Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Miriam T. Stark
The University of Ariwna
Tucson, Ariwna
Deborah S. Dosh
Kinlani Archaeology
Flagstaff, Ariwna
The scale of late prehistoric sociopolitical complexity on the ColoracWPlateau has been widely
debated in the American Southwest. Proponents of an alliance model use Jeddito Yellow
Ware) manufactured at Hopi Mesa villages) as one offtur index wares. This distributional
study ofJeddito Yellow Ware challenges aspects of the alliance model by using a data set
that contains over 430 yellow ware sites throughout areas of NE Arizona. This pottery is
found on the full range of site types and sizes) rather than simply at the large sites (i.e.)
>50 rooms) that the alliance model assumes. Within the coreproduction area) Jeddito Yellow Ware is not characterized by restricted accessto such pottery: most (89%) yellow ware
sites have two rooms or less. We argue that the distribution ofJeddito Yellow Ware in our
study area can be understood in the context of inter-community exchange and communitybased craft specialization) rather than through elite-controlled ceramic exchange networks.
Introduction
The issue of sociopolitical complexity has been debated
in studies of large, late prehistoric (Pueblo IV, ca. A.C.
1300-1630) pueblos on the Colorado Plateau. Disagreement over the nature of the organizational structures entailed in competing models has been discussed in great
detail elsewhere (cf. Cordell and Plog 1979; Cordell,
Upham, and Brock 1987; Graves 1987; Plog 1985; Reid
1985; Reid et al. 1989; Upham 1982, 1985; Upham and
Plog 1986). On one side of the debate are those who
contend that complex prehistoric political systems were
disrupted at Spanish contact by dramatic population decline and the imposition of colonial rule. On the other
side are those who, despite admonishments from Pueblo
ethnographers and others (cf. Dozier 1970; Wilcox 1981),
use puebloan analogy to argue that relatively egalitarian
political structures existed through the entire prehistoric
period.
This study of the distribution of Jeddito Yellow Ware
in NE Ariwna provides empirical data to better evaluate
Ceramic Distribution
and Exchange/Adams)
River
UTAH
ARIZONA
Northern
Front ier
MOENKOPI.
.,0
e'()'
ORAIBI
'~~
Q'
.~
.0
<t
Z
Hopi
X
lLJ
o ~
N
.Awatovi
a:::
3:
<t
lLJ
Z
Wupatki
0
\ ()
Bidahochi.
Buttes
't)0
pueblO
FLAGSTAFF
Little
Colorado
River
HomOI'ovi/
WI NSLOW
!j\
N
HOLBROOK
(;:)\
0~
Nuvakwewtaqa
I
Map
o
~I
o
Location
===::::::;:::==:::;:::==::::::::;
50km
30 Mi.
Figure 1. The study area showing the boundaries of the four regions discussed in the text.
Puerco
Distribution
ofJeddito
Yellow Wares
As one of four diagnostic ceramic wares in the basic alliance model (Upham 1982), the entire range of Jeddito
Yellow Ware types has well-established temporal boundaries (A.C. 1300-1630) and a limited area of manufacture
(Bishop et al. 1988). Identified in Colton (1956) as type
6 of ware 7B, Jeddito Yellow Ware represents two technological innovations with respect to its ceramic predecessors: 1) coal replaced wood as a firing material (resulting in higher firing temperatures and in a pale yellow
color); and 2) unusual properties of the clays precluded
the need for temper additives in most such vessels (Bishop
et al. 1988; Smith 1971: 588-592).
Jeddito Yellow Ware has an extremely limited area of
manufacture, but its extensive geographic distribution
(Schaefer 1969) makes it a diagnostic ware for 14th-century occupation in the northern Southwest. Characterization studies indicate that the yellow-firing pottery was
made primarily on the Hopi Mesas (Bishop et al. 1988).
