Cyberlaw: e-Commerce & e-IDAS:

Identity, Property, Liability, Security/Resilience & Growth

DR. Edmon Makarim, S.Kom., S.H., LL.M.

Lecturer and Research, Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia

Th

Perkenalan:
Sekilas LKHT & Risetnya

Pengembangan Sistem Hukum Nasional:

- Substansi Hukum
- Struktur Penegakan Hukum
- Kebudayaan Hukum

Judul Kegiatan

Keluaran

1999

Legal framework for e-commerce

1999

RUU-IETE => UU 11/2008 + PP

82/2012

2003

Kerangka Hukum Indonesian

Cyberlaw

Modul Perkuliahan + Buku Ajar:

Kompilasi Kajian Hukum
Telematika

2009

Electronic System Provider Liability

for Implementing the IT
Governance

Buku Ajar: Tanggung Jawab PSE

2010
2011

Hak Konstitusional dan Telematika

Artikel Jurnal Nasional dan

Internasional serta Buku Ajar

2010
2011

Notaris dan Transaksi Elektronik

(cybernotary)

Artikel Jurnal Nasional dan Jurnal

Internasional serta Buku Ajar

2011
2012

Privacy & Data Protection,

Revisi Buku Ajar + RUU

Intersepsi
Masukan Rancangan Peraturan
Menteri Kominfo ttg Privacy dan
Informasi Komersial (spamming)

2014

Information Security & Resilience

RUU Sandi + Rancangan Perpres

Cybersecurity

2014

National e-Authentication
Framework for ID: National eIdentity Management

Artikel Jurnal Nasional dan Jurnal

Internasional serta revisi Buku
Ajar

2014

Trust Services by Community:

Community Certification Authority

Artikel Jurnal Nasional dan Jurnal

Internasional serta revisi Buku
Ajar

2015

National e-Authentication for

Public Document in Government
Administration & Public Services
CEGs for Crypto Awareness

Artikel Jurnal Nasional dan Jurnal

Internasional serta revisi Buku
Ajar
(pending)

FAKULTAS HUKUM

Cyberspace

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Cybernetics Theory [Nobert Wiener, 1948]

Information/communication theory => feedback

Cyberspace:
a term coined by science fiction writer by William Gibson,
referring to the virtual world which exist within the marriage of
computers, telecommunication networks, and digital media.
Cyber Law: Law of Digital Network, Law of Internet, Law of
Information, Lex Informatica, ICT Law, Informatics Law, etc.

Sistem hukum yang berkenaan dengan cyberspace baik

dalam lingkup nasional maupun internasional.
UU-ITE Istilah Cyberlaw = Hukum Telematika

*** Internet History ***

Apa yang menjadi sumberdaya Internet ?

IP address
Domain Name
Aplikasi dan konten?
Siapa saja Actors di Internet ???

Infrastructure and Network Providers

Content Providers
Host
Administrator
Access Providers
Navigation Providers
Transaction Facilitators
etc

Internet dan Komunitasnya

(Self Regulatory Society)

Open Network: Network of Networks

based on networking communication system (TCP/IP)
=> packet switching
No Central Authorization:
IAB (Internet Architectural Board)
ISOC (Internet Society)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)
ISTF (Internet Societal Task Force)
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) =>
ICANN (Internet Corporations for Assigned Name and
Numbers)

Internet : global communication

system + global community
Ethics in Information System &
Communication System : Privacy,
Accuracy, Property & Accessibility
Ethics in Internet: RFC 1087
seeks to gain unauthorized to
the resources of the Internet
disrupt the intended use of the
Internet
wastes resources (people,
capacity,computer) through such
actions
destroy the integrity of computer
based information, and/or
compromises the privacy of
users
Internet Standard :
Guidelines for management of IP
address space : RFC 1466
Domain Name System Structure
& Delegation : RFC 1591

LKHT-FHUI

FAKULTAS HUKUM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Victor Mayer Schonberger

Cyber-separatist Discourse
(+)
(--)

Cyberlaw
Discourses

State-based traditionalist
Discourse
(+)
(--)

Cyber-Internationalist
Discourse
(+)
(--)

Andrew Murray
Cyber-libertarian
(+)
(--)
Cyber-paternalist
(+)
(--)

Sumber: Code is Law by Lawrence Lessig

 codes of conduct,
good/best practices => tradition

Selfregulation
Enforcement ?

Laws
&
Regulation
Consumer Protection
Fair Competition
etc

APEC Privacy Framework, Cross-border

Privacy enforcement Trustmark Agent
Identity Seal
Security Seal
Vulnerability Seal
Consumer Rating Seal
www.itc.tf.vu.lt
Privacy Seal

Law of Information & Communication

Sistem hukum yang berlaku dalam konteks cyberspace.
ICT Law => Telematika

Cyberspace law
Cybersecurity
E-commerce

cybercrime
E-government

Sources: Cybersecurity (ITU) + Redesigning E-gov (JEJ Prins)

Konvergensi HukumTelematika
Separate Value Chains

Konvergensi

Pengolahan informasi sesuai kebutuhan

Hukum Informasi dan Komunikasi:

Komunikasi Massa dan Privat

Non-izin
Voluntary
accreditation

IT/Komputer
Pengiriman s.d. penerimaan informasi

Integrated Value Chain

Content &
Application

Telekomunikasi
izin
Pemancarluasan informasi

Konten/Siaran

Infrastructure &
Access
Resources

CPE
Apakah semua hal yang berpadu ataukah
baru sebagian hal saja yang berpadu ?
Jika ada perbedaan kaedah yang
mendasar, dapatkah dilakukan penyatuan?
9

Content & Network Hulu sd Hilir??

Intellectual
Property

Communication

Digital
Content

Network
Telephone Internet
Cable Satellite Wireless
Broadc.

CPE
PC

Tele
phone
TV

CUSTOMER

DISTRIBUTION

Telecomm

IT

Broadcasting &
Press & Film

Public
Information

Network (fixed,
mobile)
Value added
network & services
multimedia
services

Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
Application Service
Provider (ASP)
Content Provider
=> Information Society
Provider

Press
LPS
LPP
LPK

Provider
User

Pelaku
Usaha

Network Operator
Telco Services

Information Society
Provider (application and
content provider)

Media Capitalist
(conglomeracy)

Content Provider ?

