consisting of a cylindrical valve with an orifice 12.7
mm (1/2 inch in diameter. The valve shall have stops to prevent
rotating the valve past the completely open or completely closed
positions. A guide or base plate shall be provided for more constant
base for tests of soft soils.
2. Sand any clean, dry free-flowing, un-cemented sand having few, if
any, particles passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieves and retained 0.075
mm (No. 200).
3. Balances 10 kg capacity accurate to 1.0 g and balance of 500 g
capacity accurate to 0.1 g.
4. Oven with temperature control
5. Digging tools, such as earth auger, crowbar or chisel
6. Soil pans, MC cans, plastic bags, labeling materials
Procedure
45

A. Determination of Volume of Density Jar

1. Weigh the assembled apparatus and record.
2. Place the apparatus upright and open the valve.
3. Fill the apparatus with water until it appears over the valve.
4. Close the valve and remove the excess water.
5. Weigh the apparatus and water.
6. Repeat the procedure described in steps (1) to (5) at least twice.
B. Determination of bulk density of the sand to be used in the field
1. Place the empty apparatus upright on a firm level surface, close the
valve and fill the funnel with sand.
2. Open the valve, keeping funnel at least half full of sand, fill the
apparatus.
3. Close the valve sharply and empty excess sand.
4. Weigh the apparatus with sand.
C. Determination of mass of sand required to fill the funnel
1. Put sand in the apparatus and secure mass of the apparatus and sand.
2. Seat the inverted apparatus on a clean, level, plane surface.
3. Open the valve and keep open until after the sand stops running.
4. Close the valve sharply, weigh the apparatus with remaining sand and
determine the loss of sand. This loss represents the mass of sand
required to fill the funnel.
D. Determination of the soil density in place
1. Smooth off a representative spot of sufficient size and lay flat the guide
plate on the surface of the soil layer to be tested.
2. Dig the test hole inside the center hole in the base plate with an auger,
knife or any digging tool to the full depth of the layer under test. Trim
the hole carefully to make the sides more or less vertical and bottom,
level.
3. Place all the loosened soil in a container being careful to avoid losing
any material. Protect the material from any loss of moisture. Weigh the
material.
4. Weigh the density apparatus and sand.
5. Position the density apparatus to the inverted position leveled to the
guide plate above the test hole. Open the valve to release the
46

calibrated sand. Take care to avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus on

the ground during this step. Close the valve after the sand has stopped
and determine the mass of sand used in the test.
6. Mix the materials thoroughly and obtain a representative sample for
moisture content determination or use the entire sample. Dry and
weigh the moisture sample.
7. Remove the sand from the test hole, clean for future use.

The minimum test hole volumes suggested in determining the in- place
density of soil mixtures are given in Table 1.
Table 1

Minimum Test Hole Volumes and minimum Moisture

Content Samples Based on Maximum Size of Particles

Maximum Particle
Size

Minimum Test
Hole, Vol.(cm3)

4.75
12.5
25
50

710
1415
2120
2830

Minimum Test
Hole,
Vol.(ft3)
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100

47

Minimum
Moisture Content,
Sample, g
100
250
500
100

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

(AASHTO T 193-99)
(ASTM 1883)
Significance
This method covers the determination of the bearing ratio of soil when
compacted and tested in the laboratory by comparing the penetration load of
the soil to that of a standard material. Basically the test involves measuring
the resistance of soil to penetration by a standard cylindrical piston, expressed
as a percentage fraction of a standard resistance which was originally
measured in tests on a good quality crushed rock. Thus, to say that a soil or
aggregate has a CBR value of 20 means that in the condition tested, the
resistance to penetration of the standard piston was 20% of the standard
resistance of a compacted crushed stone (1360.8 kg load at a penetration of
2.54).
Apparatus
1. Molds the mold shall be cylindrical in shape, made of metal, with an
internal diameter of 152.4 0.66 mm and a height of 177.8 0.46 mm
provided with an extension collar approximately 51 mm in height and a
perforated base plate that can be fitted to either end of the mold.
2. Spacer disk a circular spacer disk made of metal, 150.8 0.8 mm in
diameter and 61.4 0.1 mm in height.
3. Rammer a rammer weighing 2.49 kg and having a 50.8 mm diameter
circular striking face, ort sector face of the same area. It is equipped to
control the height of drop to a free fall of 305 mm above the top elevation
of the soil.
4. Expansion measuring apparatus this consists of a swell plate with
adjustable stem and tripod support for a dial indicator. The swell plate is
made of metal, 149.21.6 mm diameter and is perforated with 1.6 mm
diameter holes. The tripod used to support the dial indicator is arranged to
fit the mold extension collar.
5. Indicators two dial indicators; each indicator shall have a 25 mm throw
and read to 0.02 mm.
48