Jeddito Yellow Ware has been identified in sites as far west
as southern California and north into southern Utah and
sw Colorado (Adams and Adams 1987), however. Across
New Mexico, late prehistoric sites such as Pecos (Kidder
1936), Gran Quivira (Hayes, Young, and Warren 1981),
Acoma (Ruppe and Dittert 1952), and Pottery Mound
(Hibben 1955) contain Jeddito Yellow Ware sherds.
Within Arizona, Jeddito Yellow Ware has also been documented at Hohokam sites (e.g., Casa Grande [Hargrave
1932], Pueblo Grande [Downum 1991] and Los Muertos
[Haury 1945]); Mogollon sites (e.g., Chavez Pass
[Upham 1982], Point of Pines [Wendorf 1950]); and
Salado period sites in the Tonto Basin (e.g., Rye Creek
Ruin [Elson and Craig 1992], Schoolhouse Point [Arleyn
Simon, personal communication, 1991]).
Within the Jeddito heartland (NE Arizona), settlement
patterns shifted throughout the period of Jeddito Yellow
Ware manufacture. During the early 14th century, primary
settlement was concentrated along the Little Colorado
River Valley, on the Hopi Mesas, and in the vicinity of
Bidahochi, 40 km SE of the Hopi Mesas in villages of 30
to more than 200 rooms in size. By A.C. 1350, the Homol'ovi group was reduced to three major pueblos, and only
11 sites were occupied on the Hopi Mesas. Settlement
size in both areas ranged from 75 to over 700 rooms. By
A.C. 1400, or soon thereafter, the Homol'ovi and Puerco
River sites were abandoned and only nine Hopi Mesa sites
remained occupied. In this time, settlement size ranged
from 250 to over 1000 rooms. By 1500, Hopi Mesa
occupation was further reduced to six or seven settlements.
Shortly after Spanish contact, only five settlements existed,
having from 400 to perhaps 2000 or more rooms (Brew
1941).
20) 1993 7
Table 1. Descriptions and dates for various colored wares in the study area.
Ware
A.C.
Types
Temper/paste
Dates
Awatovi Black-an-yellow
1300-1350/75
Bidahochi Polychrome
1300/25-1375
1350-1630
Jeddito Black-an-yellow
A.C.
A.C.
A.C.
Sikyatki Polychrome
1350/75-1630
Tuwiuca Black-an-orange
1275-1325/50
1275-1350
Jeddito Black-an-orange
and Jeddito Polychrome
1250/75-1350
Number of
sites
501+ rooms
251-500 rooms
2
7
151-250 rooms
76-150 rooms
51-75 rooms
20-50 rooms
0
14
3-19 rooms
1-2 rooms, artifact scatter
Totals
13
384
433
Hopi Mesas
Awatovi
Kawaika-a
Sikyatki
Kuchaptevela
Oraibi
Shungopavi
Chakpahu
Lamehva
Kokopnyama
Mishongnovi
Huckovi
Hoyapi
Nesuftanga
Pink Arrow
+ 9 others
7
84
114
Little
ColoratW
River
Hopi
Buttes
Northern
frontier
Homol'ovi II
Chevelon
Stone Axe
Homol'ovi I
Bidahochi
Homol'ovi IV
Jackrabbit
Puerco
Homol'ovi III
Cottonwood
Creek
1 site
Old Moenkopi
94
103
40
43
136
143
50 km
=:' ~I
t=1 ~'==::;'
30 km
If\
N
o
50 rooms
Sit e s I e sst han 50 roo m s
Pueblos
over
..
UT
CO
AZ
NM
~
.1
CKAYENTA
O ral
'b'
I
-.e.;-D------,
Figure
o.
I ---
I.
I
I
I
I
A1'
0
Awatovi.../
L__~_.!...
'}'f~..
..
--.J
Figure
---I
------,
4 I.
,-Homol'ovi
..
WINSLOW
.-.
~
~
I
I
Bidahochi
...J
..
Figure 2. Distribution of Jeddito Yellow Ware sites within the study area.
Oroibi
..
20) 1993 9
o..-
.00
,.0:
Pueblos
!f\
N
Sites
0:
..