Paradigma

Licensing regime

Voluntary Accreditation

Licensing regime

Approriate request &

declaration of use

Fokus

Quality of Services
=> Perlindungan
Konsumen +
Pelayanan Publik
Optimalisasi
resources => fair
competition

Multistakeholders
(Info Comm for All)

Diversity of Ownership
Diversity of Content

Information
Governance for
Transparency and
Control

Catatan

Secrecy of
Accountablity of the Responsible &
Communication e-system
Fairness Media

Industry
&
Market

Producer
Publisher

Maximum Access
Limited Exemption

Dinamika Global, Regional dan Nasional

1. Isu krusial terkini dari Cyberlaw yang paling mengemuka hampir di semua negara adalah isu

tentang Privacy dan Cybersecurity, khususnya tentang Identitas Subyek Hukum secara
elektronik

APEC Privacy Framework => cross-border privacy rules => Privacys Accountability Agent = Trusmark.
OECD => privacy guidelines, crypto policy, e-authentication, & National e-ID Management
UNCITRAL => e-commerce, e-signature, UN Convention on the Use of e-communication for Intl Contract =>
federated digital identity for global e-commerce + Cybersecurity + electronic transferable record + ODR
US have National Strategy of the Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC) => trusted identity ecosystem
EU have Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS) + STORK + EU Regulation 910/2014
Australia => National e-Authentication Framework
IGF (multi-stakeholders for Internet Governance) + Global Cybersecurity => Freedom, privacy, security dan
economic growth

=> Korelasi e-Authentication dengan CyberSecurity adalah kejelasan pengaturan tentang

pengamanan (security + Kriptografi) memperjelas kekuatan pembuktian secara elektronik
1. Indonesia

UU 11/2008 ITE dan PP 82/2012 tentang PSTE =>Privacy Trustmark

UU 25/2009 Pelayanan Publik => PP 96/2012 => one-roof/one stop service
UU 23/2006 ttg Administrasi Kependudukan (berikut Revisi UU Adminduk yang disahkan DPR 26 Nov2013)
serta Perpres 126/2012, rev 67/2011 rev 26/2009 tentang e-KTP.
UU 2/2014 tentang revisi UU Jabatan Notaris
UU 7/2014 tentang Perdagangan => RPP e-Commerce
UU 30/2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan
Beberapa RUU, RPP, RPerpres => RUU Tatacara Intersepsi, RUU Perlindungan Data Pribadi, RUU
Kriptografi, RPerpres e-Government, RPP Data Elektronik Strategis, dst

=> Diperlukan kejelasan National Strategy utk National & Regional e-Authentication,

Evolusi hukum e-commerce

"E-commerce dalam Konteks Hukum
Internasional dan Regional:
a. Gambaran umum UNCITRAL Model Law dan
dinamika regional Eropa;
b. Regulasi dan praktek e-commerce di Indonesia,
c. Pandangan terhadap UNCTAD Review : Review
of e-commerce legislation and Harmonization in
the ASEAN (2004-2009).
UNC-CISG
(1980)
Contracts
for the Intl
sale of
goods

UNCITRAL
Model Law of
e-Signatures
(2001)

UNCITRAL Model
Law of eCommerce (1996)

Cybersecurity
& eCommerce(2011)

National e-ID
Management
Electronic Transferable
Record (proposal)
Online Dispute
Resolution (proposal)

UN Convention on the use of

e-Communication for
International Contract (2005)

UN Convention-CISG (1980)
Part I. Sphere of application and general provisions
CHAPTER I. Sphere of application
(Art 1-6),
CHAPTER II. General provisions
(Art 7-13)
Part II. Formation of the contract
(Art 14-24)
Part III. Sale of goods
CHAPTER I. General provisions
Art 25-29
CHAPTER II. Obligations of the seller .
Art 30
Sect-I. Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents
Art 31-34
Sect-II. Conformity of the goods and third-party claims Art 3544
Sec-III. Remedies for breach of contract by the seller Art 4552
CHAPTER III. Obligations of the buyer Art 53
Sect-I. Payment of the price (art 54-59)
Sect-II. Taking delivery (art 60)
Sect-III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer (art 6265)
CHAPTER IV. Passing of risk (art 66-70)
CHAPTER V. Provisions common to the obligations of the seller and
of the buyer
Sect-I. Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts (art 71-73)
Sect-II. Damages (art 74-77)
Sect-III. Interest (art 78)
Sect-IV. Exemptions (art 79-80)
Sect-V. Effects of avoidance (art 81-84)
Sect-VI. Preservation of the goods (art 85-88)
Part IV.
Final provisions (art 89-101)

UN-ECC (2005)
Chapter I. Sphere of application
Art. 1. Scope of application
Art. 2. Exclusions
Art. 3. Party autonomy
Chapter II. General provisions
Art. 4. Definitions
Art. 5. Interpretation
Art. 6. Location of the parties
Art. 7. Information requirements
Chapter III. Use of electronic communications in
international contracts.
Art. 8. Legal recognition of electronic communications
Art. 9. Form requirements
Writing
Signed
original
Art. 10. Time and place of dispatch and receipt of
electronic communications
Art. 11. Invitations to make offers
Art. 12. Use of automated message systems for
contract formation
Art. 13. Availability of contract terms
Art. 14. Error in electronic communications
Art. 15. Depositary

UNCITRAL E-commerce
(1996)
Part one. Electronic commerce in general
Chapter I. General provisions
Art 1. Sphere of application
Art 2. Definitions
Art 3. Interpretation
Art 4. Variation by agreement
Chapter II. Application of legal requirements to data messages
Art 5. Legal recognition of data messages
Art 5 bis. Incorporation by reference
Art 6. Writing
Art 7. Signature
Art 8. Original
Art 9. Admissibility and evidential weight of data messages
Art 10. Retention of data messages
Chapter III. Communication of data messages
Art 11. Formation and validity of contracts
Art 12. Recognition by parties of data messages
Art 13. Attribution of data messages
Art 14. Acknowledgement of receipt
Art 15. Time and place of dispatch and receipt of data messages
Part two. Electronic commerce in specific areas
Chapter I. Carriage of goods
Art 16. Actions related to contracts of carriage of goods
Art 17. Transport documents

UNCITRAL e-signatures
(2001)

Art.1 Sphere of Application

Art.2. Definitions
Art.3. Equal treatment of signature
technology.
Art.4. Interpretation
Art.5. Variation by agreement
Art.6. Compliance with a requirement of a
signature
Art.7. Satisfaction of article 6
Art.8. Conduct of the signatory
Art.9. Conduct of the Certification Service
Provider
Art.10. Trustworthiness
Art.11. Conduct of Relying Party
Art.12. Recognition of Foreign Certificates
and Electronic Signatures.