6. Surcharge Weights one annular metal weight and several slotted metal
weights weighing 2.27 0.04 kg each, 149.2 mm diameter with a center
hole 54.0 mm in diameter.
7. Penetration piston a metal piston of circular cross section having a
diameter of 49.63 mm (area = 1935 mm 2) and not less than 102 mm
long.
8. Loading device a compression-type apparatus capable of applying a
uniformly increasing load up to 44.5 N at a rate of 1.3 mm per min., used
to force the penetration piston into the specimen.
9. Soaking tank a soaking tank suitable for maintaining the water level 25.0
mm above the top of specimens.
10.Drying oven a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of
maintaining a temperature of 110 5 oC (230 9oF) for drying moisture
samples.
11.Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pans, spoons, straightedge, filter paper,
balances, etc.
Sample
Prepare a sample in accordance with AASHTO T 99 (Method C) except
that it shall weigh 35 kg or more. Material passing the 50.0 mm sieve and
retained on the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 (No. 4) mm sieve.
Select a representative portions weighing approximately 11 kg for a moisturedensity test and dive the remainder of the sample to obtain 3 representative
portions weighing approximately 6.8 kg each.
Moisture-Density Relation
Using the 11 kg portion, determine the optimum moisture content, and
maximum dry density in accordance with the method described in Compaction
Test/Moisture Density Relations Test of Soil.
Procedure
1. Normally, e specimens must be compacted so that their compacted
densities range from 95 percent (or lower) to 100 percent (or higher) of the
maximum dry density.
Note 1 - Generally about 10, 30 and 65 blows per layer are suitable for
compacting specimens 1, 2, and 3, respectively. More than 56 blows per
layer are generally required to mold a CBR specimen to 100 percent of the
maximum dry density determined by AASHTO T 99 (Method D); this is due
to the sample for the moisture-density test being reused, while the sample
for the CBR specimen is mixed and compacted only one.
Note 2 Some laboratories may prefer to test only one specimen, which would
be compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content as
determined in the Moisture-Density Relations of Soil.
2. Clamp the mold to the base plate, attach, the extension collar and weigh to
the nearest 5 g. Insert the spacer disk into the mold and place a coarse
filter paper on the top of the disk.
49

3. Mix each of the three 6.8 kg portions prepared in section Sample with
sufficient water to obtain the optimum moisture content determined in
section Moisture-Density Relation.
4. Compact one of the portions of soil-water mixture into the mold in 3 equal
layer to give a total length of about 127 mm compacting each layer with
the lower selected number of blows in order to give a compacted density of
95 percent or less of the maximum density.
5. Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the
beginning and end of the compaction procedures (2 samples). Each
moisture sample shall weigh at least 100 g for fine grained soils and 500 g
for coarse-grained soils.
6. Remove the extension collar, and using a straightedge, trim the compacted
soil even the top of the mold. Surface irregularities should be patched with
small sized material. Remove the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper
on the perforated base plate, invert the mold with compacted soil is in
contact with the filter paper. Clamp the perforated base plate to the mold
and attach the collar. Weigh the mold and specimen to the nearest 5 g.
7. Compact the other two 6.8 kg portions in accordance with step 4 through
step 6, except that an intermediate number of blows per layer should be
used to compact the second specimen and the highest number of blows
per layer shall be used to compact the third specimen.
Soaking
1. Place the swell plate with adjustable stem on the soil sample in the mold
and apply sufficient annual weights to produce an intensity of loading
equal t the mass of the subbase and base courses and surfacing above the
tested material 2.26 kg but in no case shall the mass be less than 4.54 kg.
2. Place the tripod with dial indictor on top of the mold and make an initial
dial reading.
3. Immerse the mold in water to allow free access of water at the top and at
the bottom of the specimen. During soaking, maintain the water level in
the mold and the soaking tank approximately 25.4 mm above the top of
the specimen. Soak the specimen 96 h (4 days).
Note 3 - A shorter immersion period (not less than 24 h) may be used for soilaggregate materials that drain readily if tests show that the shorter period
does not affect the test results.
For some clay soils, a soaking period
greater than 4 days may be required.
4. At the end of 96 h, make a final dial reading on the soaked specimens and
calculate the swell as a percentage of the initial sample depth :
Percent Swell

Change in length in in. during

= soaking
4.584 in.