Awotovio
o
over 50 rooms
3 km
61===!::::::r==:!""! 2 Mi.
..
.0
Homol 'ovi
"
~
II
".r
",1 .-;..,
WINSLOW
D --
.
o
Little
t
I
Colorado
River
-0
3km
F=====r====!,
2 Mi.
houses (1-2 rooms or artifact scatters); and artifact scatters of sherds or sherds and lithics.
Distributional patterns in subsections of the study
area-the Hopi Mesas, the Hopi Buttes, the central Little
Colorado River and the northern Frontier-will first be
discussed. Data from the Homol'ovi Research Program
then provide an in-depth perspective on distributional
patterns within the supply wne (Hopi Mesas) and its
environs (i.e., Little Colorado River region).
10
Table 3. Distance to the edge of settlement clusters from Antelope Mesa (Awatovi) and
frequency of Jeddito Yellow Ware as a percentage of total decorated ceramics.
% Jeddito Yellow Ware
Settlement
duster-
Hopi Mesas
Homol'ovi
Puerco
Anderson Mesa
Silver Creek
Upper Little Colorado River
KmfromHopi
(Antelope Mesa)t
o
89
100
137
167
200
20) 1993 11
of total decorated
pottery!
60.3
38.3
36.0
24.3
4.0
7.5
*The Zuni sites data were not used because most of the sample came from sites occupied through the
17th century, thus artificially decreasing the frequency of Jeddito Yellow Ware. Verde Valley site data
were not used because the normalizing process used by Upham, whereby Jeddito Yellow Ware is
divided by total decorated ceramics, artificially inflates the Verde Valley frequency versus all other data
sets. The relationship between distance and frequency of Jeddito Yellow Ware is best expressed as: y =
60.3 - .26x; r = .972; P < .Ol.
tThese distances were recomputed using USGS 1:250,000 quad maps and the Antelope Mesa settlement
cluster as the point of origin (Bishop et al. 1988).
tFrequencies from Upham 1982: table 29.
12
Ceramic Distribution
and Exchange/Adams)
organizational unit. Subsistence exchange within the community occurred between ceremonial and dance groups,
between clan members, and with relatives visiting from
other mesas (Beaglehole 1937: 78; Parsons 1925: 79-80;
Titiev 1944: 16). Such exchange was conducted at the
household level, ranging from transactions defined by casual reciprocity (Talayesva 1942: 53) to ones based on
complex ritual calendars (Beaglehole 1937: 72). Intercommunity exchange linked kin groups from different settlements during ritual and secular activities throughout the
year. Subsistence exchange buffered populations against
an unpredictable environment and differences in agricultural productivity.
20) 1993 13
Elite,
restricting
access
Supply
zone,
elite control
Supply zone,
no elite control
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Some
Yes
Nonrandom, if any
Nonrandom
Random
Table 5. Percentage of four decorated wares of total decorated ceramics at selected pueblos or
pueblo clusters in the study area.
White
Mountain
Red Ware
]eddito
Yellow
Ware
Winslow
Orange
Ware
Zuni
Glaze
Ware
24.3
60.3
8.3
36.0
3.0
0.4
3.0
7.0
27.5
39.2
87.2
51.7
38.8
0.5
30.0
22.0
40.4
38.2
4.6
37.8
Site/duster
Reference
Upham
Upham
Upham
Upham
Puerco Ruin
Puerco Ruin
Homol'ovi II
Homol'ovi I
Jennings 1980
Burton 1990
Hays 1991
Dosh 1982
10.8
0.4
10.8
3.0
1.3
2.9
0.6
2.8
Homol'ovi IV
Cottonwood Creek
Chevelon
Jackrabbit
Hantman 1982
Hantman 1982
Andrews 1982
Ariwna State Museum
6.7
3.7
14.4
1.3
0
29.6
27.5
66.9
55.0
49.6
31.8
0.6
0
0
2.0
0
Homol'ovi III
Homol'ovi III, early
Homol'ovi III, late
Andrews 1982
Ariwna State Museum
Ariwna State Museum
3.2
3.1
5.0
7.8
3.2
21.2
73.9
76.6
61.0
0
0
0
1982
1982
1982
1982
2.0
4.1
0.2
0.2
14
tions between A.C. 1275 and 1300, and the second at ca.