E-business & E-commerce

Industri dan perdagangan

E-business involves
Digital enablement of transactions and
processes within a firm, involving
information systems under the control
of the firm
E-business does not involve
commercial transactions across
organizational boundaries where value
is exchanged

E-commerce involves
Digitally enabled commercial transactions
between organizations and individuals.
Digitally enabled transactions include all
transactions mediated by digital technology
Commercial transactions involve the
exchange of value across organizational or
individual boundaries in return for products or
services

E-commerce and Industry Value Chains

industri

Arus informasi
Arus Uang
Arus barang

K
e
s
e
p
a
k
a
t
a
n

perdagangan

E-commerce and Firm Value Chains

Apa saja obyek yang dapat diperdagangkan secara elektronik ?

Apakah hanya Real properties atau bisa juga digital properties or virtual properties ?
Modifikasi dari Sumber; Kenneth C Laudon & Carol Guercio Traver, e-Commerce. Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Model Bisnis ?

Taxonomy of e-Business Model

Brokerage e-Business model
Advertising e-Business model
Subscription, Pay-per-view, and
membership e-Business models
Affiliate e-Business model
Community e-Business model
Infomediary e-Business model
Portal e-Business model

Kominfo
UU ITE + PP PSTE
Rezim non-perizinan untuk Aplikasi dan
Konten (perizinan hanya utk infrastruktur,
UU Telekomunikasi)
IT Governance/ Tata Kelola TIK
Pendaftaran terhadap Obyek SE =>
Penyelenggaraan Sistem Elektronik (No.
Registrasi SE)
Daftar Network (trusted dan un-trusted)

Jaminan Akuntabilitas Sistem Elektronik

handal, aman dan bertgg jawab

Trustmark ada 5 kategori

Perdagangan
UU Perdagangan + RPP e-commerce
Rezim Perizinan, namun menteri
berwenang memberikan pengecualian
Corporate Governance, tata kelola
perniagaan
Pendaftaran terhadap Subyek
Perusahaan
Tanda Daftar Perusahaan (TDP)

Jaminan Perlindungan Konsumen dan

Persaingan Usaha Yang Sehat
black list perusahaan yg merugikan Kons.

Pemanfaatan Trustmark untuk

perdagangan

Konsekwensi ASEAN ICT Master Plan & Community

2015 => interoperabilitas antara e-ID management + CA
Asean members + authenticity of the public document

FAKULTAS HUKUM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

FAKULTAS HUKUM

The Competitive Advantage ofUNIVERSITAS

Nations INDONESIA
Michael E. Porter, Harvard Business Review
March-April 1990

Determinants of national competitive

advantage
Operational
Information Security Risks
Third party risks
Business Continuity and
Disaster Recovery
Merger /
Acquisition/Bankruptcy
Termination
Vendor Sustainability

Legal
Intellectual property
rights
Jurisdictional issues
Electronic Discovery
Risks
Loss/compromise of
client PII or
confidential data

Reputational
Data privacy breach
Security breach
Violating mandatory
laws or regulations
Violation of market
practice and
expectation

EC Directive 97/7/EC
(protection of consumers in
respect of distance contracts)

Art.1 Object
Art.2 Definition
Art.3 Exemptions
Art.4 Prior Information
Art.5 Written Confirmation
or Information
Art.6. Right of Withdrawal
Art.7 Performance
Art. 8 Payment by Card
Art.9 Inertia Selling
Art.10 Restrictions on the
use of certain means of
distance communication
Art.11 Judicial or
administrative redress
Art 12 Binding Nature
Art.13 Community Rules
Art.14 Minimal Clause
Art.15 Implementation
Art.16 Consumer
Information
Art.17 Complain System

EC Directive 2000/31/EC
on certain legal aspects of information society services, in
particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market
(Directive on electronic commerce)
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Art.1 Objective & scope
Art.2 Definitions
Art 3 Internal market
CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES
Sect-1 Establishment of information requirements
Art 4 Principles excluding prior authorization
Art 5 General inforrmation to be provided
Sect-2 Commercial Communications
Art 6 Information to be provided
Art 7 Unsolicited commercial communications
Art 8 Regulated professions
Secti-3 Contract concluded by electronic means
Art 9 Treatment of contracts (some exclusions)
Art 10 Information to be provided
Art 11 Placing of the order.
Sec-4 Liability of Intermediary Service Providers
Art 12 Mere conduit.
Art 13 Caching.
Art 14 Hosting.
Art 15 No general obligation to monitor
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION
Art 16 codes of conduct
Art 17 Out-of-court dispute settlement
Art 18 Court actions
Art 19 Cooperation
Art 20 Sanctions
Chapter 4 Final Provisions

Electronic Commerce (EC Directive)

Regulations 20002
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Citation and commencement

Interpretation
Exclusions
Internal Market
Deregulations from regulation 4
General information to be provided by a
person providing information society
services
7. Commercial Communications
8. Unsolicited commercial communications
9. Information to be provided (where contracts
are concluded by electronic means)
10. Other Information requirements
11. Placing of the order.
12. Meaning of the term order
13. Liability of the service provider
14. Compliance with regulation 9 (3)s
15. Right to rescind contract
16. Amendments to the Stop Now Orders (EC
Directive) Regulations 2001
17. Mere conduit
18. Caching
19. Hosting.
20. Protection of Rights
21. Defence in Criminal Proceedings: Burden of
Proof
22. Notice for the purposes of actual knowledge

Isu Umum E-commerce

(European Perspective)
Security /
Authentification
electronic
money

Liability

www.itc.tf.vu.lt

Cybercrime
(i.e. illegal Content)

alternative dispute Protection of minors

resolution (ADR)
(harmful content)
Jurisdiction

Commercial
Communications

IPRs (Copyright)

applicable law

Privacy/
Data Protection

Internet
Governance

contract law
(e-contracting)