100

5. Remove the specimens from the soaking tank, pour the water off the top,
and allow to drain downward for 15 min. Care shall be taken not to disturb
50

the surface of the specimens during removal of the water. After draining,
remove the surcharge weights and perforated plates.
Note 4 The specimens may be weighed after draining when it is desired to
determine the average wet density of the soaked and drained material.
Penetration Test
1. Application of surcharge place a surcharge of annular and slotted weights
on the specimens equal to that used during soaking.
To prevent
displacement of soft materials into the hole of the surcharge weights, seat
the penetration piston after one surcharge weight has been placed on the
specimen. After seating the penetration piston, the remainder of the
surcharge weights shall then be placed around the piston.
2. Seating piston seat the penetration piston with a 4.54 kg load, then set
both the penetration dial indicator and the load indicator to zero.
3. Application of
- apply the loads to the penetration piston so the rate of
penetration is 0.64, 1.27, 1.91, 2.54, 5.08, and 7.62 mm. Load readings at
penetrations of 10.16 and 12.70 mm may be obtained if desired.
Note 5 The moisture content of the upper 25 mm may be determined after
testing if desired. Moisture samples shall weigh at least 100 g for fine-grained
soils and 500 g granular soils.
Calculation
1. Stress-Strain Curve Plot the stress strain (resistance to penetration
depth of penetration) curve for each specimen as shown in Fig. II. In some
instances, the initial penetration take place without a proportional increase
in the resistance to penetration and the curve may be concave upward. To
obtain the true stress strain relationships, correct the curve having
concave upward shape near the origin by adjusting the location of the
origin by extending the straight line portion of the stress-strain curve
downward until it intersects the abscissa.
2. California bearing ratio the corrected load values shall be determined for
each specimen at 2.54 mm and 5.08 mm penetration. California bearing
ratio values are obtained in percent by dividing the corrected load values
at 2.54 and 5.08 mm by the standard loads of 6.9 and 10.3 MPa
respectively, and multiplying these ratios by 100.

CBR

Corrected load
value
Standard load

100

2a. The CBR is generally selected at 2.54 mm, penetration. If the ratio at
5.08 mm penetration is greater, the test shall be rerun. If the check
test give a similar result, the ratio at 5.08 mm penetration shall be
used.
3. Using the data obtained from the 3 specimens, plot the CBR-Dry Density as
Molded relation as shown in Fig. 12. The design CBR may then be
51

determined at the desired percentage of the maximum dry density,

normally the minimum percentage compaction permitted by the agencys
compaction specifications.

52

53

UNIT WEIGHT/MASS DETERMINATION IN AGGREGATES

(AASHTO T 19M/T 19-09)
ASTM C 29/C 29M-07)
Significance
This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are
necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportion.
Values of unit weight/mass are used in volumetric-gravimetric
calculations.
In volumetric batching of concrete aggregates, the unit
weight/mass should be known to convert weight/mass into loose volume.
Apparatus
1. Tamping rod, steel, 16.0 mm dia., 600.0 mm long.
2. Balance and weights.
3. Cylindrical metals, preferably provided with handles and sufficiently
rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The capacity of the measure
shall conform to the limits shown in Table I.
Procedure/Calculation
The volumetric measure shall be calibrated by determining the
weight/mass of water required to fill it.
Volume of container equals
weight/mass of water divided by the unit weight/mass of water at the
temperature of calibration.
Sample
The size of sample shall be approximately 125 to 200% of the weight
required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid
segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to essentially constant weight,
preferably in an oven at constant weight, preferably in an oven at (110 5 oC).
Procedure
Rodded Unit Weight Determination
1. Fill one-third of the measure, level, and tamp 25 times evenly distributed
over the surface.
2. Fill two-thirds of the measure, then to over-flowing. Each time the same
procedure as in Step (1) is repeated. In tamping the 1st layer, do not allow
54

the rod to strike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In tamping the 2 nd and
3rd layers, use only enough force to cause the tamping rod to penetrate the
previous layer of aggregate.
3. Strike-off the excess aggregate with the tamping rod.
4. Get net weight/mass of aggregate in measure. Compute unit weight/mass
by dividing the net weight/mass by the volume of measure.