1330/1340 (Adams 1989a). Winslow Orange Ware dominates both occupations of the site, but Jeddito Yellow
Ware frequencies increase almost ninefold from the first
to the second occupation (Adams 1989a). At the later site
ofHomol'ovi II, however, Jeddito Yellow Wares dominate
the decorated assemblage (TABLE 5). This pottery, therefore, attained "dominance" in the Homol' ovi area at the
peak of its production period in the latter half of the 14th
century.
The appearance and frequency of Jeddito Yellow Ware
in the excavated assemblages from Homol'ovi sites change
through time and therefore can be used as useful predictors of relative dates of deposits and survey sites. Averaging the ceramic frequencies from the seven Homol'ovi
sites yields figures quite similar to those used by Upham
(1982: table 29): 38.3% Jeddito Yellow Ware, 36.2%
Winslow Orange Ware, 4.7% White Mountain Red Ware,
and 0.4% Zuni Glaze Ware. ,Yet this averaging totally
misrepresents temporal variability in the sites.2
Following the alliance model, the large quantities of
Jeddito Yellow Ware recovered from Homol'ovi II suggests one of two hypotheses (Upham 1982): 1) the Homol'ovi site was inhabited by Jeddito Yellow Ware-using
elite individuals, and non-elites lived elsewhere in sites
that have been identified as agricultural in function; or 2)
Jeddito Yellow Ware was not a high-status commodity.
Available data support the second hypothesis. Evidence
remains slim that exchange between the Hopi and Homol'ovi communities was structured along elite lines. Prehistoric elites are notoriously difficult to identify, since
goods that accurately reflect status, authority, and restricted access to power are elusive in the archaeological
record (Adams 1975).
Lightfoot's (1979) study of food redistribution in the
same area is interesting in the context of subsistence exchange systems. He argues that subsistence exchange may
have buffered late prehistoric populations against periods
of stress in the Mogollon Rim/Colorado Plateau areas.
2. The frequencies of Winslow Orange Ware in central Little Colorado River Valley settlements are in some cases double those attributed
to Anderson Mesa by Upham (1982: table 29) and more than double
the rate that Upham attributed to the area by averaging several villages
into a composite. This clearly indicates that the center of Winslow
Orange Ware production was the central Little Colorado River Valley.
Puerco Ruin has an almost identical frequency to that attributed by
Upham to the Anderson Mesa pueblos, when one uses excavation data
from Jennings (1980) and Burton (1990). Since Puerco Ruin is equidistant from the Homol'ovi settlements as Chavez Pass, Upham's entire
discussion of Winslow Orange Ware (in which Anderson Mesa is the
production center) is untenable. Pottery trade between Chavez Pass and
the Homol'ovi settlements probably began in the later 13th century and
focused on Winslow Orange Ware. This was probably gradually replaced
by Jeddito Yellow Ware. Both wares also occur in the Verde Valley.
20) 1993 15
Table 6. Frequencies of Jeddito Yellow Ware and distance of nearest pueblos from
Homol'ovi II.
Site
Distance
Homol'ovi II
Homol'ovi I
Chevelon
Nuvakwewtaqa
4.5
17.4
57.8
% ] eddito Yellow
Ware
Reference
87.5
51.7
29.6
24.3
Hays 1991
Weaver, Dosh, and Miller 1982
Andrews 1982
Upham 1982
not one of down-the-line exchange, characterized elitecontrolled distribution of Jeddito Yellow Ware.