Consumer
protection

Content Regulation

Negotiable
Documents/Title

Taxation

Unfair Competition

E-Commerce Directive framework

Internal market clause

Info requirements

Liability provisions

Blocking of services

Commercial coms

Mere conduit

Court actions

Regulated
professions

Caching

No prior authorization

Info for contracts

Hosting

Electronic contracts

Cooperation

No monitoring

Codes of conduct
Dispute settlement

Prior Information Requirements

(EU Directive for Distance Selling)
The identity of the supplier and, in the case of contracts requiring payment in advance,
his/her address
A description of the main characteristics of the goods or services
The price of the goods or services including all taxes
Delivery costs, where appropriate
The arrangement of payments, delivery or performance
The existence of a right of cancellation, except certain cases specified in the Regulations
where the right does not exist
The cost of using the means of distance communication, where it is calculated other than
at the basic rate (such as premium phone lines)
How long the offer or the price remains valid, and
Where appropriate, the minimum duration of the contract in the case of contracts for the
supply of product or services to be performed permanently or recurrently; in other word,
for long term services such as mobile phone contracts.

Korea
Framework Act on e-Commerce
Chapter 1 General Provision
Chapter 2 Electronic Document
Chapter 3 Ensuring Security in e-Commerce
and Protection of Consumers
Chapter 4 Formulation of Basic Policy on eCommerce and System for its Promotion
Chapter 5 Promotion of e-Commerce and
Creation of Basis
Chapter 5-2 Authorized e-Documents
Depository
Chapter 6 e-Commerce Mediation Committee
Chapter 7 Supplementary Povisions
Chapter 8 Penal Provisions
Kurang lebih 12x Amandemen/Adenda

Transaksi Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik

kesepakatan
Pengiriman/deliverables/performance
pembayaran
UU Konsumen
UU ITE
UU Perdagangan
Sistem Pembayaran ?

Sistem Elektronik
utk
Transaksi Perdagangan
Pedagang
Penyedia Jasa

Penyedia Sarana/Penyelenggara
Prosedur

Perangkat

Pembeli
Pengguna Jasa

Resiko & Asuransi ?

Trust
Kewajiban
Pelaku Usaha

Kewajiban
Konsumen

E-payment System

Electronic cash or
Token-based system

Smart card
Systems:

Mondex
Chipper
Proton

Online Cash
systems
Netcash
Ecash
Millicent

Credit-debit or
Account-based System

Generic
systems
Net-bill
Net-cheque
Pay-pal
aggregation

Mediating System

Specialized
systems
E-mail based
systems

Credit & Debit

systems
Master Card
Cirrus
Visa Electron
etc

Kompleksitas Hubungan Para Pihak

Kem.
Dagang

Lembaga
Konsumen

Konsumen

KPPU

Lisensi
Aplikasi

Standar pembuktian:
- HukumAcara:

Standar
Sistem
Pembayaran Kelaikan Business
Prosess Perbankan

Lisensi
Aplikasi

Network
application

e-System

Bukti yang autentik => Sistem

Kearsipan/Dokumen Perusahaan
Legalitas berkontrak

Audit ?
Penyelidikan
Penyidikan
Pemeriksaan

OJK +
Bank
Indonesia

Bank

Standar Kontrak Standar perdagangan

(merchantability)
Baku
Pedagang
Jual Beli

koordinasi

Kominfo:
Postel +
Aptel

Pendaftaran dan
Sertifkasi Kelaikan SE
Resiko
Asuransi
?

Penyedia
Sarana

FAKULTAS HUKUM

Aman ? <=> Managemen Resiko vs Trust ?

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Umumnya Trust terjadi karena di antara dua faktor ?

Tahu Tapi Tidak Mampu
(Lalai)

tidak ada pilihan lain

terlanjur terikat dengan
sistem yang sudah ada

Tidak Mau Tahu dan

Tidak Ingin Mampu
Ketergantungan

Tahu & Mampu

Resiko kerentanan & Ancaman =>
calculative/Predictable
Mencermati Reputasi
Jaminan Pemulihan Hak krn ada kejelasan
Tanggung Jawab Penyelenggara

Mampu, namun Tidak Mau Tahu :

percaya saja dengan reputasi vendor

Tahapan Pembuatan Kontrak

Kejelasan Informasi:
Lengkap, Jujur dan Benar

Mekanisme Persetujuan:
(formation of contract)

Pemenuhan Persetujuan:
(performance of contract)

Finalization
Written
Contract

Drafting

Signing

Performance
OR

Excused

Non
Performance

Agreeing Oral to Term

Oral Contract

Remedies

Unfair Contract Terms ?

Pre Contract

Performance

Contract Formation
Indonesia

common law
Promissory Astoppel

Consideration:
Legal detriment
Legal benefit

Wan-prestasi:
Tidak dilakukan
Tidak memuaskan dilakukan

LITIGATION

OR

Negotiation

Successful
completion

UU 8/1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen

1.

2.
3.
4.