Loose Unit Weight Determination (Shoveling Procedure)

1. Fill volumetric measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop.
Discharge the aggregate from height of about 50.0 mm from top of
measure. Exercises care to prevent segregation of particles sizes.
2. Level carefully surface of aggregate with a straightedge.
3. Get net weight/mass of aggregate and compute unit weight/mass by
dividing net weight/mass by volume of measure.
Table I Capacity of Measures
Nominal Max. Size of
Aggregate
in.
mm

12.5
1
25.0
1 1/2
37.5
3
75
4
100
5
125

55

Capacity of Measure
ft3
1/10
1/3

1
1
3

m3
0.0028
0.0093
0.014
0.028
0.028
0.100

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SANDS FOR CONCRETE

(AASHTO T 21-05)
(ASTM C 40-04)
Significance
The test determine the presence of injurious organic compounds in
natural sands which are to be used in cement mortar or concrete. The
purpose of the test is to furnish a warning that further tests of the sand are
necessary before they are approved for use.
It is a preliminary determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates
with respect to the requirements of M6
Apparatus
Glass bottles approximately 240 470 ml graduate clear glass
prescription bottle with rubber, cork or other watertight stoppers, not soluble
in the specified reagents.
Glass Color Standards-ASTM D 1544
Sample
Obtain a sample of sand weighing about 450 g in accordance with
standard procedure in Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size.
Reagents and Reference Standard Color Solution
1. Sodium hydroxide solution (3 percent) dissolve 3 parts by weight of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 97 parts of water.
2. Reference color standard solution dissolve reagent grade potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) at
the rate of 0.250 g per 100 ml of acid. The solution must be freshly made
for the color comparison using gentle heat if necessary to effect solution.
Procedure
1. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 130 ml level with the sample of the
sand to be tested.
2. Add a 3percent NaOH solution in water until the volume of the sand and
liquid, indicated after shaking, is approximately 200 ml.
56

3. Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and then allow to stand for 24 hours.
Determination of Color Value
Preferred Procedure at end of the 24 h standing period, fill a glass
bottle to the 75 ml level the fresh reference standard color solution, prepared
not longer than 2 h previously, as prescribed in reference color standard
solution. Then compare the color of the supernatant liquid above the test
sample with that of the reference standard color solution and record whether
it is lighter or darker or of equal color solution and record whether it is lighter
or darker or of equal color to that of the reference standard. Make the color
comparison by holding the two bottles close together and looking through
them.
Glass Color Standards Procedure-ASTM D 1544
Gardener Color Standard No.
5
8
11
14
16

Organic Plate No.

1
2
3(standard)
4
5

Interpretation of Results
If the color of the supernatant liquid is darker than that of the reference
standard color solution, the sand under test shall be considered to possibly
contain injurious organic compounds, it is advisable to perform the effect of
organic impurities on the strength of mortar.

57

EFFECT OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE ON STRENGTH

OF MORTAR
(AASHTO T 71-08)
(ASTM C 87-04)
Significance and Use
1. This test method is of significance in making a final determination of the
acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the requirements of
AASHTO M 6 (Standard Specification for Fine Aggregate for Portland
Cement Concrete) concerning organic impurities.
2. This test method is only applicable to those samples which, when tested in
accordance with Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine
Aggregates for Concrete, have produced a supernatant liquid with a color
darker than that of the reference standard color solution.
Basis for Comparison
1. The fine aggregate shall be compared in mortar, as described in this test
method, with a sample of the same aggregate that has been washed in a
3% solution of sodium hydroxide followed by thorough rinsing in water.
The washing shall be repeated in sufficient number of times until the
supernatant liquid obtained in accordance with Standard Method of Test for
Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete has a color lighter than
standard (Note 1). The washing shall be performed in such a way as to
minimize the loss of fines and so that the washed aggregate has a fineness
modulus within 0.10 of that of the unwashed aggregate. The washed and
rinsed aggregate shall be checked with a suitable indicator such as
phenolphthalein or litmus to assure that sodium hydroxide has been
removed effectively prior to preparation of the mortar.
2. Unless otherwise specified or permitted, strength comparison shall be
made at 7 days in accordance with the following conditions:
2.1

Mix three batches of mortar with the aggregate washed in sodium

hydroxide and three batches with the unwashed aggregate on the
same day. All batches shall have the same quantity of fine aggregate.
Mix the batches for the two conditions alternately.

2.2

Mold three 2-in or 50- mm cubes from each batch.

2.3

Test the three cubes from each batch at the age specified.

Note 1 - Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine aggregates

forconcrete describes a standard procedure and an alternative procedure for
58

the determination of color value. In the standard procedure there is a single

reference standard color. In the alternative procedure five colored glass
standards are used. The reference standard color is equivalent to color Plate
No. 3.