Homol'ovi survey and excavation data, incorporating
artifactual and ethnobotanical evidence, suggest that Jeddito Yellow Ware was, instead, one product involved in a
regional exchange system that incorporated Homol'ovi
and Hopi communities. For Homol'ovi populations, Jeddito Yellow Wares provided a higher-quality alternative to
inferior local ceramics. Hopi groups may have processed
Homol'ovi cotton, which facilitated the exchange of Hopi
textiles for other commodities from the distant reaches of
the greater Southwest (Riley 1987). Finally, the Homol'ovi data clearly indicate that Jeddito Yellow Ware and
other products of exchange, such as obsidian, were available to most, if not all, members of the population (Harry
1989; Hays 1991).
16
Conclusions
Our study has suggested that the "Jeddito alliance"
model of late prehistoric complexity (Upham 1982) is
simply not supportable when a full range of archaeological
site data are employed. Residents of the large 14th-century
settlements likely engaged in regional systems of community-based specialization that required no elaborate,
elite-mediated system of distribution.
Given that site size in the study area had more than
doubled by the early 16th century, the complexity suggested for the 14th century western Pueblo area could
have been important for maintaining enlarged, aggregated
Size
1000+ rooms
251-1000 rooms
1
8
20-50 rooms
1-2 rooms, artifact scatter
Total
*Pueblos occupied before
A.C.
1
26
36
A.C.
A.C.
1500.
Hopi Mesas
Little
Colorado
River
Hopi
Buttes
Northern
frontier
3
3
6
6
Old Moenkopi*
2
3
Awatovi*
Kuchaptevela*
Oraibi*
Shungopavi*
Sikyatki*
Chakpahu
Mishongnovi*
Kokopnyama
15
23
A.C.
1500.
chaeologists before new models are constructed comparing the prehistoric record to its post-contact counterparts.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Department of Anthropology
Writers' Group for comments on this paper's various incarnations, and especially to Jenny Adams, Catherine
Cameron, Douglas Craig, Mark Elson, Kelley Hays, Laura
Levi, Barbara Montgomery, Masa Tani, Douglas Wilson,
and Lisa Young. We also thank Alan Sullivan and David
Wilcox for useful critiques and valuable suggestions. Additional thanks are extended to anonymous reviewers who
pointed out inadequacies in our treatment of exchange
models. Ron Beckwith drafted Figure 1, and Douglas
Gann drafted Figures 2-4. Richard Lange compiled the
data on survey information in the Homol'ovi area. We are
grateful to all these people. Despite these acknowledgments, we accept full responsibility for any errors in the
paper's content.
18
address: KinlaniArchaeology)
taff; AZ 86001.
Adams, E. Charles
1981
"The View From the Hopi Mesas," in David R. Wilcox
and W. Bruce Masse, eds., The Protohistoric Period in the
North American Southwest) A.D. 1450-1700. Arizona
State University) Anthropological Research Papers 24.
Tempe: Ariwna State University, 321-335.
1989a
1989b
Breternitz, David A.
1966
An Appraisal of Tree-ring Dated Pottery in the Southwest.
Anthropological Papers 10. Tucson: University of Arirona.
Brew, J.O.
1941
"Preliminary Report of the Peabody Museum Awatovi
Expedition of 1939," Plateau 13(3): 37-48.
1949
Cam-
Beaglehole, Ernest
1937
Notes on Hopi Economic Life. Yale University Publications
in Anthropology 15. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Arnold, Dean
1985
Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge:
bridge University Press.
Bishop, Ronald, Veletta Canouts, Suzanne De Atley, Alfred Qoyawayma, and C.W. Aikens
1988
''The Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups: Hopi
Pottery Production and Exchange, A.C. 1300-1600,"
Journal ofField Archaeology 15: 317-337.
Block, Rebecca
1985
''Thermal Expansion Measurements of Ceramics at Homol'ovi III," manuscript on file, Laboratory of Traditional
Technology, University of Ariwna, Tucson.
Coues, Elliott
1900
On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary
of Francisco Garces) 1775-1776) Vols. 1 and 2. New York:
Francis P. Harper.
Dosh, Steven G.