Pasal 1(1): Klausula Baku adalah setiap aturan atau ketentuan dan syarat-syarat yang telah dipersiapkan dan ditetapkan
terlebih dahulu secara sepihak oleh pelaku usaha yang dituangkan dalam suatu dokumen dan/atau perjanjian yang mengikat
dan wajib dipenuhi oleh konsumen.
Pasal 18
Pelaku usaha dalam menawarkan barang dan/atau jasa yang ditujukan untuk diperdagangkan dilarang membuat atau
mencantumkan klausula baku pada setiap dokumen dan/atau perjanjian apabila:
1. menyatakan pengalihan tanggungjawab pelaku usaha;
2. menyatakan bahwa pelaku usaha berhak menolak penyerahan kembali barang yang dibeli konsumen;
3. menyatakan bahwa pelaku usaha berhak menolak penyerahan kembali uang yang dibayarkan atas barang dan/atau jasa
yang dibeli oleh konsumen;
4. menyatakan pemberian kuasa dari konsumen kepada pelaku usaha baik secara langsung, maupun tidak langsung untuk
melakukan segala tindakan sepihak yang berkaitan dengan barang yang dibeli oleh konsumen secara angsuran;
5. mengatur perihal pembuktian atas hilangnya kegunaan barang atau pemanfaatan jasa yang dibeli oleh konsumen;
6. memberi hak kepada pelaku usaha untuk mengurangi manfaat jasa atau mengurangi harta kekayaan konsumen yang
menjadi obyek jual beli jasa;
7. menyatakan tunduknya konsumen kepada peraturan yang berupa aturan baru, tambahan, lanjutan dan/atau
pengubahan lanjutan yang dibuat sepihak oleh pelaku usaha dalam masa konsumen memanfaatkan jasa yang dibelinya;
8. menyatakan bahwa konsumen memberi kuasa kepada pelaku usaha untuk pembebanan hak tanggungan, hak gadai,
atau hak jaminan terhadap barang yang dibeli olch konsumen secara angsuran.
Pelaku usaha dilarang mencantumkan klausula baku yang letak atau bentuknya sulit terlihat atau tidak dapat dibaca secara
jelas, atau yang pengungkapannya sulit dimengerti
Setiap klausula baku yang telah ditetapkan oleh pelaku usaha pada dokumen atau perjanjian yang memenuhi ketentuan
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat 1 dan ayat 2 dinyatakan batal demi hukum.
Pelaku usaha wajib menyesuaikan klausula baku yang bertentangan dengan Undang-undang ini.

Kewajiban
Konsumen
Iktikad baik
Membaca petunjuk dan
menggunakan sesuai prosedur
dan hukum
Membayar transaksi
Menjaga keamanan (contoh:
menjaga kunci privat)
Responsif
Menyelesaikan permasalahan
secara patut
dst

Tanggung Jawab
Pelaku Usaha
Menjamin akuntabilitias sistem (presumed
liability, psl 15 UU ITE)
Tanggung jawab terhadap PSE yang tidak
mengindahkan kaedah akuntabilitas sesuai
hukum yang berlaku => prinsip
pertanggungjawaban secara ketat (strict)
Tanggung jawab terhadap PSE yang sesuai
hukum yang berlaku dapat membatasi
tanggung jawab secara proporsional sesuai
biaya atau pengeluaran (penggantian biaya)
Demi tumbuhnya Industri sepanjang resiko
dapat dikelola dengan baik, maka perlu
dipikirkan kemungkinan penerapan
Tanggung jawab mutlak dengan pembatasan
maksimum ganti rugi terhadap PSE yang
telah sesuai hukum yang berlaku.

PP PSTE
Bab I
Bab II

Ketentuan Umum
Penyelenggaraan Sistem
Elektronik
Bab III Penyelenggara Agen
Elektronik
Bab IV Penyelenggaraan
Transaksi Elektronik
Bab V

Tanda Tangan Elektronik

Bab VI Penyelenggaraan
Sertifikasi Elektronik
Bab VII Lembaga Sertifikasi
Keandalan
Bab
Pengelolaan Nama
VIII
Domain
Bab IX Sanksi
Bab X Ketentuan Peralihan
Bab XI Ketentuan Penutup

Pasal 40-51
Bagian Kesatu: Lingkup Penyelenggaraan Transaksi Elektronik
Bagian Kedua: Persyaratan Penyelenggaraan Transaksi Elektronik
Bagian Ketiga: Persyaratan Transaksi Elektronik
Transaksi Elektronik yang dilakukan para pihak memberikan akibat hukum kepada para pihak.
Penyelenggaraan Transaksi Elektronik yang dilakukan para pihak wajib memperhatikan: a. iktikad baik;
b. prinsip kehati-hatian; c. transparansi; d. akuntabilitas; dan e. kewajaran.
Kontrak Elektronik dan bentuk kontraktual lainnya harus dibuat dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
Kontrak Elektronik yang dibuat dengan klausula baku harus sesuai dengan ketentuan mengenai
klausula baku sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.
Kontrak Elektronik paling sedikit memuat:
a. data identitas para pihak;
b. objek dan spesifikasi;
c. persyaratan Transaksi Elektronik;
d. harga dan biaya;
e. prosedur dalam hal terdapat pembatalan oleh para pihak;
f. ketentuan yang memberikan hak kepada pihak yang dirugikan untuk dapat mengembalikan barang dan/atau
meminta penggantian produk jika terdapat cacat tersembunyi; dan
g. pilihan hukum penyelesaian Transaksi Elektronik.

Pasal 49: (1) Pelaku Usaha yang menawarkan produk melalui Sistem Elektronik wajib menyediakan
informasi yang lengkap dan benar berkaitan dengan syarat kontrak, produsen, dan produk yang
ditawarkan. (2) Pelaku Usaha wajib memberikan kejelasan informasi tentang penawaran kontrak atau
iklan (3) Pelaku Usaha wajib memberikan batas waktu kepada konsumen untuk mengembalikan barang
yang dikirim apabila tidak sesuai dengan perjanjian atau terdapat cacat tersembunyi. (4) Pelaku Usaha
wajib menyampaikan informasi mengenai barang yang telah dikirim. (5) Pelaku Usaha tidak dapat
membebani konsumen mengenai kewajiban membayar barang yang dikirim tanpa dasar kontrak.
Pasal 50: (1) Transaksi Elektronik terjadi pada saat tercapainya kesepakatan para pihak. (2)
Kesepakatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) terjadi pada saat penawaran transaksi yang dikirim
oleh Pengirim telah diterima dan disetujui oleh Penerima. (3) Kesepakatan sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (2) dapat dilakukan dengan cara: a. tindakan penerimaan yang menyatakan persetujuan;
atau b. tindakan penerimaan dan/atau pemakaian objek oleh Pengguna Sistem Elektronik.
Pasal 51 (1) Dalam penyelenggaraan Transaksi Elektronik para pihak wajib menjamin: a. pemberian
data dan informasi yang benar; dan b. ketersediaan sarana dan layanan serta penyelesaian pengaduan.
(2) Dalam penyelenggaraan Transaksi Elektronik para pihak wajib menentukan pilihan hukum secara
setimbang terhadap pelaksanaan Transaksi Elektronik.