Sampling
1. Sample portions of fine aggregate for this test sample be obtained from the
sample used for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete.
Needed reduction of samples to obtain test portions shall be in accordance
with Test Method of Reducing Field Samples of Aggregates to Testing Size.
2. Secure an additional field sample if needed from the aggregate supply in
accordance with Sampling Aggregates.
Reagents and Materials
1. Portland cement shall be Type I or Type II
2. Sodium Hydroxide Solution (3%) Dissolve 3 parts by weight of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in 97 parts water.
Apparatus
1. Flow Table, Flow Mold, and Caliper, M152
2. Tamper, Trowel, Cube Molds, and Testing Machine, T 106
3. Mixer, Bowl, and Paddle, T162
4. Balance, M231 for Glass 65
5. pH Paper, 0-14
Temperature
1. The temperature of the mixing water, moist closet, and storage tank
shall be maintained at 73.4 3oF (23 1.7oC).
Preparation of Mortar
1. In the event that the fine aggregate being used includes particles so large
that the adjustment bracket cannot provide adequate clearance, the
oversized particles shall be removed by sieving on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) or
2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve. If this procedure is employed, the report shall so
state and shall indicate the percentage of material so removed.
2. Use water and cement in quantities that will yield a water-cement ratio of
0.6 by mass. It has been found that 600 g of cement and 360 mL of water
will usually be adequate for a 6-cube batch.
59

3. Using fine aggregate that has been bought to a saturated surface dry
condition prepare a quantity of aggregate estimated to provide slightly
more than needed to produce a batch of the desired consistency.
3.1

The mortar shall be proportioned to produce a consistency of 110 5

in 25 drops.

4. Prepare the mortar in a mechanical mixer.

4.1

During the period from 30 to 60 s from the start of mixing, and while
still mixing at slow speed, slowly add a measured quantity of
aggregate estimated to provide the proper consistency.

4.2

During the final 1 min. of mixing at medium speed, if the flow appears
to be too high additional aggregate may be added after the first 30 s of
this mixing period. To do so, stop the mixer briefly, add the aggregate,
and then complete the additional 30 s of mixing.

Procedure
1. Make a determination of the flow as described in Mortar Strength Test.
1.1

Should the flow be too great, return the mortar to the mixing bowl, add
additional aggregate, mix for 30 s at medium speed, and make another
determination of the flow. If more than two trials must be made to
obtain a flow of 110 5, consider the mortar as a trial mortar, and
prepare test specimens from a new batch.

1.2

If the mortar is too dry, discard the batch.

1.3

Determine the quantity of aggregate used by subtracting the mass of

the portion remaining after mixing from the mass of the initial sample.
Use this quantity of aggregate in all subsequent batches for the
aggregate under test.

2. Molding Test Specimens immediately following completion of a flow test

indicating acceptable consistency, return the mortar from the flow table to
the mixing bowl, scrape down the bowl, and then remix the entire batch 15
s at medium speed. Upon completion of mixing, shake the excess mortar
from the paddle into the bowl. Place the mortar in cube molds in two
layers in accordance with the procedures described in Mortar Strength Test.
3. For subsequent batches, use washed and unwashed aggregate alternately
and the quantity of aggregate determined in 1.3. Follows the procedure for
mixing mortars described in Mortar Strength Test. Following the final 1
min. mixing in Mortar Strength Test, do not perform a flow test but instead
allow the mortar to stand in the mixing bowl 90s without covering. During
the last 15s of this interval, quickly scrape down into the batch any mortar
that may have collected on the side of the bowl. Then remix for 15 s at
medium speed. Upon completion of mixing, shake the excess mortar from
the paddle into the mixing bowl. Place the mortar in the cube molds in two
layers. Store the test specimens and determine compressive strength.
Calculation and Report

60

1. Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen by dividing the

maximum load it carried during the test by the cross-sectional area.
Average the strengths of the three specimens from each batch. Calculate
three strength ratios by dividing the average strength for a batch
containing unwashed aggregate by the average strength for the
corresponding (in respective order of mixing) batch containing washed
aggregate.
2. Report the average of the three ratios, expressed as a percentage, as the
relative strength for the aggregate under test.
3. If oversized material was removed from the sample, report the quantity
and the sieve size on which it was retained.

61

SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE USE OF SODIUM OR MAGNESIUM SULFATE

(AASHTO T 104-99)
(ASTM C 88)
Significance
The test determines the resistance of aggregates to disintegration by
saturated solutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. It also furnishes
information helpful in evaluating soundness of aggregates subject to
weathering action. Exceptions may be made if aggregates have exhibited
satisfactory service in existing structures.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.

