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Explain briefly
with example?
Ans:
Engineering problems are solve with the help of three methods are name as
Analytical method
Numerical Method (FEM)
Experimental method
Analytical method :
The Analytical Method is a generic process combining the power of the Scientific Method
with the use of formal process to solve any type of problem. It has these nine steps:
1. Identify the problem to solve.
2. Choose an appropriate process
3. Use the process to hypothesize analysis or solution elements.
4. Design an experiment(s) to test the hypothesis.
5. Perform the experiment(s).
6. Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis.
7. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5, and 6 until the hypothesis is accepted.
8. Implement the solution.
9. Continuously improve the process as opportunities arise.
Numerical Method:
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed
to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis. In numerical
method we apply no of techniques and approximation solution to find out the solution. The
main example of numerical methods is Finite element method.
Experimental Method
Experimental method is use of controlled observations and measurements to test
hypotheses
Example of these three Methods are a simple cantilever beam .
Assuming that both the nodal displacements are zero when the spring is un deformed, the net
spring deformation is given by
= u2 u1
and the resultant axial force in the spring is
f = k = k(u2 u1)
For equilibrium,
f1 + f2 = 0 or f1 = f2,
Then, in terms of the applied nodal forces as
f1 = k(u2 u1)
f2 = k(u2 u1)
which can be expressed in matrix form as
or [ ke ] { u }= { f }
[k k ]
[ ke ] = k k
is defined as the element stiffness matrix in the element coordinate system (or local system),
{u} is the column matrix (vector) of nodal displacements, and { f } is the column matrix
(vector) of element nodal forces.
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects for which operations
such as addition and multiplication are defined. Most commonly, a matrix over a field F is a
rectangular array of scalars each of which is a member of F. The elements of matrix are real
numbers or complex numbers.
Column Matrix:
A vector may be represented with a list of numbers called a column matrix. A column matrix
is an ordered list of numbers written in a column.
{}
1
2
3
Square Matrix:
A square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is
known as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added
and multiplied.
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The different steps involved in the analysis by Finite Element Method
1. Discretization into the element
The given footing is divided into an equivalent system of finite elements,
by a process known as Discretization. The equivalent system may consist
of triangular or quadrilateral and/or tetrahedron or hexahedron based on
whether the problem is solved as in 2-D or 3-D plane.
Fig.
Discretization:
Model body by dividing it into an equivalent system of many smaller
bodies or units (finite elements) interconnected at points common to two
or more elements (nodes or nodal points) and/or boundary lines and/or
surfaces.
Shape Function:
The shape function is the function which interpolates the solution between
the discrete values obtained at the mesh nodes. Therefore, appropriate
functions have to be used and, as already mentioned, low order
polynomials are typically chosen as shape functions. In this work linear
shape functions are used.