1982
''The Emergency Protection of Homol'ovi I Ruin," report prepared for the Bureau of Land Management,
Phoenix. Manuscript on file, Museum of Northern Arirona, Flagstaff.
Graves, Michael
1987
"Rending Reality in Archaeological Analyses: A Reply
to Upham and Plog," Journal of Field Archaeology 14:
243-249.
Gumerman, George J., and S. Alan Skinner
1968
"A Synthesis of the Prehistory of the Central Little Colorado Valley, Arizona," American Antiquity 33: 185199.
Hantman, Jeffrey L.
1982
"A Long Term Management Plan for Significant Sites in
the Vicinity of Winslow, Arizona," report prepared for
the Ariwna State Land Department, Phoenix, by Soil
Systems, Inc., Phoenix. Manuscript on file, Ariwna State
Museum Library, University of Arizona, Tucson.
1989
Hargrave, Lyndon L.
1931
"Recently Dated Pueblo Ruins in Arizona-Excavations
at Kintiel and Kokopnyama," Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections82(1): 80-120. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1932
Harry, Karen G.
1989
"An Analysis of the Obsidian Assemblage of Homol'ovi
III: Social and Economic Implications," Kiva 54: 285296.
19
Haury, Emil W.
1945
The Excavations of Los Muertos and Neighboring Ruins on
the Salt River Valley) Southern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology
24(1). Cambridge: Peabody Museum, Harvard University.
Hayes, Alden, Jon Nathan Young, and A.H. Warren
1981
Excavation of Mound 7: Gran Quivira National Monument)
New Mexico. National Park Service Publications in Archeology 16. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the
Interior.
Hays, Kelley A.
1991
"Ceramics," in E. Charles Adams and Kelley Ann Hays,
eds., HomoPovi II: Archaeology of an Ancestral Hopi Village)
Arizona. Anthropological Papers) University of Arizona 55.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 23-48.
Hibben, Frank C.
1955
"Excavations at Pottery Mound, New Mexico," American
Antiquity 21: 179-180.
Hough, Walter
1903
"Archaeological Field-work in Northeastern Arizona, the
Museum-Gates Expedition of 1901," Annual Report of
the United States National Museum for 1901. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 279-358.
James, Harry C.
1974
Pages from Hopi History. Tucson: University of Ariwna
Press.
Jennings, Calvin H.
1980
"Further Investigations at Puerco Ruin, Petrified Forest
National Park, Ariwna," report prepared for the Western
Archeological Center, Tucson. Manuscript on file, Laboratory of Public Archaeology, Colorado State U niversity, Fort Collins.
Kidder, Alfred V.
1936
The Pottery of Pecos)Vol. II. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Kintigh, Keith
1985
Settlement) Subsistence) and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory.
Anthropological Papers) University of Arizona 44. Tucson.
Lange, Richard C.
1989
"The Survey of the Homol'ovi
54: 195-216.
Lightfoot, Kent G.
1979
"Food
Redistribution
among
Groups," The Kiva 44: 319-339.
1984
Prehistoric
Pueblo
Prehistoric Political Dynamics: A Case Study from the American Southwest. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University
Press.
Miksicek, Charles H.
1991
"Paleoethnobotany,"
in E. Charles Adams and Kelley
Ann Hays, eds., HomoPovi II: Archaeology of an Ancestral
Hopi Village) Arizona. Anthropological Papers) University of
Arizona 55. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 88102.
Morris, Earl
1928
"Kawaikuh," manuscript in Earl Morris Collection, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder.
20
Ceramic Distribution
and Exchange/Adams)
Nagata, Shuichi
1970
Modern Transfonnations of Moenkopi Pueblo. Illinois Studies
in Anthropology 6. Urbana: University of Illinois.
Page, Gordon
1940
Hopi Agricultural
vation Service.
Smith, Watson
1971
Painted Ceramics of the Western Mound at Awatovi. Papers
of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 38. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Notes. Washington,
Page, Jake
1982
"Inside the Sacred Hopi Homeland," National Geographic
Magazine 162: 607-629.