Set of standard sieves with pan and cover(M92)

Balance and weights
Pans Oven with temperature control
Sodium or magnesium sulfate saturated solution

Preparation of Solution
Prepare the solution for immersion of test samples from either sodium
or magnesium sulfate. The volume of the solution shall be at least five times
the solid volume of all samples immersed at any one time.
1. Sodium Sulfate Solution prepare a saturated solution of sodium sulfate by
dissolving a USP or equal grade of the salt in water at a temperature of 25
to 30oC. Add sufficient salt 9note 1) of either anhydrous (Na 2SO4) or the
crystalline (Na2SO4.10H20) form, to ensure not only saturation but also the
presence of excess crystals when the solution is ready for use in the tests.
Thoroughly stir the mixture during the addition of salt and stir the solution
at frequent intervals until used. To reduce evaporation and prevent
contamination, keep the solution covered at all times when access is not
needed. Allow the solution to cool to 20.3 to 21.9 oC stir, and allow the
solution to remain at the designated temperature for at least 48 h before
use. Prior to each use, break up the salt cake, if any, in the container, stir
the solution thoroughly, and determine the specific gravity of the solution.
When used, the solution shall have a specific gravity not less than 1.154
nor more than 1.171. Discard a discolored solution, or filter it and check
for specific gravity.
Note 1 - For the solution, 215 g of anhydrous salt or 700 g of the decahydrate
per liter of water are sufficient for saturation at 22 oC. However, since there
salts are not completely stable and since it is desirable than an excess of
crystals be present, the use of not less than 225 g of the anhydrous salt or 750
g of the decahydrate salt per liter of water is recommended.
2. Magnesium Sulfate Solution- prepare a saturated solution of magnesium
sulfate by dissolving a USP or equal grade of the salt in water at a
temperature of 25 to 30oC. Add sufficient salt (Note 2) of either the
62

anhydrous (MgSO4) or the crystalline (MgSO4.7H2O) (Epsom salt) form, to

ensure saturation and the presence of excess crystals when the solution is
ready for use in the tests. Thoroughly stir the mixture during the addition
of the salt and stir the solution at frequent intervals until used. To reduce
evaporation and prevent contamination, keep the solution covered at all
times when access is not needed. Allow the solution to cool to 20.3 to
21.9oC stir, and allow the solution to remain at the designated temperature
for at least 48 h before use. Prior to each use, break up the salt cake, if
any, in the container, stir the solution thoroughly, and determine the
specific gravity of the solution. When used, the solution shall have a
specific gravity not less than 1.297 nor more than 1.306. Discard a
discolored solution, or filter it and check for specific gravity.
Note 2 For the solution, 350 g of anhydrous salt or 1230 g of the
heptahydrate per liter of water are sufficient for saturation at 23 oC. However,
since these salts are not completely stable, with the hydrous salt being the
more stable of the two, and since it is desirable that an excess of crystals be
present, it is recommended that the heptahydrate salt be used and in an
amount of not less than 1400 g per liter of water.
Procedure
Soundness Test (Use of Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate)
1. Wash through the sample and dry to constant weight/mass.
sample as follows :

Separate

Fine Aggregate (Passing 9.5 mm)

Passing
Sieve
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
0.600 mm

Retained on
Sieve
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
0.600 mm
0.300 mm

Weight/Mass of Test
Fraction, g
100
100
100
100
100

Coarse Aggregate (Retained on 4.75 mm)

Passing
Sieve
63.0 mm
37.5 mm
19.0 mm
9.5 mm

Retained on
Sieve
37.5 mm
19.0 mm
9.5 mm
4.75 mm

Weight/Mass of Test
Fraction, g
5000300
150050
100010
3005

Larger sizes by 25.4 mm spread in sieve size, each test fraction 3000 g.
2. Cover the samples to a depth of at least 12.70 mm by a saturated solution
of sodium or magnesium sulfate for 16 to 18 hours at 20.3-21.9 oC.
3. After immersion period remove samples from the solution, drain and dry to
constant weight/mass. Allow sample to cool and immerse again in the
sulfate solution.
63

4. Repeat process of alternate immersion and drying for 5 cycles. After

completion of the required cycles wash samples free of sodium sulfate and
dry to constant weight/mass.
5. Weigh the dry, washed samples and pass over the same sieve on which
each was originally retained.
6. Weigh the particles retained.
Calculation/Worksheet
Determination of % soundness loss is shown in the Worksheet.