UU 7/2014Perdagangan: BAB VIII Perdagangan via Sistem Elektronik

Pasal 65
(1) Setiap Pelaku Usaha yang memperdagangkan Barang dan/atau Jasa dengan menggunakan sistem
elektronik wajib menyediakan data dan/atau informasi secara lengkap dan benar.
(2) Setiap Pelaku Usaha dilarang memperdagangkan Barang dan/atau Jasa dengan menggunakan
sistem elektronik yang tidak sesuai dengan data dan/atau informasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (1).
(3) Penggunaan sistem elektronik sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) wajib memenuhi ketentuan
yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
(4) Data dan/atau informasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) paling sedikit memuat:
a. identitas dan legalitas Pelaku Usaha sebagai produsen atau Pelaku Usaha Distribusi;
b. persyaratan teknis Barang yang ditawarkan;
c. persyaratan teknis atau kualifikasi Jasa yang ditawarkan;
d. harga dan cara pembayaran Barang dan/atau Jasa; dan
e. cara penyerahan Barang.

(5) Dalam hal terjadi sengketa terkait dengan transaksi dagang melalui sistem elektronik, orang atau
badan usaha yang mengalami sengketa dapat menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut melalui
pengadilan atau melalui mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa lainnya.
(6) Setiap Pelaku Usaha yang memperdagangkan Barang dan/atau Jasa dengan menggunakan sistem
elektronik yang tidak menyediakan data dan/atau informasi secara lengkap dan benar
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dikenai sanksi administratif berupa pencabutan izin.
Pasal 66
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai transaksi Perdagangan melalui Sistem Elektronik diatur dengan
atau berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Peta Konsep RPP e-Commerce

Definisi
Ruang Lingkup
Pengaturan

Informasi yang
lengkap dan benar

Syarat Kontrak

Syarat
Penawaran

Syarat Penerimaan +
Konfirmasi

Prinsip-Prinsip
Pembayaran
Pelaku Usaha e-Commerce
Jenis Pelaku Usaha,
Bentuk Perusahaan
Kegiatan Usaha Perdagangan
Secara Elektronik

e-Information/e-Document
Sebagai Bukti Transaksi
Jurisdiksi

RPP
e-Commerce

Jenis2 Kontrak Elektronik:

Jual Beli, Lisensi, dst.

Sanksi Administratif

Iklan elektronik +
info komersial/spam

Pengiriman

Pajak ?

Kondisi2 Perlindungan Konsumen:

Perlindungan privasi & data pribadi
jaminan pembatalan + refund
Larangan Inertia Selling, dsb
Tanggung Jawab Hk Pelaku Usaha:
security, business conduct/code of practices, dll
Tgg Jwb Pemth:
pendaftaran
izin
black list
pedoman
trustmark, dsb

Penyelesaian
Sengketa
Peralihan & Penutup

Esensi Pengaturan
RPP-e-commerce adalah melengkapi ITE + PP-PSTE, sesuai dengan kewenangan sektor
masing-masing => mencakup semua jenis sistem elektronik yang dilakukan untuk
perdagangan
Kebebasan berkontrak para pihak sepanjang fair dan akuntable
Mencakup semua Lingkup model bisnis dan model komunikasi yang digunakan=>
hubungan hukum antara para pihak
B2B => sebaiknya mengadopsi UN-ECC
B2C => sebaiknya mengakomodir EC Directive + UCITA/UETA
C2C => dapat mengakomodir UCITA
Lingkup dan aneka jenis Transaksi => (pre-contract, formation & performance) =
perikatan yg sah
Jual Beli, Lisensi (shrink-wrap, click wrap, etc), dsb.
Obyek Transaksi
Barang => goods (tidak hanya physical melainkan juga digital)
Services => mencakup jasa Professional + penyelenggara jasa Social Networks
yang menyediakan forum untuk perdagangan
Payment
Micro payment => Credit or Debit card, e-money/digital-cash
On-line or Off-line
Delivery & Transfer of Title: Conventional or electronic (off-line or online)
Tanggung Jawab Hukum => negligence + presumed + strict liability
Online ADR (B2B=BANI, B2C&C2C=BPSK, G2C=ombudsman)

B2C

C2C

Yurisdiksi hukum perlindungan konsumen

selayaknya berlaku

Setiap Orang yang menawarkan

barang dan jasa wajib menjamin
bahwa informasi tentang barang dan
jasa yang ditawarkannya adalah
lengkap, jujur dan benar
Dalam konteks barang, harus
jelas kepemilikan dan
kepenguasaannya
Dalam konteks jasa, harus jelas
performance-nya.
Setiap orang yang rutin menawarkan
barang atau jasa secara pribadi
kepada orang lain adalah dianggap
sebagai Pedagang (baik penjual
langsung maupun pedagangan
perantara)

Setiap klausul penawaran yang bertentangan

dengan prinsip perlindungan konsumen
dianggap tidak berlaku
Konsumen dapat menggugat Pelaku Usaha
pada wilayah hukum dimana konsumen
berada
Setiap perikatan yang digantungkan kepada
kelalaian konsumen atau sengaja diciptakan
untuk diterima karena kelalaian, selayaknya
dianggap batal demi hukum

Dimungkinkah Online Dispute Resolution ?

Bilateral
Negotiation

Court
System

ADR

Both way
Agreement

Both way
Agreement

Both way
Agreement

Both way
Agreement

One way
Requirement

In-house
Consumer
Satisfaction
System

Conciliation/
Negotiation/
Consultation

Mediation

Arbitration

Litigation

Both way
Nonbinding

Both way
Nonbinding

Both way
Nonbinding

Both way
binding

Both way
binding

Contractual
Agreement

Contractual
Agreement

Contractual
Agreement

Executional
Agreement

Executional
Agreement

Highlighted Area

Main ADR Forms and Processes

Corporate
Complaint
Services

Assisted
Negotiation

Mediation

Arbitration

Litigation

On a Sliding Scale:
Facilitation
Conciliation

Automated, or not

Voluntary or mandatory
submission

More or less active

guidance by the neutral

Automated or not

Voluntary or mandatory
participation

Final and binding

No obligation on the
parties to agree, before
entering ADR, that the
outcome will be binding

Informal to Formal ADR
Source:

"Building Trust in the Online Environment: B2C Dispute Resolution". Joint Conference
of the OECD, HCOPIL, and ICC. The Hague, 11-12 December 2000. Orientation
Document.