Parsons, Elsie Clews
1925
A Pueblo Indian Journal. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 39. Menasha.
Plog, Fred
1983
"Political and Economic Alliances on the Colorado Plateaus, A.D. 400-1450," in Fred Wendorf and Angela
Close, eds., Advances in WorldArchaeology 2. New York:
Academic Press, 289-330.
1985
"Status and Death at Grasshopper Pueblo: The Homogenization of Reality," in M. Thompson, M.T. Garcia, and
F. J. Kense, eds., Status) Struaure and Stratification: Current Archaeological Reconstruaions) Proceedings of the 1983
Chacmool Conference. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary, 167-174.
Ramenofsky, Ann F.
1987
Veaors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Reid, J. Jefferson
1985
"Organizational
Correlates of Settlement
Behavior:
Methodological Considerations," in M. Thompson, M.T.
Garcia, and F.J. Kense, eds., Status) Struaure and Stratification: Current Archaeological Reconstruaions) Proceedings of the 1983 Chacmool Conftrence. Calgary, Alberta:
University of Calgary, 167-174.
Reid, J. Jefferson, Michael B. Schiffer, Stephanie W. Whittlesey,
Madeleine J. Hinkes, Alan P. Sullivan, III, Christian E.
Downum, William A. Longacre, and H. David Tuggle
1989
"Perception and Interpretation in Contemporary Southwestern Archaeology: Comments on Cordell, Upham
and Brock," American Antiquity 54: 802-814.
Renfrew, Colin
1977
"Alternative Models for Exchange and Spatial Distribution," in Timothy K. Earle and Jonathon E. Ericson,
eds., Exchange Systems in Prehistory. New York: Academic
Press, 71-90.
Riley, Carroll L.
1987
The Frontier People: The Greater Southwest in the Protohistoric Period. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico
Press.
Ruppe, Reynold J., and A.E. Dittert
1952
"The Archaeology of Cebolleta Mesa and Acoma Pueblo:
A Preliminary Report Based on Further Investigation,"
EI Palacio 59: 191-217.
Schaefer, Paul
1969
"Prehistoric Trade in the Southwest and the Distribution
of Pueblo IV Hopi Jeddito Black-on-Yellow," Kroeber
Anthropological Society Papers 41: 54-77. Berkeley: University of California.
Snow, David H.
1981
"Protohistoric Rio Grande Pueblo Economics: A Review
of Trends," in David R. Wilcox and W. Bruce Masse,
eds., The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest) AD. 1450-1700. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers 24. Tempe: Arizona State University, 354-377.
Spicer, Edward H.
1962
Cycles of Conquest. Tucson: University of Ariwna Press.
Spielmann, Katherine
1986
"Interdependence Among Egalitarian Societies," Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 279-312.
Stanislawski, Michael
1969
''What Good is a Broken Pot?" Southwestern Lore 35: 1118.
Stark, Miriam
1991
"Ceramic Production and Community Specialization: A
Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Study," World Archaeology
23(1): 64-78.
Stephen, Alexander M.
1936
Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen) 2 vols, edited by
Elsie Clews Parsons. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Sullivan, Alan P.
1987
"Artifact Scatters, Adaptive Diversity and Southwestern
Abandonment: The Upham Hypothesis Reconsidered,"
Journal of Anthropological Research 43: 345-366.
1988
"Prehistoric
Limitations
53: 23-35.
Talayesva, Don
1942
Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian) edited by
Leo Simmons. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Thomas, David Hurst, ed.
1989
Columbian Consequences: Archaeological and Historical Perspeaives on the Spanish Borderlands West. Washington:
Smithsonian Institution.
Titiev, Mischa
1937
"A Hopi Salt Expedition,"
244-258.
1944
American
Anthropologist
39:
Ubelaker, Douglas H.
1988
"North American Indian Population Size, A.D. 1500 to
1985," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:
289-294.
Upham, Steadman
1982
Polities and Power: An Economic and Political History of the
Western Pueblo. New York: Academic Press.
1985
21