64

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE

AND COARSE AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregates:

AASHTO T 84-09
ASTM C 128-09

Coarse Aggregates:

AASHTO T 85-08
ASTM C127-04

Significance
1. Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculation of
the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing
aggregate including Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and
other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume
basis.
2. Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the weight of an
aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent
particles, compacted to the dry condition, when it is deemed that the
aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of
the absorption potential.
Apparatus
1. Pcynometer or calibrated volumetric flask
2. Conical mold, 40 3 mm inside top dia. 90 3 mm inside bottom dia.
75 3 mm high
3. Tamping rod, weighing 340 15 g with a flat circular tamping face 25
3 mm dia.
4. Wire basket of 4.75 mm mesh
5. Water bucket
6. Balance and weights
7. Water tank
8. Suspended apparatus
9. Sample Container
10.Sieves, M92(4.75mm, No. 4)
Procedure
A. Fine Aggregate
Preparation of Test Specimen:
1. Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate from the sample using
the applicable procedures described in reducing field samples of
aggregates to testing size.
1.1

Dry it in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight at a

temperature of 110 5oC (230 9oF).
Allow it to cool to
65

comfortable handling temperature, cover with water, either by

immersion or by the addition of at least 6 percent moisture to the
fine aggregate and permit to stand for 15 to 19 hours.
1.2

As an alternative to Section 1.1, where the absorption and specific

gravity values are to be used in proportioning concrete mixtures
with aggregates used in their naturally moist condition, the
requirement for initial drying to constant weight maybe eliminated
and, if the surfaces of the particles have been kept wet, the 15-h
soaking may also be eliminated.

Note: Values for absorption and for specific gravity in the saturated
surface-dry condition may be significantly higher for aggregate not
dried before soaking than for the same aggregate treated in accordance
with Section 1.1.
2. Decant excess eater with care to avoid loss of fines, spread the sample
on a flat nonabsorbent surface expose to a gently homogenous drying.
If desired, mechanical aids such as tumbling or stirring may be
employed to assist in achieving until the test specimen approaches a
free flowing condition.
2.1

Cone Test for Surface Moisture hold the mold firmly on the
smooth nonabsorbent surface with the large diameter down.
Place a portion of the partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the
mold by filling it to overflowing and heaping additional material
above the top of the mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of
the hand holding the mold. Lightly tamp the fine aggregate into
the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. Remove loose sand
from the base and lift the mold vertically. If surface moisture is
still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded shape.
When the fine aggregate slumps slightly it indicated that it has
reached a surface-dry condition.

Procedure:
1. Partially fill the pcynometer with water. Immediately introduce into the
pcynometer approximately 50010g g of saturated surface-dry fine
aggregate as prepared and fill with additional water to approximately
90 percent of capacity. Roll, invert, and agitate the pcynometer to
eliminate all air bubbles. Adjust its temperature to 23 1.7 oC (73.4
3oF), if necessary by immersion in circulating water, and bring the water
level in the pcynometer to its calibrated capacity. Determine total
weights of the pcynometer, specimen, and water. Record this all other
weights to the nearest 0.1 g.
2. Remove the fine aggregate from the pcynometer, dry to constant
weight at a temperature of 110 5oC (230 9oF), cool in air at room
temperature for 1 h, and weigh to the nearest 0.1.
3. Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity
with water at 23 1.7oC (73.4 3oF).
B. Coarse Aggregate
66

Sampling
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with T2 (Sampling Aggregates).
2. Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the
approximate quantity needed using the applicable procedures in
Reducing Field Samples to Testing Size. Reject all material passing a
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve by dry sieving and thoroughly washing to remove
dust or other coatings form the surface. If the coarse aggregate
contains a substantial quantity of material finer than the 4.75 mm sieve
such as for size no. 8 and 9 aggregates in M 43, use the 2.36 mm (No.
8) sieve in place of the 4.75 mm sieve. Alternatively, separate the
material finer than the 4.75 mm sieve and test the finer material
according to Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate.

3. The minimum weight of test, sample to be used is given below. In many

instances it may be desirable to test a coarse aggregate in several
separate size fractions; and if the sample contains more than 15%
retained on the 37.5 mm in one or more size fractions separately from
the smaller size functions. When an aggregate is tested in separate
size functions, the minimum weight of test sample for each fraction
shall be the difference between the weights prescribed for the
maximum and minimum sizes of the fraction.
Nominal
Maximum Size,
mm (in.)