Privacy vs Big Data => Identity vs Profiling & Targetting

Source: World Economic Forum, Rethinking Personal Data: Strengthening Trust, May 2012

Apakah itu Identitas dan Personal Data ?

1. Pemahaman Umum:

Identitas mencakup segala sesuatu yang merepresentasikan keunikan atau karakteristik

unik tentang sesuatu, baik orang, perangkat maupun digital object
Digital identity tidak sama dengan Online Identity
e-Identitity tidak identitik dengan biometrics
Identity Personal Data + Privacy
Siapa anda dan bagaimana membuktikan bahwa itu benar anda ?

2.A structural perspective:

Identity as a representation
Identity is seen as a set of attributes characterizing the person.

2. A process perspective:
Identity for identification. Identity is considered according to a set of processes
relating to disclosure of information about the person and usage of this
information.
The shift from the total integrated approach to interoperability development is not only a
technical change, but reflects organisational, economical and social trends /
requirements of the society. To successfully tackle this very complex and highly detailed
endeavour, it is necessary to develop research involving knowledge and competencies of
all domains concerned. (Chen, 2003)

Catt Perbandingan (1): US-NSTIC

The realization of this vision is the user-centric Identity Ecosystem described in this

Strategy It is an online environment where individuals and organizations will be able to trust
each other because they follow agreed upon standards to obtain and authenticate their
digital identitiesand the digital identities of devices
The Identity Ecosystem is designed to securely support transactions that range from
anonymous to fully-authenticated and from low- to high-value
The Identity Ecosystem, as envisioned here, will increase
the following:
Privacy protections for individuals, who will be able trust
that their personal data is handled fairly and transparently;
Convenience for individuals, who may choose to manage
fewer passwords or accounts than they do today;
Efficiency for organizations, which will benefit from a
reduction in paper-based and account management
processes;
Ease-of-use, by automating identity solutions whenever
possible and basing them on technol-ogy that is simple to
operate;
Security, by making it more difficult for criminals to
compromise online transactions;
Confidence that digital identities are adequately
protected, thereby promoting the use of online services;
Innovation, by lowering the risk associated with sensitive
services and by enabling service providers to develop or
expand their online presence;
Choice, as service providers offer individuals different
yet interoperableidentity credentials and media

(2) EU: Future Identity + STORK

EU New regulation 910/2014

E-Signatures

FAKULTAS HUKUM

National e-ID &

e-Authentication
di Indonesia ?

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Public Repository
Document

Instansi Terkait Hukum:

Database Badan Hukum

Database Daftar Perusahaan
Database NPWP
Database Kepailitan

SIAK

NOTARIS

Notaris:

Physically
appearance:
verifkasi e-ID dengan
persetujuan ybs

verifikasi ID
Pembacaan
Penandatanganan (Signing)
Stempel (time stamping & seal)
Pencatatan (registering on notary log record)
Pelaporan (reporting & sending authentic ecopy)

Kesimpulan
[e-Commerce]
Infrastructure and
Services
Competition
[Financial Sector
Regulation]
[Consumer
Protection]
[IPR]
Cyber-Security
CIR
CII/CIIP
Digital Data
Protection
[Authentication]
Cybercrime

Institutional Aspects

Dalam menghadapi AEC 2015, tidak cukup hanya membicarakan eCommerce, eGovernment, Privacy & Data Protection melainkan kita
butuh kejelasan ttg Cyber-Security & Resilience untuk regional etransaction ASEAN. Hal itu meminta kejelasan kebijakan nasional
tentang National e-Authentication Framework. Selayaknya semua itu
menjadi prioritas untuk diselesaikan dan segera diundangkan demi
tumbuhnya Digital Economy yg sehat.
Sehubungan dengan itu pula, sistem hukum perlu dikembangkan =>
CyberNotary + Public Repository document untuk Crossborder
Transaction di kawasan dan internasional
Mencermati EU Regulation 910/2014 ttg e-identification and trust
services, maka selayaknya ASEAN perlu belajar dari dinamika
tersebut dan segera memperjelas Regional Crypto Policy serta
standar Perlindungan Data Pribadi, yang sebaiknya mengacu kepada
Proposal Regulasi yang tengah dibahas di Eropa yang targetnya
mereka akan selesaikan tahun ini.
Mencermati dinamika masyarakat tampaknya lebih senang dengan
kontroversi ketimbang harmonisasi dan sinergi akibatnya ibarat
vector semuanya berjalan sendiri dan berpencar ke berbagai arah
sehingga belum membentuk suatu resultant/keterpaduan arah
kepada kemajuan yang mensejahterakan
Perguruan Tinggi Hukum harus aktif mengekoreksi dan mengembang
kan sistem hukum menjadi lebih baik dari waktu ke waktu.

Ringkasan Pengaturan
New Data Protection Landscape
Expanded Territorial Reach
Accountability and Privacy by Design
Consent
Data Breach Notification
Role of Data Processors
Sanctions
Removal of Notification Requirement
International Transfers
Binding Corporate Rules
One Stop Shop
Data Protection Officers
New European Data Protection Board
Right to be Forgotten

8 things you should be doing now to

prepare
1. Prepare for data security breaches
2. Establish a framework for
accountability
3. Embrace privacy by design
4. Analyse the legal basis on which you
use personal data
5. Check your privacy notices and
policies
6. Bear in mind the rights of data
subjects
7. If you are a supplier to others,
consider whether you have new
obligations as a processor
8. Cross-border data transfers

<Allen & Overy, The EU General Data Protection Regulation is Finally Aggreed, 2016>

Terima Kasih

Mata => wawasan

Lampu => ide intelektual
Senyum => Optimisme
IC/processor => TIK
Web => geostrategis
Nusantara

UCITA
Part 1 General Provisions:
[Subpart A. Short Title And Definitions]
sec.101. Short Title. + sec.102. Definitions.
[Subpart B. General Scope And Terms]
sec.103. Scope; Exclusions.
sec.104. Mixed Transactions: Agreement to Opt-In
Or Opt-Out.
sec.105. Relation To Federal Law; Fundamental
Public Policy; Transactions Subject to other State
Law.
sec.106. Rules Of Construction.
sec.107. Legal Recognition Of Electronic Record And
Authentication; Use Of Electronic Agents.
sec.108. Proof And Effect Of Authentication.
sec.109. Choice Of Law.
sec.110. Contractual Choice Of Forum.
sec.111. Unconscionable Contract Or Term.
sec.112. Manifesting Assent; Opportunity To Review.
sec.113. Variation By Agreement; Commercial
Practice.
sec.114. Supplemental Principles; Good Faith;
Decision For Court; Reasonable Time; Reason To
Know.
Part 2 Formation And Terms
[Subpart A. Formation Of Contract]
sec. 201. Formal Requirements.
sec. 202. Formation In General.
sec. 203. Offer And Acceptance In General.
sec. 204. Acceptance With Varying Terms.
sec. 205. Conditional Offer Or Acceptance.
sec. 206. Offer And Acceptance: Electronic Agents.
sec. 207. Formation: Releases Of Informational
Rights.
[Subpart B. Terms Of Records]
sec. 208. Adopting Terms Of Records.
sec. 209. Mass-Market License.
sec. 210. Terms Of Contract Formed By Conduct.
sec. 211. Pretransaction Disclosures In Internet-Type
Transactions.
[Subpart C. Electronic Contracts: Generally]
sec. 212. Efficacy And Commercial Reasonableness
Of Attribution Procedure.
sec. 213. Determining Attribution.
sec. 214. Electronic Error: Consumer Defenses.
sec. 215. Electronic Message: When Effective;
Effect Of Acknowledgment.

Part 3 Construction
[Subpart A. General]
sec. 301. Parol Or Extrinsic Evidence.
sec. 302. Practical Construction.
sec. 303. Modification And Rescission.
sec. 304. Continuing Contractual Terms.
sec. 305. Terms To Be Specified.
sec. 306. Performance Under Open Terms.
[Subpart B. Interpretation]
sec. 307. Interpretation And Requirements For Grant.
sec. 308. Duration Of Contract.
sec. 309. Agreement For Performance To Partys
Satisfaction.
Part 4 Warranties
sec. 401. Warranty And Obligations Concerning
Noninterference And Noninfringement.
sec. 402. Express Warranty.
sec. 403. Implied Warranty: Merchantability Of
Computer Program.
sec. 404. Implied Warranty: Informational Content.
sec. 405. Implied Warranty: Licensees Purpose; System
Integration.
sec. 406. Disclaimer Or Modification Of Warranty.
sec. 407. Modification Of Computer Program.
sec. 408. Cumulation And Conflict Of Warranties.
sec. 409. Third-Party Beneficiaries Of Warranty.
Part 5 Transfer Of Interests And Rights
[Subpart A. Ownership And Transfers]
sec. 501. Ownership Of Informational Rights.
sec. 502. Title To Copy.
sec. 503. Transfer Of Contractual Interest.
sec. 504. Effect Of Transfer Of Contractual Interest.
sec. 505. Performance By A Delegate; Subcontract.
sec. 506. Transfer By Licensee.
[Subpart B. Financing Arrangements]
sec. 507. Financing If Financier Does Not Become
Licensee.
sec. 508. Finance Licenses.
sec. 509. Financing Arrangements: Obligations
Irrevocable.
sec. 510. Financing Arrangements: Remedies Or
Enforcement.
sec. 511. Financing Arrangements: Effect On Licensors
Rights.

Part 6 Performance
[Subpart A. General]
Sec.601. Performance Of Contract In General.
sec.602. Licensors Obligations To Enable Use.
sec.603. Submissions Of Information To Satisfaction Of
Party.
sec.604. Immediately Completed Performance.
sec.605. Electronic Regulation Of Performance.
[Subpart B. Performance In Delivery Of Copies]
sec.606. Copy: Delivery; Tender Of Delivery.
sec.607. Copy: Performance Related To Delivery;
Payment.
sec.608. Copy: Right To Inspect; Payment Before
Inspection.
sec.609. Copy: When Acceptance Occurs.
sec.610. Copy: Effect Of Acceptance; Burden Of
Establishing; Notice Of Claims.
[Subpart C. Special Types Of Contracts]
sec.611. Access Contracts.
sec.612. Correction And Support Contracts.
sec.613. Contracts Involving Publishers, Dealers, & End
Users.
[Subpart D. Loss And Impossibility]
sec.614. Risk Of Loss Of Copy.
sec.615. Excuse By Failure Of Presupposed Conditions.
[Subpart E. Termination]
sec.616. Termination: Survival Of Obligations.
sec.617. Notice Of Termination.
sec.618. Termination: Enforcement.
Part 7 Breach Of Contract
[Subpart A. General]
sec.701. Breach Of Contract; Material Breach.
sec.702. Waiver Of Remedy For Breach Of Contract.
sec.703. Cure Of Breach Of Contract.
[Subpart B. Defective Copies]
sec.704. Copy: Refusal Of Defective Tender.
sec.705. Copy: Contract With Previous Vested Grant Of
Rights.
sec.706. Copy: Duties Upon Rightful Refusal.
sec.707. Copy: Revocation Of Acceptance.
[Subpart C. Repudiation And Assurances]
sec.708. Adequate Assurance Of Performance.
sec.709. Anticipatory Repudiation.
sec.710. Retraction Of Anticipatory Repudiation.

Part 8 Remedies
[Subpart A. General]
sec. 801. Remedies In General.
sec. 802. Cancellation.
sec. 803. Contractual Modification Of Remedy.
sec. 804. Liquidation Of Damages.
sec. 805. Limitation Of Actions.
sec. 806. Remedies For Fraud.
[Subpart B. Damages]
sec. 807. Measurement Of Damages In General.
sec. 808. Licensors Damages.
sec. 809. Licensees Damages.
sec. 810. Recoupment.
[Subpart C. Remedies Related To Performance]
sec. 811. Specific Performance.
sec. 812. Completing Performance.
sec. 813. Continuing Use.
sec. 814. Discontinuing Access.
sec. 815. Right To Possession And To Prevent
Use.
sec. 816. Limitations On Electronic Self-Help.
Part 9 Miscellaneous Provisions
sec. 901. Severability.
sec. 902. Effective Date.
sec. 903. Repeals.
sec. 904. Previous Rights And Transactions.