Minimum Weight of
Test Sample, kg
(lb)

12.5 (1/2) or less

19.0 (1/4)
25.0 (1)
38.1 (1 )
50 (2)
63 (2 )
75 (3)
90 (3 )
100 (4)
112 (4 )
125 (5)
150 (6)

2 (4.4)
3 (6.6)
4 (8.8)
5 (11)
8 (18)
12 (26)
18 (40)
25 (55)
40 (88)
50 (110)
75 (165)
125 (276)

Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 5 oC
(230 9oF), cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples
of 37.5 mm (1 -in) nominal maximum size, or longer for larger sizes
until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to
handle (approximately 50oC). Subsequently immerse the aggregate in
water at room temperature for a period of 15 to 18 hours.

67

2. Where the absorption and specific gravity values are to be used in

proportioning concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their
naturally moist condition, the requirement for initial drying to constant
weight may be eliminated, and if the surfaces of the particles in the
sample have been kept continuously wet until test, the 15-h soaking
may also be eliminated.
3. Remove the test sample from the water and rill it in a large absorbent
cloth until all visible films of water are removed. Wipe the larger
particles individually. A moving stream of air may be used to assist in
the drying operation. Take care to avoid evaporation of water from
aggregate pores during the operation of surface-drying. Weight the test
sample in the saturated surface-dry condition.
Record this all
subsequent weights to the nearest 1.0 g or 0.1% of the sample weight,
whichever is greater.
4. After weighing, immediately place the saturated-surface-dry test
sample in the sample container and determine its weight in water at 23
1.7oC (73.4 3oF), having a density of 997 2 kg/m 3. Take care to
remove all entrapped air before weighing bb=y shaking the container
while immersed.
5. Dry the test sample top constant weight at a temperature of 110 5 oC
(230 9oF), cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the
aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle
(approximately 50oC), and weigh.
Calculation
For Coarse Aggregate
Bulk
Gravity

Specific = B / (B C)

Absorption, %

= [ B A) / A] x 100

Where:
A
B
C

=
=
=

weight of oven-dry test sample in air, g,

weight of saturated-surface-dry test sample in air, g,
weight of saturated test sample in water, g

For Fine Aggregate

Bulk
Gravity

Specific = S / (B + S C)

Absorption, %

= [ S A) / A] x 100

Where:
A
B
C

=
=
=

weight of oven-dry specimen in air, g,

weight of pcynometer filled with water, g
weight of pcynometer with specimen and water to
calibration mark
weight of saturated surface-dry specimen, g
68

ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO T 96-02)
(ASTM C 131-01)
Significance
This test evaluates the structural strength of coarse aggregate. It gives
an indication of quality as determined by resistance to impact and wear. The
results do not automatically permit valid comparisons to be made between
sources distinctly different in origin, composition or structure.
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Los Angeles Machine

Standard sieves with pan and cover
Abrasive charges
Pans
Balance and weights
Oven uniform temperature of 110 5oC (230 9oF)

Procedure
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been ovendried to constant weight/mass at 110 5 oC and shall conform to one of the
following table:
Sieve Size
Passing
Retained
on
37.5 mm
25 mm
25 mm
19 mm
19 mm
12.5 mm
12.5 mm
9.5 mm
9.5 mm
6.3 mm
6.3 mm
4.75 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm

Grading and Weight of Test Sample, g

A
B
C
D
1250
1250
1250
1250
-

25
25
10
10

1250 10
1250 10
-

69

1250 10
1250 10
-

5000 10

The abrasive charge shall consist of cast-iron spheres or steel spheres

approximately 46.8 mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 and 455
grams. The charge depending upon grading of test sample shall be as follows:
Grading
A
B
C
D

No. of Spheres
12
11
8
6

Weight of charge, g
5000 25
4584 25
3330 20
2500 15

1. Place test sample and abrasive charge in the Los Angeles machine rotated
at a speed of 30 to 33 rpm 500 revolutions.
2. At completion of test, discharge material from the machine. Make a
preliminary separation of the samples on a sieve coarser than 1.70 mm.
3. Sieve finer portion on the 1.70 mm sieve, using the standard procedure of
sieving aggregates.
4. Wash all materials coarser than 1.70 mm, dry to constant weight/mass at
about 105oC to 110oC and weigh accurately to the nearest 1 gram.
Calculation
Express the difference between the original weight/mass and the
weight/mass of material coarser than 1.70 mm sieve as a percentage of the
original weight/mass of test sample. This value represents the percent
abrasion loss.
Percentage of Wear,
%

Original
Sample retained on No.
mass
- 1.70 mm sieve, (No. 12)
of sample, g
g
Original mass of sample, g

70

10
0

71